Ancient Greece Exam 2

Laconia

The region of the southern Peloponnesus in which Sparta is located -population declined after late Bronze Age collapse -during 10th, 9th, & 8th century BCE population was on the rise & villages were forming -Sparta conquered the villages in early 8th century

Phyle

the exiled athenians from the thirty tyrants banded together and gathered allies here

tribute

Money paid by one country to another in return for protection -tribute list showed which city-states paid their part to the delian league

zeugitai

yokers: produced 200+ bushels annually, eligible for the lower offices

Eupatrid

"Men with Good Dads"

Pentecontaetia

"fifty year period" between the end of the Greco-Persian War (479 BC) and the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC) Beginning of Classical Age

Alcibiades

( 450 - 404 BCE): Athenian nobleman who persuaded assembly to embark on the Sicilian expedition, a well-connected man often associated with controversy, was banished from Athens many times, switched sides during the Peloponnesian War from Athens to Sparta and back to Athens, latter helped by his infusion of Persian money, murdered in Thrace -exceedingly ambitious -wanted to gain wealth and reputation from the invasion -after fleeing athenians for his "crime" of mutilation of herms, he becomes a spartan consultant and told them that if athens is successful with their invasion of sicily, its next move will be to invade the Peloponnese, they would be wise to oppose the athenians in sicily -responsible for drawing the peloponnesians in into the war in.sicily

Decelea

(413) establishment of Spartan base in attica. Allowed Spartans to plunder Athenian countryside year round rather than a short time. -also acted as a place of refuge for thousands of fleeing slaves from athens -major blow to athens

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north. -started from battle of Sybota, battle of potidaea, and megarian decree -falls into three phases: 431-421 BC archidamian war, 415-413 BC Sicilian expedition, 413-404 BC decelean war

Archidamian War

(431-421 BC) This was the first part of the Peloponnesian War. Spartan strategy was to invade the land surrounding Athens & destroy their crops to force the athenians to battle, which failed because Athens had access to its port because it was connected with the long walls -athens relied on their navy to harass the peloponnesians by sea -pericles had the countryside athenians (farmers etc) move inside the long walls and give up the countryside to the spartans, moved anywhere they could find space -spartans thought they could starve the athenians by ravaging their fields, but pericles knew as long as athenians maintained access by sea, they'd have access to produce from anywhere -pericles plan worked perfectly

Nicias

(470 - 413 BCE): Athenian general who brokered a temporary peace between Athens and Sparta and subsequently helped lead the Sicilian expedition, a disastrous attempt by Athens to invade Sicily. -called Cleon out for trying to save face when he realized it was a mistake to reject the peace offer -opposed of invasion

Cylon

(632 BC) Athenian who attempted to take over the Acropolis and become tyrant o solve Athens social and economic problems, temporarily rules and achieves minimal change

The Clouds

(Aristophanes, c. 423 BC) This comedy lampoons Athenian philosophers, especially Socrates and his Sophist followers, whose insubstantial, obfuscating arguments are inspired by the title goddesses. The protagonist Strepsiades fears that his horse-obsessed son, Pheidippides, is spending too much money. Consequently, Strepsiades wants Pheidippides to enroll in the Phrontisterion, or "Thinkery" of Socrates to learn specious arguments that can be used to avoid paying debts. Pheidippides refuses, so Strepsiades enrolls in the Thinkery himself. There, Strepsiades learns about new discoveries, such as a technique to measure how far a flea can jump. Eventually Pheidippides is also pressured into studying at the Thinkery, where he and Strepsiades are instructed by the beings Just and Unjust Discourse. Strepsiades believes that the education will enable Pheidippides to foil all creditors, but Pheidippides instead uses his new-found debating skills to justify beating up his father. In response, Strepsiades leads a mob to destroy the Thinkery. -convinced athenians that socrates was a religious deviant

Battle of Pylos

-425 BC athenians landed at pylos and fortified a garrison there, great location -Demosthenes tactical masterpiece that trapped 420 Spartans (including 120 Spartiates) on the island of Sphacteria. (425bc) -athenians defeated the spartans in naval battle leaving 420 hoplites stranded on sphacteria -sparta offered peace treaty to release hoplites, Cleon persuaded athens to reject offer and war continued -helots risked their lives to bring food and water to stranded spartans, lengthening their time there longer than the athenians believed

Delian League

-477 BC -Alliance formed between Greek city states to band together in case of future attacks -Stated aim: "to avenge the wrongs suffered by ravaging the territory of the Persian king" Goals: -Prepare for another Persian invasion -seek revenge against persia -acquire and distribute spoils of war -held meetings on Delos (neutral territory for each of the league's members) also location of the league's treasury -pay an annual tribute/tax to provide funding for military either by contributing ships or money -wealthiest city-states have to pay more than less affluent ones -athens had sole control over the league's treasury -athens had command of the league's navy -470s aggression against Persian garrisons in Europe. -460s first attempted defections from the delian league -forced Naxos to stay by attacking them & confiscating their fleet -athens used force & violence to keep city-states to stay after the reason for staying was gone (Persians retreated from europe) almost like a mafia -454 BC Pericles requests that the treasury be relocated from Delos to athens -449 BC sign peace treaty w/ Persian empire

Ionian Rebellion

-499 BC aristagoras appeals to Sparta, who refuses -499 BC aristagoras appeals to Athens, Athens agrees and supplies 20 ships -499 BC aristagoras appeals to Eretria, eretria agrees and supplies 5 ships -498 BC with support from Athens and eretria, the ionians capture Sardis and burn it to the ground -494 BC ionian rebellion is subdued, all Milesians killed or enslaved, temples were plundered and burned to the ground

Cyrus II

-559 BC Cyrus ascends to Persian throne -553 BC Cyrus rebels against median empire -550 BC captures ecbatana -546 BC conquers lydia -540 BC conquers Babylonia, Assyria, syria, palestine -brought about first official contact b/t greeks & Persians when he overtook Lydia (including ionian city-states)

Allegory of the Cave

-7th book in plato's republic -Seeing is not always true; Plato uses this to say that we only have a skewed view on the world and do not take into account what we may not know -demonstrates the theory of forms

City Dionysia/Greater

-Multi-day festival held in athens every spring in honor of dionysus -Day 1: procession to the temple of Dionysus; bull sacrifice -Day 2: playwrights announced the titles of their plays. judges selected by lot -Day 3-5: three tragedians each put on three tragedies + 1 satyr play -Day 6: dithyrambic competitions -Day 7: comic competition (5 comedies) -Day 8: judges select winners, who receive a wreath of ivy -about 5 hours of plays a day -30k capacity -all performers were male & is possible all of the audience could've been male

Plague of Athens

-Outbreak that killed 100,000 Athenians in 430 BC. Many generals and soldiers were lost. This is one of the reasons that Athens ultimately lost the war. -25% of the athenian population lost -came from importing goods & spread fast because of everyone living inside the long walls -killed pericles & his son -thucydides described it because he suffered it -we will never know what the plague actually was

Herms

-Stone pillar with bearded male (typically Hermes) head and erect phallus. Found anywhere really. Could be a sign of fertility (works well because he is responsible for flocks of goats, sheep, and swine, and also "lucky finds" in fertility), or of protection (warding off evil) -hermes was god of boundaries so they were placed all over boundaries of the city the mutilation of the herms 415 BC -highly symbolic -highly sacred -vandalized by Sicilians, filled the athenians with outrage -rumors spread that Alcibiades was responsible -alcibiades is charged with impiety -athenians initially postpone the trial, but change their mind soon after -alciabiades follows the athenian state ship in his own ship, but then escapes -alcibiades defects to sparta

Ionia

-This is the region on the central western coast of Asia Minor, which had been colonized by the Greeks during the Dark Age migrations. Now, while Ionia was only a loose confederation of states, its principal and most prosperous city was Miletus

Symposium

-a conference or meeting together to discuss a topic -The Symposium (Ancient Greek: Συμπόσιον, Sympósion [sympósi̯on]) is a philosophical text by Plato dated c. 385-370 BC.[1][2] It depicts a friendly contest of extemporaneous speeches given by a group of notable men attending a banquet. The men include the philosopher Socrates, the general and political figure Alcibiades, and the comic playwright Aristophanes. The speeches are to be given in praise of Eros, the god of love and desire.

Syracuse

-allied with selinus -an attractive target for the athenians -at the time, a neutral state & was also a corinthian colony -also a city of dorian -athenians were afraid that Syracuse might enter the war on the Peloponnesian side -the most prosperous and powerful city in sicily

Cleon

-athenian politician -rose to prominence in early 420s BC -inherited his father's tannery -nouveau riche (not from old money) comparable to trump -demagogue leader of the people, manipulated voters, persuaded them that whatever was in his best interest was in their best interest -remembered as an anti-intellectual, anti-establishment populist -negatively depicted by contemporary (aristocratic) sources -positioned himself as a champion of the common people -"the most violent man at athens, and at the time by far the most powerful with the people" -thucydides -"glutton who stinks of leather, a villain" -war hog who wanted to take war to the spartans -wanted to go on the offensive, opposite to pericles who wanted to be on the defensive

Theseus

-basileus of Athens -synoecism was a gradual process, but athenians preferred a mythical explanation that attributed it to the local hero, theseus -legend held that theseus abolished all other governments in Attica and made Athens the political center. -synoikia: festival held to commemorate theseus synoecism

Mardonius

-darius son in law -492 BC subjugates Thrace, thasos, & macedonia -had to end campaign prematurely after fleet got wrecked at Mt. Athos -after mardonius's return, Darius planned another expedition in 491 BCE dispatching emissaries demanding "earth and water"

Plato

-famous student of socrates 425-347 BC 425 BC: aristocles (aka plato) born in athens 410s BC: plato becomes a follower of socrates 399 BC: socrates is executed 385 BC: Plato founds the academy 360s BC: Plato tutors Dionysius II of syracuse 347 BC: Plato dies at age 80 -known for dialogues 35 dialogues still alive today known for: early- apology & middle- symposium -The reason Plato has Socrates banish poets from the ideal state is essentially bc poetry is too moving, too disturbing for our emotional well-being. It makes us believe things that aren't real and those false beliefs distort our ability to distinguish right and wrong fact and fiction.

Critias

-follower of socrates -wealthy athenian aristocrat -undemocratic leanings -one of the thirty tyrants, who oversaw the execution of 1500 citizens -most powerful of the thirty

Lydian Empire

-growing to the west -560 BCE king Croesus brings ionia under lydian rule

Acropolis Museum

-persians destroyed tons of statues and antiques in the acropolis during Persian destruction -the female figures appear to have been knocked over and we think deliberately dragged along the ground by the Persian army. would explain the consistent damage that we see to these statues where they're damaged in the nose, the breasts, and the arms. -sanctuary, property of the goddess Athena, everything there was sacred and could not be removed, so they were either reused in the renovation or buried in the ground in 2009, the Greeks constructed the new Acropolis Museum, built specifically to house the antiquities from the Acropolis. And this museum looks directly onto the Acropolis and it shares the exact orientation of the Acropolis and the Parthenon on top, you can see in the top floor of the new Acropolis Museum, the sculptures are oriented in such a way that maps onto the Parthenon itself where the east phase corresponds to the East Bay. So you can see the sculptures and then look out onto the Parthenon and imagine how they would have looked in the fifth century.

recollection

-plato believes that our reincarnated souls retain some of the knowledge that was acquired before our bodies came into being, we all intuitively understand some concepts that was never taught to us, we instinctively know what to avoid and what we're attracted to

Cleisthenes

-progressive populist -founder of athenian democracy Isonomic Reform -disrupted the power of rich families > he forbade the use of patronymics ('son of...') and replaced them with demotics ('from...') -broke up preexisting factions to foster Athenian unity > he redistricted Attica into 30 trittyes, from which 10 of the tribes of Athens were formed > 50 members of each tribe were chosen by lot to serve of the Council of Five Hundred (could be any man) -instituted ostracism

Academy

-school of philosophy founded by Plato -built in a grove sacred to academos -northwest of the city walls of athens -continued in existence for 300 years until it was destroyed by roman general in 86 BC

Apology

-socrates's defense speech to athenians -written by plato -also discussed socrates refusal to thirty -the Apology of Socrates is a defence against the charges of "corrupting the youth" and "not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other daimonia that are novel" to Athens "My tribe presided over the trial of the generals who had not taken up the bodies of the slain after the battle of arginusae. when you proposed to try them altogether, which was illegal, I was the only one of the prytanes who opposed to the illegality and I gave my vote against you. and when the orators threatened to impeach and arrest me, and have me taken away and you called and shouted, I made up my mind that I would run the risk, having law and justice with me, rather than take part in your injustice because I feared imprisonment and death."

Isagoras

-spartan backed conservative -pro-oligarchy -sought to roll back to Solon's reforms -wanted to reinstate aristocratic privileges -backed by Sparta

Median Empire

-spoke median -b/t 625-585 BCE took large expansion & overtook persis -when they overtook persis, the Persian ruling family could live their life but had to answer to the median king -growing and rising to the east -559 BC Cyrus ascends to Persian throne -553 BC Cyrus rebels against median empire

Persian Empire

-spoke old Persian -559 BC Cyrus ascends to Persian throne -553 BC Cyrus rebels against median empire -550 BC captures ecbatana became ruler of all territory that was under median control -546 BC conquers lydia -540 BC conquers Babylonia, Assyria, syria, palestine -530 BC Cambyses succeeds cyrus -525 BC Cambyses adds Egypt to Persian empire -521 BC Darius I seizes power of Persian empire -under Darius, the Persian Empire reaches its greatest extent. Up to that point in history, the Persian Empire under Darius was the largest empire that the world had ever seen. Covered it expands more than 2 million square miles, stretching from what is now modern-day northern Greece all the way to the East in what is modern day India. -499 BC ionians rebel from Persian rule

Lydia

-the region in Asia Minor. Asia Minor centered around the Lydian capital city of Sardis

Persis

-the region that roughly corresponds with the southwestern part of what is today Iran and was centered around the Persian capital, capital city of Persepolis.

Thirty Years Peace

-treaty between athens and Sparta signed in 445 BC -designed to hold for thirty years, from 445-415 BC -nullified in 431 BC, when the Peloponnesian league declared war on athens -according to the terms of the treaty: athens gave up holdings on the mainland, Sparta agreed not to interfere with athens maritime empire, athens agreed not to interfere with Sparta's allies, neutral states were free to join either alliance, disagreements were to be settled by arbitration

Arisatagoras

-tyrant of miletus -sought to bring the cyclades under his authority -acquired Persian support for the expedition (namely Naxos) -expedition failed -fearing for his position, he fomented ionian rebellion from Persian rule -ambitious & power hungry man

tribe

-was composed of the residents of three different trittyes. One from the city, one from the hills, and one from the coast. Together, the residents of these three trittyes composed a tribe. -required Athenians to identify politically with people from all across the geographical and socioeconomic spectrum.

Thermopylae

100 miles from Athens; it is where the Greek soldiers held off the Persian army for 3 days then the Persians killed every soldier guarding the pass and then marched on to Athens where they set it on fire

Lord Elgin

1802 a British lord who removed the marble from the Parthenon from Greece and sold them to the British museum -removed 75 sculptures -3.4 million pounds

trittyes

30 counties -10 plain (rich), 10 hills (poor), 10 coastal (middle class)

Thirty Tyrants

30 pro-spartan oligarchs. Ruling Athens after Peloponnesian war. quickly overthrown. (404-403) -terror -put 1500 athenian citizens to death -exiled many potential rivals (powerful and wealthy athenians)

Battle of Arginusae

406 BC -athens victorious -sparta offers peace terms -athens rejects them -storm prevents athenian commanders from recovering the wounded and dead. they are executed as a result

Battle of Cyzicus

410 BC "ships lost. commander dead. men starving, at a loss" -athens victorious -sparta offers peace terms -athens rejects them

Sicilian Expedition

415-13 BC "Everyone fell in love with the enterprise. The older men thought they would either subdue the places against which they were to sail, or at least meet with no disaster, with so large a force; those in the prime of life felt a longing for foreign sights and spectacles, and had no doubt that they should come safe home again; while the idea of the common people and the soldiery was to earn wages at the moment, and make conquests that would supply a never-ending fund of pay for the future. With this enthusiasm of the majority, the few that did not like it feared to appear unpatriotic by holding; up their hands against it, and so kept quiet." -athenians voted in favor of the invasion -voted to send 100+ triremes & 25,000+ men to sicily (largest military expedition in athenian history) -segestians told athenians they'd pay for the expedition, but they never actually had money -athenians launched invasion on Syracuse & gained control of higher ground (epipolae plateau) -at this invasion, lamacus died and Nicias is now the only man in charge & Nicias was already terminally ill -nicias tried to dissuade athenians from continuing the invasion bc it seemed hopeless -athenians declined & made nicias stay & sent more reinforcements -lost major battle on epipolae heights -lunar eclipse made athenians wait 27 days rather than returning home -when syracusians learned that they were still there, they attacked at this point of weakness and trapped them there -sept 13, 413 BC 40k athenian troops were sent to assinarus river & were attacked by Syracuse -7k men were taken prisoner & 10k+ were killed, no building large enough to keep them prisoner so they put them in the quarries to die -greatest greek achievement of any war -many greeks were saved bc of euripides

Siege of Melos

416 BC -athenian ships dispatched to Melos to bring it under athenian empire -melians refused and asked sparta to intervene, but spartan help never materialized -melians were forced to yield to their more powerful adversaries -athenians put to death all the grown men whom they took and sold their women and children for slaves and sent out 500 colonists and settled the place themselves -the trojan women of Euripides reflected these atrocities, trojans are presented as the sympathetic protagonist, greeks viewed as ruthless criminals

Mytilenean Revolt

428 BC Mytilene's attempt to unite the poleis of Lesbos and leave the Athenian Empire. -athens got wind of their plans before the revolt was complete, athens laid siege to the island & quelled the rebellion within a year -athenians rounded up the ring leaders and were taken as prisoners to athens where their fate would be put to a democratic vote in the athenian assembly, citizens could advocate for one side or another -cleon called for the execution for the entire male population of Mytilene and enslavement of women and children, regardless of guilty or not -mytilenean debate: Cleon still wanted all executed, Diodotus only wanted ring leaders, Diodotus won debate

