Ancient Art 22,000 B.C - 400 A.C
characteristic of the Parthenon.
1.Entablature 2.Entasis 3.Peripteral temple 4.Pediment 5.Doric order
characteristic of Aegean cultures
1.The Aegean sea connected the cultures and provided a means of trade between cultures. 2.Bronze was used by the Aegean cultures in the making of tools and weapons. 3.The Aegean cultures were located in a collection of islands near Greece called the Cyclades.
stylistic changes in art brought about during the Amarna period
1.The pharaoh appeared more androgynous. 2.The ankh was used in artwork. 3.The canon of proportions was eliminated.
Minoan art and culture that is TRUE
1.The predominant themes in Minoan works of art include nature, liveliness, and energy. 2.The Minotaur is the mythological creature associated with the Minoan civilization. 3.The palace complex was referred to as a labyrinth because of confusing passageways and use of the double-headed ax symbol on the walls. 4.The bull is an important figure in Minoan artworks and legends.
true about architecture in the later Roman Empire
1.Trajan's column is considered to be a monument because it depicts the Emperor's victory over the Dacians. 2.The Basilica at Trier (Aula Palatina) was built by the Emperor Constantine to function as a place of Christian worship. 3.The Arch of Titus contains a spiral frieze which gets wider toward the top so it is easy to read from ground level. 4.The Arch of Titus contains a frieze of sunken reliefs which portray the Emperor's victory in many battles. 5.The Arch of Constantine is not an example of a Roman monument because it does not commemorate an important event or person. 6.The use of spolia in monuments like the Arch of Constantine was considered to be a decline of form compared to earlier Roman architecture. 7.The Basilica at Trier was a secular meeting hall which contained a triumphal arch at the apse.
feature of Etruscan architectur
1.Use of terracotta 2.Barrel vault 3.Rounded arch
New Kingdom Egypt
1550-1070 BCE
Old Kingdom Egypt
2500 BCE-2100
The Roman House
8th C BCE -A typical Roman residence consisting of rooms with a garden in the back •The wealthy and the poor had separate houses •Poor had rooms that were above of behind the wealthy places of work •Included and atrium, bedrooms, dining room, garden, shop •Examples can be found in Pompeii
Ancient Egypt
A civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River. Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom.
civilization
A complex, highly organized social order
Mandala
A concentric diagram with spiritual and ritual importance in Buddhism and Hinduism.
Drum
A cylindrical stone that forms part of a column.
Sunken Relief
A design cut into the surface where there is no point or part higher than the surface itself
Priest-king from Mohenjo Daro
A high level priest
Frieze
A horizontal band of sculpture, usually near the ceiling of a building.
Basilica
A huge marble government building in ancient Rome
Colosseum
A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place
The Parthenon
A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.
Coffers
A recessed decorative panel that is used to reduce the weight of and to decorate ceilings or vaults.
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Buddhism
A religion based on the teachings of Buddha, which emphasizes that all suffering in life comes from desire and that the way to achieve nirvana, or enlightenment and release from the cycle of life is to eliminate one's earthly desires.
priestly class
A ruling or powerful class of leaders. They gain their power through religious status.
The Great Stupa at Sanchi
A sacred spot in memory of Buddha or a saint designated by a mound of earth or other materials.
Relief Sculpture
A sculpture technique that uses a process of cutting into a flat surface i.e. wood, stone or material, by chiseling or gouging.
Dynasty
A series of rulers from the same family
Entasis
A slight bulging, most commonly associated with the Parthenon, that is meant to offset the optical illusion of sagging of perfectly straight lines, particularly along the entablature.
Serdab
A small concealed chamber in an Egyptian mastaba for the statue of the deceased.
Metope
A square element between triglyphs (three bands) on a Doric frieze.
"Man is the measure of all things"
A statement made by the ancient Greek philosopher Protagoras often interpreted to mean that human beings, rather than the god, determine the ultimate value of all things in the world.
Aqueduct
A structure that carries water over long distances
Canon of Polykleitos
A system of ideal proportions for the human figure, seen in the Doryphorus by Polykleitos, in which the size of the head was 1/8 of the total height of the figure.
Obelisk
A tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top
Peripteral Temple
A type of ancient Greek or Roman temple surrounded by a row of columns.
Round Arch
A type of arch that consists of a semicircle.
Phidian Wet Drapery
A type of drapery first used by the sculptor Phidias that clings to the human figure and appears to be wet.
Chryselephantine
A type of sculpture made of gold and ivory.
