Anatomy terms & ankle
2. repair (bone fracture healing)
- acute still continues and a boy splint (fibrous callus) forms - process of transforming callus to bone begins at about week 3 and continues for 3 months - in most cases, after 6 weeks in a cast the fracture is strong enough to allow participation with protection (athlete is able to return to competition)
1. acute (bone fracture healing)
- bleeding occurs in the area - OsteoClasts begin to eat the debris or reabsorb it into the body - OsteoBlasts begin to add new layers to the outside of the bone tissue - continues for about 4 days
2. repair (soft tissue healing)
- fibroblasts (fiber-building cells) begin building fibers across the area of injury
Major causes of shin splits are
- flat feet/overly arched feet - overuse - impropercare
To manage leg cramps, one should
- flex the muscle * - roll out/massage the muscle
ankle
- hinge* joint - calcaneus, talus, tibia, fibula - medial: deltoid ligament (least commonly sprained) - lateral: posterior talofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament (most commonly sprained), calcanofibular ligament
1. acute inflammatory (soft tissue healing)
- increased blood flow to the area which brings cells and chemicals to begin the healing process - phagocytes, leukocytes, platelets - lasts about2 days
bones (functions)
- protect vital organs and structures from trauma - create movement due to the action of muscles - produce blood cells and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus (metabolically active)
3. remodeling (bone fracture healing)
- takes several years to complete - during this phase, the callus is reabsorbed and replaced with a fibrous cord of bone that is formed around the fracture site (bones contain minerals that have an electrical charge, and adding electrical stimulation increases the layering of the bone) - if a bone never heals, it is referred to as a nonunion fracture : a nonunion fracture to a weight bearing bone (such as a leg) means the person will not walk again : most occur in the scaphoid bone (painful and may lead to arthritis and inability to move the wrist)
3. remodeling (soft tissue healing)
- takes up to 1 year or more to accomplish - body's way of building tissue strength in the tendons, ligaments, and muscles to withstand the stress applied to the body during activity
soft tissue healing
1. acute inflammatory, 2. repair, 3. remodeling - greater the injury, longer the healing time - degree of injury, location and blood supply to the injury, age of the athlete - complication of healing: excessive scar tissue, can delay the healing process and interfere with function/ROM
sprains and strains severity
1st degree - overstretched and no loss of motion 2nd degree - partially torn with loss of motion 3rd degree - the tissue is completely or nearly ruptured with complete loss of motion/movement
fracture
a crack or break in a bone
laceration
a jagged or irregular open wound caused by a non cutting object
gliding joints
allow for smooth movement in several directions along a plane or other smooth surfaces, articulating surfaces flat of slightly curved (sliding or twisting) ~ wrist and ankle bones / sternum to clavicle
ball and socket joint
allow for stable movement in several directions without slippage, like a saddle joint - allows bending in several directions without slipping, creating a highly stable, strong joint ~ hip joint, shoulder
anatomical position
an erect stance, arms at the sides, palms facing forward (thumb out)
amputation
an open wound in which a part is completely cut away from the body
incision
an open wound made by a cutting object such as a scalpel (rarely seen in athletics)
tendons
attach muscle to bone and transmit the force that a muscle exerts
distal
away from the attachment - farthest away from the body
posterior
back of the body
flexion
bending movement of the joints (i.e. bending the elbow, clenching a fist)
wound
break in the skin
stress fracture
caused by repeated and overused action, also known as a fatigue fracture
synovial joints
characterized by the presence of synovial fluid within a space that encapsulates the articulating surfaces of the joint, synovial capsule reduces the friction between the bones allowing more smooth movement
saddle joints
characterized by two bones that fit together in a manner similar to a rider in a saddle, allows bending motion in several directions without sliding ~ thumb, 1st metacarpal and trapzium
superficial
close to the body's surface
contusion
close wound commonly called a bruise
medial
closer to the midline of the body (think M-idline : M-edial
ligaments
connect bones and help to form joints
cartilage
covers the ends of long bones, can be found between bones - join structures - absorb shock - permit smooth bone movement
deep
deep under the body's surface
oblique fracture
diagonal line across the bone
hinge joint
formed between two bones, allows for stable flexion and extension without sliding or deviation ~ elbow, phalanges
anterior
front of the body
superior
higher than another point
soft tissue injuries
incision ~ abrasion ~ contusion ~ laceration ~ avulsion ~ amputation ~ puncture
sprains
injuries to ligaments
strains
injuries to the muscles
hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
just below the dermis - not technically part of the skin, but helps to hold the skin to under lying bone and muscle tissue - responsible for storing 50% of the body's fat
dermis
just below the epidermis, 2nd layer
avulsion fracture
ligament or tendon pulls so hard that at its bony attachment a portion of the bone is torn away
The tibia and fibula make up the
lower leg (shin).
inferior
lower than another point
epidermis
most superficial layer of skin, thin, connects to dermis layer
abduction
movement AWAY from the body
adduction
movement TOWARD the body
plantar flexion
movement of the foot toward the sole, occurs at ankle
dorsiflexion
movement of the foot toward the tibia, occurs at ankle
The fibula is
not weight bearing.
puncture
occurs when a pointed object enters the body
dislocation
occurs when significant force displaces bone so the the 2 bone ends in the same joint no longer line up, sometimes a dislocation can also cause avulsion, sprains, disruption of blood flow and nerve conduction
skin
outermost surface of the body - provides the first line of defense against external forces such as insects, air, dirt, bacteria, and blows - has ability to expand to accommodate an increase in muscle girth
lateral
outside of the body, away from the midline - more circulation so wounds heal faster
avulsion (soft tissue)
partial tearing away of a body part (may occur if one catches a ring on something)
abrasion
results from scraping off a layer of skin and may or not bleed depending on depth
supination
rotation/twist laterally, farther from the body (anatomical position - foot rolls outward)
pronation
rotation/twist medially, towards the body (hands -- anatomical position - rotating hand inward so thumb is closest to body) (foot rolls inward)
pivot joint
rotational motion occurs without gliding movement, allows for turning motions without sideways displacement or bending ~ stability of head on the neck / radius and ulna
longitudinal fracture
runs the length of the bone and usually caused by impact
condyloid joints
similar to gliding joints, have an irregular surface where the bones move past one another, like two bowls nested together ~ metacarpals and phalanges
inversion
sole of foot turned in
eversion
sole of foot turned out
extension
strengthening movement of the joints (i.e. knees when standing up)
The Thompson test
tests the Achilles tendon. Squeeze calf and look for movement.
The structure that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone is
the Achilles.
The drawer test tests the integrity of
the anterior talofibular ligament.
The two bony landmarks in the ankle are
the medial malleolus and the lateral malleolus.
The tibia and fibula articulate (connect) to
the talus.
spiral fracture
torsional force along the length of the bone
proximal
toward the attachment - closest to the body
depressed fracture
usually occurs from direct impact to the skull
The tibia is
weight bearing.
blowout fracture
when an eye is pushed hard and backward and down in the socket
compression fracture
when opposing forces are applied to a bone