Anatomy&Physiology Chapter 1
sensor
(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center
a.organ
A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. a.organ b.organelle c.organism d.organ system
a.exercise physiologist
A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________. a.exercise physiologist b.microscopic anatomist c.regional physiologist d.systemic anatomist
c.sweat glands to increase their output
Stimulation of the heat-loss (get rid of) center causes ________. A. blood vessels in the skin to constrict B. breathing to become slow and shallow C. sweat glands to increase their output D. All of the above
d.skeletal system
The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. a.cardiovascular system b.endocrine system c.muscular system d.skeletal system
a.cell
The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. a.cell b.molecule c.organ d.tissue
b.childbirth
Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? A. blood pressure regulation B. childbirth C. regulation of fluid balance D. temperature regulation
c.regional anatomy
Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? a.microscopic anatomy b.muscle anatomy c.regional anatomy d.systemic anatomy
responsiveness
ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions
control center
compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector
pressure
force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance
organ
functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues
organ system
group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function
tissue
group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function
negative feedback
homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed
set point
ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis
organism
living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
positive feedback
mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus
effector
organ that can cause a change in a value
reproduction
process by which new organisms are generated
differentiation
process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function
renewal
process by which worn-out cells are replaced
growth
process of increasing in size
normal range
range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center
physiology
science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions
anatomy
science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures
cell
smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles
homeostasis
steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain
gross anatomy
study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy
regional anatomy
study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions
microscopic anatomy
study of very small structures of the body using magnification
metabolism
sum of all of the body's chemical reactions
systemic anatomy
systemic anatomy
c.stores energy for use by body cells
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. A.is the result of catabolism B.release energy in uncontrolled bursts C.stores energy for use by body cells D.All of the above
a.a control center
After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. A.a control center B.a set point C.effectors D.sensors
c.breaking down stored energy
C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. A increasing the blood to her hands and feet B becoming lethargic to conserve heat C breaking down stored energy D significantly increasing blood oxygen levels
a.differentiation
Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. A differentiation B reproduction C responsiveness D both reproduction and responsiveness
oxygen
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. food nitrogen oxygen water
d.sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Metabolism can be defined as the ________. A. adjustment by an organism to external or internal change B. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions C. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells D.sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
health career, promote heath, respond to health
Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Name the six levels of organization of the human body.
A.all classes of nutrients are essential to human survival
Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? A All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. B Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. C Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. D Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.
anabolism
assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
catabolism
breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules
development
changes an organism goes through during its life
nutrient
chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival
