Ancient Art 22,000 B.C - 400 A.C

characteristic of the Parthenon.

1.Entablature 2.Entasis 3.Peripteral temple 4.Pediment 5.Doric order

characteristic of Aegean cultures

1.The Aegean sea connected the cultures and provided a means of trade between cultures. 2.Bronze was used by the Aegean cultures in the making of tools and weapons. 3.The Aegean cultures were located in a collection of islands near Greece called the Cyclades.

stylistic changes in art brought about during the Amarna period

1.The pharaoh appeared more androgynous. 2.The ankh was used in artwork. 3.The canon of proportions was eliminated.

Minoan art and culture that is TRUE

1.The predominant themes in Minoan works of art include nature, liveliness, and energy. 2.The Minotaur is the mythological creature associated with the Minoan civilization. 3.The palace complex was referred to as a labyrinth because of confusing passageways and use of the double-headed ax symbol on the walls. 4.The bull is an important figure in Minoan artworks and legends.

true about architecture in the later Roman Empire

1.Trajan's column is considered to be a monument because it depicts the Emperor's victory over the Dacians. 2.The Basilica at Trier (Aula Palatina) was built by the Emperor Constantine to function as a place of Christian worship. 3.The Arch of Titus contains a spiral frieze which gets wider toward the top so it is easy to read from ground level. 4.The Arch of Titus contains a frieze of sunken reliefs which portray the Emperor's victory in many battles. 5.The Arch of Constantine is not an example of a Roman monument because it does not commemorate an important event or person. 6.The use of spolia in monuments like the Arch of Constantine was considered to be a decline of form compared to earlier Roman architecture. 7.The Basilica at Trier was a secular meeting hall which contained a triumphal arch at the apse.

feature of Etruscan architectur

1.Use of terracotta 2.Barrel vault 3.Rounded arch

New Kingdom Egypt

1550-1070 BCE

Old Kingdom Egypt

2500 BCE-2100

The Roman House

8th C BCE -A typical Roman residence consisting of rooms with a garden in the back •The wealthy and the poor had separate houses •Poor had rooms that were above of behind the wealthy places of work •Included and atrium, bedrooms, dining room, garden, shop •Examples can be found in Pompeii

Ancient Egypt

A civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River. Its history occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom.

civilization

A complex, highly organized social order

Mandala

A concentric diagram with spiritual and ritual importance in Buddhism and Hinduism.

Drum

A cylindrical stone that forms part of a column.

Sunken Relief

A design cut into the surface where there is no point or part higher than the surface itself

Priest-king from Mohenjo Daro

A high level priest

Frieze

A horizontal band of sculpture, usually near the ceiling of a building.

Basilica

A huge marble government building in ancient Rome

Colosseum

A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place

The Parthenon

A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.

Coffers

A recessed decorative panel that is used to reduce the weight of and to decorate ceilings or vaults.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Buddhism

A religion based on the teachings of Buddha, which emphasizes that all suffering in life comes from desire and that the way to achieve nirvana, or enlightenment and release from the cycle of life is to eliminate one's earthly desires.

priestly class

A ruling or powerful class of leaders. They gain their power through religious status.

The Great Stupa at Sanchi

A sacred spot in memory of Buddha or a saint designated by a mound of earth or other materials.

Relief Sculpture

A sculpture technique that uses a process of cutting into a flat surface i.e. wood, stone or material, by chiseling or gouging.

Dynasty

A series of rulers from the same family

Entasis

A slight bulging, most commonly associated with the Parthenon, that is meant to offset the optical illusion of sagging of perfectly straight lines, particularly along the entablature.

Serdab

A small concealed chamber in an Egyptian mastaba for the statue of the deceased.

Metope

A square element between triglyphs (three bands) on a Doric frieze.

"Man is the measure of all things"

A statement made by the ancient Greek philosopher Protagoras often interpreted to mean that human beings, rather than the god, determine the ultimate value of all things in the world.

Aqueduct

A structure that carries water over long distances

Canon of Polykleitos

A system of ideal proportions for the human figure, seen in the Doryphorus by Polykleitos, in which the size of the head was 1/8 of the total height of the figure.

Obelisk

A tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top

Peripteral Temple

A type of ancient Greek or Roman temple surrounded by a row of columns.

Round Arch

A type of arch that consists of a semicircle.

Phidian Wet Drapery

A type of drapery first used by the sculptor Phidias that clings to the human figure and appears to be wet.