Thucydides

460-400 BC "Thucydides, an athenian, wrote the history of the war between the peloponnesians and the athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a Great War, and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it" -served as a general during an early part of the war, but failed to secure thasos for the athenians so he was relieved of command and exiled from athens in 423 BC -offered a guidebook to future generations who found themselves in similar situations -hoped that people could use his writing as a textbook to prevent history from repeating itself -believes the real cause of the war is the growth of power of athens and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon made war inevitable -provides that power is a paradigm that can be applied to all wars of all periods

Socrates

470-399 BC -age of 71 he was put to death by athenian democracy on the charge of impiety -socrates didn't write anything himself, everything we know comes secondhand -questioner seeking to find truth -veteran of several battles in Peloponnesian wars -grew hair long, didn't bathe, walked around barefoot, slept in same clothes, uninfluenced by money & public opinion -not wealthy, never accepted money for his teaching, didn't consider himself a teacher since he was never paid -his "students" were the wealthiest, most powerful men of the city -alcibiades was student, follower, and sexual partner -critias was his student -expressed anti-democratic sentients, athenians may have wanted to bring socrates to trial as an associate to thirty tyrants, but would've been illegal The trial of socrates 399 BC: accusations were that he did not worship the state gods, introduced new divinities, and corrupted the youth, helped to create dangerous anti-democratic revolutionaries like alcibiades and critias, 280 votes in favor of conviction, 221 votes against, requested to be rewarded w daily free meals, sentenced to death 470 BC: born in athens 432 BC: fought in battle of potidaea 424 BC: fought in battle of delium 422 BC: fought in battle of amphipolis 406 BC: voted against the illegal execution of the arginusae generals 404 BC: refused to carry out a command of the thirty tyrants 399 BC: executed (convicted of impiety)

Themistocles Decree

480 BC "Themistocles son of needles made the motion to entrust the city to Athena and to all the other gods to defend against the barbarian. The Athenians themselves and the resident foreigners are to send their women and children to safety in Troezen, where Pittheus, the founding hero of the land, will protect them. They are to send the old men and their moveable possessions to safety on Salamis. The treasurers and priestesses are to remain on the Acropolis, guarding the property of the gods. All the other athenians and resident foreigners of military age are to embark on the 200 ships that are ready and defend against the barbarian for the sake of their freedom and that of the Greeks, including the Lacedaemonians, the Corinthians, the Aeginetans, and all others who wish to share the danger." -used as a doorstep

Euripides

480-406 BC A playwright who wrote about 90 tragedies and included strong female characters and smart slaves -medea iambic pentameter -born on salamis -wrote about 100 plays; 18 survive influential during his lifetime, but much more so after his death 440 rhesus, 438 Alcestis, 432 Medea, 430 descendants of Heracles, 428 Hippolytus, 423 Hecuba, 420 Andromache, 416 Heracles, 415 the trojan woman, 414 suppliants, 414 electra, 412 ion, 412 Iphigenia in tauris, 412 Helen, 410 Iphigenia in Aulis, 408 the Phoenician women, 408 Orestes, 405 the Bacchae

Laurion

483 BC the athenians had a massive stroke of good fortune when they found a massive lode of silver in laurion, yielding the several millions of dollars for athens -silver mine in southeast Attica

Gorgias

483-375 BC -sicilian rhetorician and teacher of rhetoric -encomium of helen -defense of palamedes -on non-existence -able to defend unpopular ideas

Protagoras

490-420 BC -rhetorician and teacher of rhetoric -claimed to be able to make the weaker argument the stronger -wrote truth, on the gods -argued against the existence of the gods/our ability to say they exist -known for relativist, agonistic, skeptical, and anthropocentric ideas -truth differs from individual to individual, so there is no such thing as an absolute truth making it relative -virtue is whatever is personally advantageous, there is no limit to what one could justify under the name of virtue -his books were burned & he was sentenced to death on the charge of impiety, died in shipwreck all bc of agnostic view of gods -javelin anecdote, who should be considered responsible

Sophocles

496-406 BC -introduced a third actory -wrote 120 plays; 7 survive: Ajax, Antigone, women of tracheas, oedipus the king, electra, philoctetes, oedipus at colonus -won first-prize at the city Dionisia 18 times

penteconter

50 oared ship. Standard Greek War ship before trireme

pentakosiomedimnoi

500 bushel men- produced 500+ bushels annually, eligible for all political offices, including the highest (pole march, treasurer)

Themistocles

524-460 BC A Greek military leader who convinced the Athenians to build a navy. This helped Athens win a major battle against Persia, the Battle of Salamis. He was ostracized around 471 BCE. -wanted to use the silver found in laurion to build ships & over 200 triremes are built

Peisistratos

608-527 BCE -ambitious eupatrid -distant relative of solon -staged a successful coup (c.a. 560 BCE) and made himself tyrant (nonhereditary autocrat) of Athens -ruled as tyrant from 560-555 BCE -was briefly ousted from power in 555 BCE -reinstated shortly thereafter through an alliance with Megacles (had to marry his daughter) -refused to engage in reproductive sex with megacles' daughter bc he already had two sons, instead having sex with her "not in accordance with norm" -Exiled from 555-546 BCE -546 BC invaded attica, defeated his rivals in battle at Pallene and reclaimed power -Ruled until his death in 527 BCE leaving power to his son hippias Cultural Projects -commissioned definitive editions of the Iliad and odyssey -instituted the panathenaea, at which the homeric epics were performed -instituted the greater and lesser Dionysia, at which the first tragedies were performed -patronized poets: Simonides of keos, anacreon of Teos, and lasus of Hermione

Solon

630-560 BCE -athenian statesman, lawgiver, and poet -eupatrid -eponymous archon in 594 BC -commissioned to revise the athenian constitution -before solon's reforms, if you were poor and needed a loan you'd offer you & your family as collateral and if you can't pay back you're all sold into slavery, same was true for rent -tasked to write a constitution that satisfied the poor without taking too much away from the rich -Solon made it illegal for loans to be secured by using one's own person as collateral -cancelled debts of poorest athenians & freed people who fell into debt slavery -made it so all male citizens were able to serve in political office -created class system: pentakosiomedimnoi, hippeis, zeugitai, thetes

Thespis

6th c. BC -writer of dithyrambs -added a hypokrites to dialogue (in spoken verse) with dithyrambic choruses. -composed, produced, and acted in the first dramatic performance. -won the first first-prize at the city Dionisia in 534 BC -tragos (goat) + ode (Song) > tragodia > tragedy

thetes

<200 bushels annually, eligible to serve in the assembly

Battle of Sybota

Battle between Corcyra and Corinth that the Athenian Navy interfered with by creating an alliance with corcyra which was a neutral state, but Corinth was not as it was an ally to sparta. athens came into direct armed contact with Corinth, breaching the spirit of the treaty. This was one of the major causes of the Great Peloponnesian War.

Trireme

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers.

Egesta

A Sicilian city that went under war with its neighboring city Selinus. Alcibiades was an aristocrat that fought for Egesta. The city claimed during war to have more money and resources than it actually did.

oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people oligarchic revolution in athens 411 BC -oligarchs overthrow democracy, promising to make athens great again -membership in the assembly restricted to 5000 wealthiest citizens -pay for state service abolished

Chorus

A group of characters in Greek tragedy (and in later forms of drama), who comment on the action of a play without participation in it.

Trilogy

A group of three literary or musical works that have a related theme

Parthenon

A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age. 447 BC -largest greek temple built at the time -first temple built entirely of marble that came from athens quarry in mt. pentele -funded by delian league tributes under Pericles -replaced old Athena temple & pre-parthenon that was destroyed by the persians -reused parts of the ruined temples to build -the sculptural program of the Parthenon commemorates in symbolic terms, the Greek victory over the Persians and framed the Greco-Persian war as an extension of Athens is mythical history of defeating foreign adversaries, especially those from the east, and taking a leading role to secure that victory as theseus had done in the Amazonomachy and the centauromachy

Comedy

A literary work which ends happily because the hero or heroine is able to overcome obstacles and get what he or she wants.

Attica

A peninsula in east-central Greece on the Aegean Sea on which Athens was built -late Bronze Age collapse, massive depopulation & general decline during early dark ages -scattered villages that didn't have a single unifying political organization during dark ages -around 850 BCE independent villages started to unite politically then 750 BCE they were unified under Athens/athenian polis

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

satrapy

A province and/or the title of a client kings of the Persian Empire. Based on the system where conquered territory would maintain much of their identity and sovereignty within the Persian Empire. -had to pay taxes to the king to pay for the kings protection, but money really went to the treasury or monumental building projects

Trojan Woman

A tragedy by the Greek playwright Euripides -Euripides's play follows the fates of the women of Troy after their city has been sacked, their husbands killed, and their remaining families taken away as slaves. However, it begins first with the gods Athena and Poseidon discussing ways to punish the Greek armies because they condoned that Ajax the Lesser raped Cassandra, the eldest daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, after dragging her from a statue of Athena. What follows shows how much the Trojan women have suffered as their grief is compounded when the Greeks dole out additional deaths and divide their shares of women.

Satyr Play

A type of play that makes fun of society; provides comic relief

tumulus

An artificial mound of earth and stones placed over a grave

Sicily

An island in the Mediterranean Sea off the southwest tip of the Italian peninsula -athens tried to invade sicily & lost

Lysistrata

Aristophanes' anti-war, Greek comedy, written in 411 BC has women led by Lysistrata, barricading the public funds and withholding favors from their husbands to secure peace and end Peloponnesian War. Their league is joined by the women from Sparta, Boeotia, and Corinth. Lampito is the woman who goes to Sparta to rally support there.

Cylonian Conspiracy

Cylon wanted to seize the Acropolis with a group of his supporters in an effort to make himself tyrant of Athens. Unfortunately, for them, the Athenians resisted this and they besiege the Acropolis until cylon and his supporters agreed to capitulate on the condition that their lives would be spared. The nine ruling archons at the time agreed. And they agreed to let cylon and his conspirators go. But as soon as cylon and his supporters descended from the Acropolis, the Archons killed them on the spot.

Athenian Empire

Athenian Control of the Delian League led to this, in which the Athenians dominated the other city states (Sparta was the real power before the Persian war then Athens and Sparta rivaled for dominant power) -critical to the defense of Greece -Athens was burnt to the ground, so they felt the other Greek states owed them for their heroism -strong Hellenic identity -after pretty much the end of the delian league, this arose as city-states still had to contribute to Athens after the purpose of the delian league ended

Sardis

Capital of Lydia -498 BC, supported by troops from Athens and Eretria, the Ionians marched on, captured, and burnt Sardis.

Battle of Sphacteria

Cleon's greatest victory. This battle saw the surrender of the Spartan forces and their humiliation in Athens. (425) -after this, spartans offered peace terms even better than those before, but athenians again rejected it

Constitution of the Lacedaemonians

Date: 4th Century BC Location: Peloponnese, Greece Description: Xenophon's (Athenian) appraisal of the Spartan laws, which show their social customs and military might. Significance: provides insight on their customs. Also, a rare case of an Athenian praising a Spartan's government, which was drastically different than that of the Athenians

Aeschylus

Father of tragedy 525-456 BC -increase the number of nonchoral actors from 1 to 2 -introduced trilogy -athenian through and through -debut in Dionisia in 497 BC when he was 28 -490 fought the persians in battle of marathon -480 BC fought again in battle of salamis, lost his brother there -oldest greek tragedy persians that has survived today -479 BC fought in battle of plataea -458 BC moved to Sicily, died two years later -wrote very popular plays, 81 plays and only 7 survive intact today -his epitaph only mentions battle of marathon -plays that survived: Agamemnon, Eumenides, libation bearers, the persians, prometheus bound, seven against Thebes, suppliant women

Battle of Aegospotami

Final battle of the Great Peloponnesian War. Sparta destroys the last Athenian fleet in a decisive victory in 405 bc. Athens is besieged. -destroy 171/180 athenian ships

Battle of Marathon

First Persian Invasion of Greece (sept 490 B.C.E.) Battle where the Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army. -the Athenians ran down from the hills and they overran the Persians below, driving them to retreat despite their overwhelming numerical advantage -the Athenians had a hell of a lot more motivation than the Persians did. The Athenians were fighting for the lives of their, not only themselves, but also their wives and children, who would be sold into slavery if they failed and that battle, the Persians were fighting for a lot less presumably. -the Athenians were equipped with superior armor, armor was heavier and more durable than the armor worn by the Persians. And the Athenians also carried a significantly longer weapons. -according to Herodotus, the Athenians lost 192 men, whereas the Persian lost more than 6 thousand -The Greeks who died at Marathon were honored in an extraordinary way, in a way that the Athenians had never honored their war dead before or after. Specifically, they cremated them where they had fallen at Marathon. (buried this way bc they were local heroes of Athens)

Peloponnesian League

Formed in 510 BCE from the surrounding city-states near Sparta. It was formed to defeat democracy in Athens. -formed w/ all but two city-states in the Peloponnese and some outside ones like Thebes -purpose was one of mutual protection "I swear to have the same friends and enemies, and to follow the Spartans wherever they lead" -Oath -acts as a Spartan insurance policy against helots

Darius I

Great king of Persia (r. 521-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire. -491 BCE dispatching emissaries demanding "earth and water", emissaries were thrown down well by spartans, athenians threw them down a pit -490 BC re-launches campaign against greek hold-outs

Herodotus

Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.

Miletus

Greek city-state where revolt against Persians began -494 BC captured by Persians and men were executed, women and children were enslaved, temples plundered and burned to ground

Xenophon

Greek historian; student of Socrates; anecdotal use of history; used history to fulfill his own philosophical agenda -author of constitution of lacedaemonians

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

The tyrranicides

Harmodius (Greek: Ἁρμόδιος, Harmódios) and Aristogeiton (Ἀριστογείτων, Aristogeíton; both died 514 BC) were two ancient Athenian lovers that became known as the Tyrannicides (τυραννόκτονοι, tyrannoktonoi), the preeminent symbol of democracy to ancient Athenians after they committed an act of political assassination at the 514 BC Panathenaic Festival. They assassinated Hipparchus, thought to be the last Peisistratid tyrant, though according to Thucydides Hipparchus was not a tyrant but a Minister. They also planned to kill the real tyrant of Athens, Hippias, but were unsuccessful.