Sculpture in the Round
A type of sculpture that is completely free-standing, not attached to a flat surface.
Barrel Vault
A type of vault consisting of a rounded arch extended forward in space.
Red Figure vase
All-purpose vessel used to store liquids
Domus
An ancient Roman house, usually for the wealthy
Peristyle
An architectural space, such as a court, that is surrounded by columns.
Henge
An arrangement of megalithic stones in a circle, often surrounded by a ditch.
Hieratic Scale
An artistic technique in which the importance of figures is indicated by size, so that the most important figure is depicted as the largest.
Mahavira
An extreme aesthetic who founded the religion Jainism and thought of several Hindu concepts, such as karma, in a very concrete way
Bust
An image of a person that consists of the head and upper torso
Memory Image
An image that remains in the mind of something previously experienced.
Ancient India
Ancient civilization that developed south of the Himalayan Mountain Range along the Indus and Ganges rivers; circa 2500 BCE
Mesopotamia
"land between the rivers"
Neolithic Revolution
(10,000 - 8,000 BC) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.
Greek Temples
Built to be beautiful dwelling places for the gods and not for worship..
Saffron Gatherers
Buon Fresco
Compare and contrast the Parthenon to Maison Carrée.
Constructed out of marble
Compare and contrast the Parthenon to the Colosseum.
Decorated with elaborate frieze sculptures
Agrarian
Farming or relating to land
Ancient Greece
Location was where the present day country of Greece is. It is famous for types of columns in architecture. The acropolis and the Parthenon. First democratic form of government
Vase Painting
One of the Greeks' main ways of recording things. They painted many things on vases. If you did something good, it was painted on a vase.
Mauryan Period
One of the largest ancient Indian Empires during the 4th to 2nd century BC.After the defeat of Alexander the great
Fresco Painting
Painting in water-based paints on fresh plaster
fresco secco
Painting on dry plaster
Compare and contrast the Parthenon to the Pont du Gard.
Post and lintel—can only span a short space
Chatal Huyuk
Southern central Turkey. 7,200-6200 BC. Remarkable for it's size. Nothing else like this. Largest community in the world at this time. Standardized mud brick housing, all houses about 25 square meters all packed so close that there were no streets or windows. Doorways through the roof. Among the houses are scattered a few which are in the same shape and size but decorated elaborately. Images of women giving birth, etc. Shrines. Religious focci for social groups living in surrounding houses. Because it's a large settlement, it's hard to say exactly what's uniting people. Everyone seems to share religion, but no central shrines.
atrium and the peristyle garden
Space that is focused inward, protected from the noise and dust of the city
How did Etruscans influence Roman architecture
The Etruscans developed the use of the rounded arch and barrel vault, which the Romans later used in architecture.
similarities between the Greeks and Etruscans
The Greeks and Etruscans both shared certain religious beliefs, including the appearance of some deities in human form. use Archaic Smile
Axial Plan
The horizontal arrangement of the elements of a building or town along a central axis.
Shaft
The main body of a column, in ancient Greece, it was usually fluted, or marked with vertical ridges.
atrium (Roman)
The main inner court of a Roman house, with an open roof and a central basin to catch rainwater.
Vedas
The oldest and most authoritative Hindu texts, written in Sanskrit.
Roman Republic
The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.
Minoan Art
The pre-Greek art of Crete, named after the legendary King Minos of Knossos.
Cycladic
The prehistoric art of the Aegean Islands around Delos, excluding Crete.
Smelting
The process by which ore is melted to separate the useful metal from other elements.
Abstraction
The process of extracting parts of an idea or concept not specific or detailed.
ancient myths play in the archaeological excavation of Aegean sites in the modern era
The reading of ancient texts and myths led explorers to discover certain sites.
Nile River
The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.
Doric Order
The simplest and oldest style of Greek column, marked by an undecorated capital.
Corbeled Vault
The simplest type of vault, involving step support elements
harmika
The small platform on the top of a stupa
Keystone
The stone that lies at the top of an arch and holds the entire arch together.
Capital
The top of a column.
Entablature
The upper section of a classical Greek temple that rests on the columns.
Sumer
The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.
What does the style of the grave goods from the tomb of Tutankhamen reveal about art after the Amarna period?
There was a return to tradition in images of the pharaoh.
TRUE about yakshi figures
They were commonly worked into the architecture of religious structures.
Ashoka
Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.
Why did Roman emperors build large entertainment complexes like baths and amphitheaters?
To gain popularity amongst Roman citizens
Stele of Naram-Sin
Triumph over an invading army
characteristic of the Roman house
Use of murals and mosaics Focus toward the central courtyard Atrium used for ancestral rituals
Assyrians Empire
Very brutal: Siege warfare with towers and battering rams: improved metal works and weapons
Geometric vase
Vessel used to mark a gravesite
Post and Lintel Construction
Wall construction utilizing a framework of vertical posts and horizontal beams to carry floor and roof loads.
the interior of the Pantheon illuminated
With an oculus
Tutankhamen
a 10 year old pharaoh who ruled for nine years and then died unexpectantly; restored the old gods
Aegean
a center for civilizations which flourished in the 2nd and 3rd millenniums BC
city state
a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
Edicts
a command that is obeyed like a law
Peristyle Garden
a garden surrounded by a colonnade
Peplos
a garment worn by women in ancient Greece, usually full length and tied at the waist
Contrapposto
a graceful arrangement of the body based on tilted shoulders and hips and bent knees
Hypostyle
a hall with a roof supported by columns
Triumphal Arch
a large monument in the shape of an arch that celebrates a leader or a military victory
Ridgepole
a long horizontal beam against which the slanting roof poles were braced
Labyrinth
a maze
Bronze
a mixture of copper and tin
Dharma
a moral order that keeps the universe from falling into chaos, an essential individual characteristic or virtue in Hinduism and Buddhism
Paleolithic era
a period in human history when humans first demonstrated the ability to craft tools and works of art out of stone
Bronze Age
a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze
Impluvium
a rectangular basin in a Roman house that is placed in the open-air atrium in order to collect rainwater
Jainism
a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.The idea that the truth is dependent on your point of view
Dome
a rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base.
archaeologist
a scientist who learns about ancient people by studying the things they left behind
Amarna Period
a short period of time during the reign of the pharaohs Akhenaten, and is marked by major political, religious, and stylistic changes 1353-1336B.C
Stonehenge
a structure found by scientist in England is believed to have been built in the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age.Post and lintel,Agrarian,and Neolithic.It is thought to be a ceremonial site for death and burials.
Naturalism
a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.
the Pantheon
all the gods of a people or religion
Kore
an archaic Greek statue of a young woman, standing and clothed in long loose robes.
The Fertile Crescent
an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began
Amphitheater
an oval large stadium with tiers of seats
Archaic
ancient; old-fashioned
Akkadian Empire
began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.
Axis Mundi
believed to connect the heavens and the earth and regarded as the center of the world
Necropolis
city of the dead
Zeus
god of the sky and ruler of the Olympian gods
Athena
goddess of wisdom, skills, and warfare
Mycenaean Art
heavier, stronger and more "masculine" than the Minoan; mainland Greece
Impotep
high priest, physician, architect, artist, and royal administrator,one few examples of a regular person, or a non-Pharoah, to achieve divine status after his death
Lares and Penates
household gods
Megalith
huge stone
Votive Figures
images dedicated to the gods
Archaic Smile
in Archaic Greek sculpture, the smile indicated that the person portrayed is alive
Spolia
in art history, the reuse of architectural or sculptural pieces in buildings generally different from their original contexts
Chauvet Cave,Pech Merle,and Lascaux
in south of France,cave painting
cave of Altamira
located in the very north of Spain,cave paintings
Monument
means of reminding us of a person or event
Nanna
moon god Sumerian religion
Hellenistic Periods
more dramatic sculptural poses
Veristic Portraiture
portraits of patricians that looked more realistic and not idealistic(fake)
Podium
raised platform
Late Classical
responds to this decline. At the same time, there was a shift in artistic style. Male nudes were quite common and more than acceptable, while the female nude was actually seen as low-class. But artists were beginning to challenge these ideas.Subject matter began to change as well. Artists began to depict more intimate and relaxed characters.
Colonnade
row of columns
Low Relief
sculpted relief with figures that project only slightly from a recessed background
Pseudoperipteral
series of engaged columns all around the sides and back of the cella to give the appearance of a peripteral colonnade
Greek Sculpture
showed perfect or ideal human forms
Cubicula
small underground rooms in catacombs serving as mortuary chapels
Malta
south of Italy,Megalithic,Post and lintel
lithic
stone
Sarcophagus
stone coffin
Voussoirs
stones that make up an arch
Masonry
stonework
Idealism portraiture
style of portraiture that reduces a person's physical imperfections, giving an appearance of youth and athleticism.
Corbelling
support elements
Ziggurats
temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshiped, huge temples,gods dwell above humans
Neolithic Era
the New Stone Age; when people learned to make fire and tools such as saws and drills
Inanna
the goddess of love, fertility and war
Etruscans
the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted
Oculus
the round central opening of a dome
Archaeology
the study of the past based on what people left behind
pediment
the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture
Register
to record or enroll
Controlled space
type of civic design intended to impress or intimidate the viewer,The ruler's power
Pylon Temple
Egyptian temple, a large opening, doorway or entrance
Mastaba
Egyptian tomb, rectangular, brick or stone, flat roofed with sloping sides built over a tomb and connected by a shaft.
Ka
In ancient Egypt, the immortal human life force.
Minotaur
The half-man, half-bull monster that terrorizes Minos's Labyrinth. It is killed by Theseus.
Lamassu
Assyrian guardian in the form of a man-headed winged bull
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
Axial plan
Stele of Hammurabi
Babylonian,This sculpture provides a list of standardized laws and shows the leader receiving these laws from a deity.
similarities in the Etruscan and Egyptian view of the afterlife
Both place emphasis on the afterlife and seek to provide all of the earthly comforts of the home within a tomb.
Aphrodite of Milos
Hellenistic
Roman portraiture
Characterized by realism, shows imperfections Compare to idealism of Greek portraiture
Seth
Egyptian god of deserts, storms, and foreigners.
Isis
Egyptian goddess of fertility
Dying Gaul
Hellenistic
Dying Lioness
Demonstrates success in battle and victory over nature
Ankh
Egyptian key of life or the key of the Nile, a hieroglyphic of a looped cross with a handle
Queen Hatshepsut
Egyptian queen, she worked to increase trade with places outside of Egypt and ordered many impressive monuments and temples built during her reign.
Canon of Proportions
Egyptian rule that mandated dimensions and scale
Gallic Chieftain
Hellenistic
Nike of Samothrace
Hellenistic
chaitya hall
place of worship in Buddhist or Jain shrine.The arches were made out of wood instead of stone.
Poseidon
God of the sea and earthquakes
Horus
God of the sky
Osiris
God of the underworld
Aphrodite
Goddess of love and beauty
Kouros
Greek word for "male youth." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, nude youth.
What was King Ashoka's role in early Buddhism?
He adopted Buddhism and helped spread the religion.
Torana
In Hindu and Buddhist architecture, a type of gateway.
Stucco
plaster used for coating wall surfaces
The benefits of using concrete
It was cheap, which meant less skilled labor. It was plentiful, which allowed for new projects and renovations. It can be poured into molds. It is durable. It sets underwater.
Beehive Tombs
Large, round rooms
Cyclopean Construction
Large-scale construction; as if they were built by giants or Cyclops
Aphrodite of Knidos
Late Classical
Hermes and Dionysus
Late Classical
Dojoser's Funerary Complex at Saqqara
funerary architecture
Buddha
Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.
Akhenaten
Pharoah of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC); monotheism
the invention of concrete
Romans
Rosettes
Rose-shaped elements, often in the middle of coffers.
yasti
Symbolizes the universe, a circular disk positioned on top of the dome of the stupa.
Panathenaic Procession Sculpture
Sculpture on the frieze of the Parthenon celebrating a festival honoring Athena and involving the ritual of bringing a new peplos or cloak to the statue of Athena.
Upper Paleolithic period
period of human history from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago, when distinct human cultures first developed 25,000 bc
Pre-written History
period of time before humans began recording events using a system of writing.
Pillars of Ashoka
Stone columns carved with Buddhist teachings
Masonry
Stonework
Ashlar Masonry
Stonework made of large, rectangular cut stones.
Gandhara Style
Stucco or stone sculptures, a style of Buddhist art which showed Greek and Indian influences.
Aton
The disk of the sun in ancient Egyptian mythology
Yakshi
female and male figures of fertility in Buddhist and Hindu art
Pictographs
picture symbols
Apotheosis
elevation of a person to the status of a god, often seen in ancient Rome in portraits of emperors and busts of deceased family members
Periclean
of or relating to Pericles or his age when Athens was at its highest material and intellectual state.
paleo
old
Buon Fresco
painting on wet plaster
cave paintings
paintings on cave walls and ceilings, especially those dating from prehistoric times
Clerestory
part of a building that rises above the roofs allowing for windows to provide light and ventilation
Sarnath
place of the first sermon for the Buddha.through the enlightenment of Kondanna