Chryselephantine

A type of sculpture made of gold and ivory.

Sculpture in the Round

A type of sculpture that is completely free-standing, not attached to a flat surface.

Barrel Vault

A type of vault consisting of a rounded arch extended forward in space.

Red Figure vase

All-purpose vessel used to store liquids

Domus

An ancient Roman house, usually for the wealthy

Peristyle

An architectural space, such as a court, that is surrounded by columns.

Henge

An arrangement of megalithic stones in a circle, often surrounded by a ditch.

Hieratic Scale

An artistic technique in which the importance of figures is indicated by size, so that the most important figure is depicted as the largest.

Mahavira

An extreme aesthetic who founded the religion Jainism and thought of several Hindu concepts, such as karma, in a very concrete way

Bust

An image of a person that consists of the head and upper torso

Memory Image

An image that remains in the mind of something previously experienced.

Ancient India

Ancient civilization that developed south of the Himalayan Mountain Range along the Indus and Ganges rivers; circa 2500 BCE

Mesopotamia

"land between the rivers"

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BC) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

Greek Temples

Built to be beautiful dwelling places for the gods and not for worship..

Saffron Gatherers

Buon Fresco

Compare and contrast the Parthenon to Maison Carrée.

Constructed out of marble

Compare and contrast the Parthenon to the Colosseum.

Decorated with elaborate frieze sculptures

Agrarian

Farming or relating to land

Ancient Greece

Location was where the present day country of Greece is. It is famous for types of columns in architecture. The acropolis and the Parthenon. First democratic form of government

Vase Painting

One of the Greeks' main ways of recording things. They painted many things on vases. If you did something good, it was painted on a vase.

Mauryan Period

One of the largest ancient Indian Empires during the 4th to 2nd century BC.After the defeat of Alexander the great

Fresco Painting

Painting in water-based paints on fresh plaster

fresco secco

Painting on dry plaster

Compare and contrast the Parthenon to the Pont du Gard.

Post and lintel—can only span a short space

Chatal Huyuk

Southern central Turkey. 7,200-6200 BC. Remarkable for it's size. Nothing else like this. Largest community in the world at this time. Standardized mud brick housing, all houses about 25 square meters all packed so close that there were no streets or windows. Doorways through the roof. Among the houses are scattered a few which are in the same shape and size but decorated elaborately. Images of women giving birth, etc. Shrines. Religious focci for social groups living in surrounding houses. Because it's a large settlement, it's hard to say exactly what's uniting people. Everyone seems to share religion, but no central shrines.

atrium and the peristyle garden

Space that is focused inward, protected from the noise and dust of the city

How did Etruscans influence Roman architecture

The Etruscans developed the use of the rounded arch and barrel vault, which the Romans later used in architecture.

similarities between the Greeks and Etruscans

The Greeks and Etruscans both shared certain religious beliefs, including the appearance of some deities in human form. use Archaic Smile

Axial Plan

The horizontal arrangement of the elements of a building or town along a central axis.

Shaft

The main body of a column, in ancient Greece, it was usually fluted, or marked with vertical ridges.

atrium (Roman)

The main inner court of a Roman house, with an open roof and a central basin to catch rainwater.

Vedas

The oldest and most authoritative Hindu texts, written in Sanskrit.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.

Minoan Art

The pre-Greek art of Crete, named after the legendary King Minos of Knossos.

Cycladic

The prehistoric art of the Aegean Islands around Delos, excluding Crete.

Smelting

The process by which ore is melted to separate the useful metal from other elements.

Abstraction

The process of extracting parts of an idea or concept not specific or detailed.

ancient myths play in the archaeological excavation of Aegean sites in the modern era

The reading of ancient texts and myths led explorers to discover certain sites.

Nile River

The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.

Doric Order

The simplest and oldest style of Greek column, marked by an undecorated capital.

Corbeled Vault

The simplest type of vault, involving step support elements

harmika

The small platform on the top of a stupa

Keystone

The stone that lies at the top of an arch and holds the entire arch together.

Capital

The top of a column.

Entablature

The upper section of a classical Greek temple that rests on the columns.

Sumer

The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.

What does the style of the grave goods from the tomb of Tutankhamen reveal about art after the Amarna period?

There was a return to tradition in images of the pharaoh.

TRUE about yakshi figures

They were commonly worked into the architecture of religious structures.

Ashoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.

Why did Roman emperors build large entertainment complexes like baths and amphitheaters?

