Anatomy&Physiology Chapter 1

sensor

(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

a.organ

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. a.organ b.organelle c.organism d.organ system

a.exercise physiologist

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________. a.exercise physiologist b.microscopic anatomist c.regional physiologist d.systemic anatomist

c.sweat glands to increase their output

Stimulation of the heat-loss (get rid of) center causes ________. A. blood vessels in the skin to constrict B. breathing to become slow and shallow C. sweat glands to increase their output D. All of the above

d.skeletal system

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. a.cardiovascular system b.endocrine system c.muscular system d.skeletal system

a.cell

The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. a.cell b.molecule c.organ d.tissue

b.childbirth

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? A. blood pressure regulation B. childbirth C. regulation of fluid balance D. temperature regulation

c.regional anatomy

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? a.microscopic anatomy b.muscle anatomy c.regional anatomy d.systemic anatomy

responsiveness

ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions

control center

compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

pressure

force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

organ

functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues

organ system

group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

tissue

group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function

negative feedback

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

set point

ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

organism

living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

positive feedback

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus

effector

organ that can cause a change in a value

reproduction

process by which new organisms are generated

differentiation

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

renewal

process by which worn-out cells are replaced

growth

process of increasing in size

normal range

range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

physiology

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions

anatomy

science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures

cell

smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles

homeostasis

steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

gross anatomy

study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy

regional anatomy

study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

microscopic anatomy

study of very small structures of the body using magnification

metabolism

sum of all of the body's chemical reactions

systemic anatomy

systemic anatomy

c.stores energy for use by body cells

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. A.is the result of catabolism B.release energy in uncontrolled bursts C.stores energy for use by body cells D.All of the above

a.a control center

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. A.a control center B.a set point C.effectors D.sensors

c.breaking down stored energy

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. A increasing the blood to her hands and feet B becoming lethargic to conserve heat C breaking down stored energy D significantly increasing blood oxygen levels

a.differentiation

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. A differentiation B reproduction C responsiveness D both reproduction and responsiveness

oxygen

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. food nitrogen oxygen water

d.sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Metabolism can be defined as the ________. A. adjustment by an organism to external or internal change B. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions C. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells D.sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

health career, promote heath, respond to health

Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Name the six levels of organization of the human body.

A.all classes of nutrients are essential to human survival

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? A All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. B Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. C Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. D Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

anabolism

assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules

catabolism

breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules

development

changes an organism goes through during its life

nutrient

chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival