Anatomy Unit 2 Basic Chemistry

Explain the importance of ATP in the body.

ATP= provides chemical energy that all body cells can use. Without it molecules cannot be made or broken down. is the energy compound of body cells.

Compare and contrast carbohydrates and lipids in terms of their building blocks, structures, and functions in the body.

Carbohydrates- is the main source of energy, building block is sugars , glucose, monosaccharaides Lipids- energy source, biological membrane, building blocks are glycerol and fatty acids. Triglycerides, and unsaturated fats

Define chemical element, and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter.

Chemical elements are unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical bonds. The four elements is carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Recognize that chemical reactions involve the interaction of electrons to make and break chemical bonds.

Chemical reactions involves the interaction of electrons to make and break chemical bonds. Based on electrons and valence electrons made. Reaction occurs when chemical bonds are formed.

List four major energy forms, and provide one example of how each energy form I sused in the body.

Chemical- stored in bonds of chemical substance. Ex0 breaking bonds of ATP Electrical- energy that results from the movement of charging particles. Ex vision Mechanical- is directly involved with moving matter. Ex) chewing food Radiant- energy that travels in waves, x ray, light Ex) lying under a sun lamp

Compare and contrast the structure and functions of DNA and RNA.

DNA= double stranded helix it contains deoxyribose and the bases a,b,c,t. DNA specifies protein structure and replicates itself exactly before cell division. RNA= single stranded. contains ribose and the bases a b c u. RNA involves carrying out DNA instructions for protein synthesis include, messenger, and transfer RNA

Explain the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in formation and breakdown of organic molecules.

Dehydration- process by which larger molecule is synthesized from smaller ones by removal of water molecule. Hydrolysis- water is used to split a substance into smaller particles

Explain how elements and atoms are related.

Elements are composed of atoms. Every elements atom differ from those of all other elements and give the element its vague physical and chemical properties.

Define enzyme, and explain the role of enzymes.

Enzyme- globular proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysts are substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions. Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by decreasing the amount of energy needed.

Differentiate fibrous proteins from globular proteins.

Fibrous proteins- used as structural materials providing strength in certain body tissues. (keratin, collagen) Globular- perform special functional roles for the cell ( enzymes, antibodies, hormones)

Differentiate ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar covalent bonds, and describe the importance of hydrogen bonds.

Ionic- complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, oppositely charged. Polar covalent- electrons shared by atoms spend a greater amount of time nonpolar- electrically balanced hydrogen- weak bond in which hydrogen atoms form a bridge between 2 electron atoms

Differentiate matter from energy.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight. Matter exists in 3 stages: gas, liquid, and solid. Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion.

Define molecule, and explain how molecules are related to compounds.

Molecule-a particle consisting 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound that still has the specific characteristics of compound

Distinguish organic from inorganic compounds.

Organic- compound containing carbon held together by covalent bonds. Ex) proteins, carbs, fats Inorganic- compound lacks carbon including water, salts, and many acids, and bases

Define radioisotope, and describe briefly how radioisotopes are used in diagnosing and treating disease.

Radioisotope- is isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior. Most radioisotopes used in clinical setting are used for diagnosis, that is to localized and illuminate damaged or cancerous tissues.

List several salts (or their ions) vitally important to body functioning.

Salt is an ionic compound contains cations other than H+. and anions other than hydroxyl ion (OH-), important for impulse transmission, and muscle contraction

Differentiate a salt, an acid, and a base.

Salt- ionic compound that dislocates into charged particles when dissolved in water Acid- substance that liberates hydrogen ions when a solution compares with base Base- substance that accept hydrogen ions

Contrast synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions.

Synthesis- chemical reaction in which larger molecules are formed than simpler ones. A+B= AB Decomposition- which complex substances are broken down into simpler ones. AB= A+B Exchange Reactions- chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken down, atoms become combined with different atoms AB+C= AC+ B

List the subatomic particles, and describe their relative masses, charges, and positions in the atom.

The particles differ in mass, electrical charge and position in the atom. Protons- positive charge, 1amu, in nucleus Neutrons- no charge, 0amu, nucleus Electrons- negative charge 0amu orbitals

Explain the importance of water to body homeostasis, and provide several examples of the roles of water.

Water is the single most abundant compound in the body. It absorbs and releases heat slowly, acts as a universal solvent, chemical reactions, cushions body organs. Water prevents sudden changes in the body

Explain the concept of pH, and state the pH of blood.

pH- symbol for hydrogen ion concentration a measure of solution pH of 7 is neutral, higher is alkaline (base) lower is acidic Normal blood flow is 7.35- 7.45.