To gain popularity amongst Roman citizens

Stele of Naram-Sin

Triumph over an invading army

characteristic of the Roman house

Use of murals and mosaics Focus toward the central courtyard Atrium used for ancestral rituals

Assyrians Empire

Very brutal: Siege warfare with towers and battering rams: improved metal works and weapons

Geometric vase

Vessel used to mark a gravesite

Post and Lintel Construction

Wall construction utilizing a framework of vertical posts and horizontal beams to carry floor and roof loads.

the interior of the Pantheon illuminated

With an oculus

Tutankhamen

a 10 year old pharaoh who ruled for nine years and then died unexpectantly; restored the old gods

Aegean

a center for civilizations which flourished in the 2nd and 3rd millenniums BC

city state

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

Edicts

a command that is obeyed like a law

Peristyle Garden

a garden surrounded by a colonnade

Peplos

a garment worn by women in ancient Greece, usually full length and tied at the waist

Contrapposto

a graceful arrangement of the body based on tilted shoulders and hips and bent knees

Hypostyle

a hall with a roof supported by columns

Triumphal Arch

a large monument in the shape of an arch that celebrates a leader or a military victory

Ridgepole

a long horizontal beam against which the slanting roof poles were braced

Labyrinth

a maze

Bronze

a mixture of copper and tin

Dharma

a moral order that keeps the universe from falling into chaos, an essential individual characteristic or virtue in Hinduism and Buddhism

Paleolithic era

a period in human history when humans first demonstrated the ability to craft tools and works of art out of stone

Bronze Age

a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze

Impluvium

a rectangular basin in a Roman house that is placed in the open-air atrium in order to collect rainwater

Jainism

a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.The idea that the truth is dependent on your point of view

Dome

a rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base.

archaeologist

a scientist who learns about ancient people by studying the things they left behind

Amarna Period

a short period of time during the reign of the pharaohs Akhenaten, and is marked by major political, religious, and stylistic changes 1353-1336B.C

Stonehenge

a structure found by scientist in England is believed to have been built in the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age.Post and lintel,Agrarian,and Neolithic.It is thought to be a ceremonial site for death and burials.

Naturalism

a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

the Pantheon

all the gods of a people or religion

Kore

an archaic Greek statue of a young woman, standing and clothed in long loose robes.

The Fertile Crescent

an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began

Amphitheater

an oval large stadium with tiers of seats

Archaic

ancient; old-fashioned

Akkadian Empire

began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.

Axis Mundi

believed to connect the heavens and the earth and regarded as the center of the world

Necropolis

city of the dead

Zeus

god of the sky and ruler of the Olympian gods

Athena

goddess of wisdom, skills, and warfare

Mycenaean Art

heavier, stronger and more "masculine" than the Minoan; mainland Greece

Impotep

high priest, physician, architect, artist, and royal administrator,one few examples of a regular person, or a non-Pharoah, to achieve divine status after his death

Lares and Penates

household gods

Megalith

huge stone

Votive Figures

images dedicated to the gods

Archaic Smile

in Archaic Greek sculpture, the smile indicated that the person portrayed is alive

Spolia

in art history, the reuse of architectural or sculptural pieces in buildings generally different from their original contexts

Chauvet Cave,Pech Merle,and Lascaux

in south of France,cave painting

cave of Altamira

located in the very north of Spain,cave paintings

Monument

means of reminding us of a person or event

Nanna

moon god Sumerian religion

Hellenistic Periods

more dramatic sculptural poses

Veristic Portraiture

portraits of patricians that looked more realistic and not idealistic(fake)

Podium

raised platform

Late Classical

responds to this decline. At the same time, there was a shift in artistic style. Male nudes were quite common and more than acceptable, while the female nude was actually seen as low-class. But artists were beginning to challenge these ideas.Subject matter began to change as well. Artists began to depict more intimate and relaxed characters.

Colonnade

row of columns

Low Relief

sculpted relief with figures that project only slightly from a recessed background

Pseudoperipteral

series of engaged columns all around the sides and back of the cella to give the appearance of a peripteral colonnade

Greek Sculpture

showed perfect or ideal human forms

Cubicula

small underground rooms in catacombs serving as mortuary chapels

Malta

south of Italy,Megalithic,Post and lintel

lithic

stone

Sarcophagus

stone coffin

Voussoirs

stones that make up an arch

Masonry

stonework

Idealism portraiture

style of portraiture that reduces a person's physical imperfections, giving an appearance of youth and athleticism.

Corbelling

support elements

Ziggurats

temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshiped, huge temples,gods dwell above humans

Neolithic Era

the New Stone Age; when people learned to make fire and tools such as saws and drills

Inanna

the goddess of love, fertility and war

Etruscans

the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted

Oculus

the round central opening of a dome

Archaeology

the study of the past based on what people left behind

pediment

the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture

Register

to record or enroll

Controlled space

type of civic design intended to impress or intimidate the viewer,The ruler's power

Pylon Temple

Egyptian temple, a large opening, doorway or entrance

Mastaba

Egyptian tomb, rectangular, brick or stone, flat roofed with sloping sides built over a tomb and connected by a shaft.

Ka

In ancient Egypt, the immortal human life force.

Minotaur

The half-man, half-bull monster that terrorizes Minos's Labyrinth. It is killed by Theseus.

Lamassu

Assyrian guardian in the form of a man-headed winged bull

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Axial plan

Stele of Hammurabi

Babylonian,This sculpture provides a list of standardized laws and shows the leader receiving these laws from a deity.

similarities in the Etruscan and Egyptian view of the afterlife

Both place emphasis on the afterlife and seek to provide all of the earthly comforts of the home within a tomb.

Aphrodite of Milos

Hellenistic

Roman portraiture

Characterized by realism, shows imperfections Compare to idealism of Greek portraiture

Seth

Egyptian god of deserts, storms, and foreigners.

Isis

Egyptian goddess of fertility

Dying Gaul

Hellenistic

Dying Lioness

Demonstrates success in battle and victory over nature

Ankh

Egyptian key of life or the key of the Nile, a hieroglyphic of a looped cross with a handle

Queen Hatshepsut

Egyptian queen, she worked to increase trade with places outside of Egypt and ordered many impressive monuments and temples built during her reign.

Canon of Proportions

Egyptian rule that mandated dimensions and scale

Gallic Chieftain

Hellenistic

Nike of Samothrace

Hellenistic

chaitya hall

place of worship in Buddhist or Jain shrine.The arches were made out of wood instead of stone.

Poseidon

God of the sea and earthquakes

Horus

God of the sky

Osiris

God of the underworld

Aphrodite

Goddess of love and beauty

Kouros

Greek word for "male youth." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, nude youth.

What was King Ashoka's role in early Buddhism?

He adopted Buddhism and helped spread the religion.

Torana

In Hindu and Buddhist architecture, a type of gateway.

Stucco

plaster used for coating wall surfaces

The benefits of using concrete

It was cheap, which meant less skilled labor. It was plentiful, which allowed for new projects and renovations. It can be poured into molds. It is durable. It sets underwater.

Beehive Tombs

Large, round rooms

Cyclopean Construction

Large-scale construction; as if they were built by giants or Cyclops

Aphrodite of Knidos

Late Classical

Hermes and Dionysus

Late Classical

Dojoser's Funerary Complex at Saqqara

funerary architecture

Buddha

Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.

Akhenaten

Pharoah of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC); monotheism

the invention of concrete

Romans

Rosettes

Rose-shaped elements, often in the middle of coffers.

yasti

Symbolizes the universe, a circular disk positioned on top of the dome of the stupa.

Panathenaic Procession Sculpture

Sculpture on the frieze of the Parthenon celebrating a festival honoring Athena and involving the ritual of bringing a new peplos or cloak to the statue of Athena.

Upper Paleolithic period

period of human history from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago, when distinct human cultures first developed 25,000 bc

Pre-written History

period of time before humans began recording events using a system of writing.

Pillars of Ashoka

Stone columns carved with Buddhist teachings

Masonry

Stonework

Ashlar Masonry

Stonework made of large, rectangular cut stones.

Gandhara Style

Stucco or stone sculptures, a style of Buddhist art which showed Greek and Indian influences.

Aton

The disk of the sun in ancient Egyptian mythology

Yakshi

female and male figures of fertility in Buddhist and Hindu art

Pictographs

picture symbols

Apotheosis

elevation of a person to the status of a god, often seen in ancient Rome in portraits of emperors and busts of deceased family members

Periclean

of or relating to Pericles or his age when Athens was at its highest material and intellectual state.

paleo

old

Buon Fresco

painting on wet plaster

cave paintings

paintings on cave walls and ceilings, especially those dating from prehistoric times

Clerestory

part of a building that rises above the roofs allowing for windows to provide light and ventilation

Sarnath

place of the first sermon for the Buddha.through the enlightenment of Kondanna