Socratic Ignorance

I know one thing: that I know nothing

Socratic Wisdom

I know one thing: that I know nothing

300

In the late summer of 480 B.C., Leonidas led an army of 6,000 to 7,000 Greeks from many city-states, including 300 Spartans, in an attempt to prevent the Persians from passing through Thermopylae. This created the understanding of a sense of belonging to a nation--that there are events bigger than individuals the preservation of a country--it is heroic to sacrifice for your country

First Messenian War

In the second half of the 8th century between 740 to 720 BCE, Sparta fought with neighbors to the west in fertile region of Messenia. Spartans desired the fertile land. -by 720 BCE Sparta conquered Messenia -some Messenians became perioikoi and the rest became helots -helots outnumbered actual spartan citizens 7:1

Croesus

King of Lydia, who destroyed his own kingdom because of a misinterpreted oracle. A very rich person. -thought Solon was the happiest man in the world

Archidamus

King of Sparta died in 427 BC, wasn't alive for a period of the Archidamian War -opposed the war with athens -came up with spartan strategy that characterized archidamian war

Aristogeiton

Lover of Harmodius, with whom he assassinated Hipparchus, attempted to assassinate Hippias but failed. Tortured to death. died 514 bce in failed plot -credited for ending athenian tyranny

Megarian Decree

Megara -member of the Peloponnesian league 432 BC -athens accused Megara of breaching sacred law -enacted the megarian decree, which barred Megara from using any athenian-controlled ports (i.e. most major ports in Greece)

Classical Age

Period marked by Great Achievements, began with the creation of city-states Begins when the Persian war ends

Battle of Thermopylae

Second Persian Invasion of Greece 480-479 BC (480 B.C.E.) Battle in which Spartan king Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and other Greeks refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae; they were annihilated to the man but allowed the other Greek forces to prepare for the Persian invasion. -greeks lost the battle, but held them off -greeks had 7 thousand troops as opposed to Persians 100 thousand -held the Persians into a narrow space had clearly worked to minimizethe advantage of the Persians numerical superiority.

Battle of Artemisium

Second Persian Invasion of Greece 480-479 BC Naval Battle where the Greeks tried to prevent the Persian Navy from landing troops behind the Spartans at Thermopylae

Battle of Salamis

Second Persian Invasion of Greece 480-479 BC -Greeks holding the Persians into a narrow space had clearly worked to minimize the advantage of the Persians numerical superiority. did this at Thermopylae and here too -persians took the bait and sailed into the bay at salamis -persians lost 200 ships/the battle -greeks accustomed to this kind of battle & when their ships sunk they swam to shore -persians never learned to swim & they sunk w/ their ships

Battle of Plataea

Second Persian Invasion of Greece 480-479 BC -Mardonius moved with his army to Plataea, where he met the largest Greek army ever to have taken the field. And at the battle of Plataea, the Greeks routed the Persians and killed Mardonius in battle, effectively ending the Greco Persian War.

Earth and water

Symbolic sign of surrender to the Persians and acceptance of their rule

Capture of Miletus

The Athenians made clear their deep grief for the fall of Miletus in many ways, but especially in this when Phrynichus produced his play,The capture of my leeches, the whole theater wept. They fined Phrynichus at 1000 drachmas for reminding them of a calamity that affected them so personally and forever outlawed the performance of that play.

Battle of Munychia

The Battle of Munychia was fought between Athenians exiled by the oligarchic government of the Thirty Tyrants and the forces of that government, supported by a Spartan garrison. In the battle, a substantially superior force composed of the Spartan garrison of Athens and the army of the oligarchic government attacked a hill in Piraeus (the Munychia) which had been seized by 1,000 exiles under Thrasybulus, but was defeated. After this defeat, the Thirty Tyrants were forced to flee to Eleusis.

perioikoi

The neighbors of the Spartans who were free inhabitants and required to pay taxes and perform military service but who were not citizens of Sparta "The disenfranchised free residents of Laconia, who lived in the area around Sparta"

Persepolis

The capital of the Persian empire built by Darius

metopes

The carved or painted rectangular panel between the triglyphs of a Doric frieze

Epidamnian Affair

The unraveling of the peace Epidamnus: corcyrean colony 435 BC: -when civil war erupts in Epidamnus, epidamnian democrats appeal to Corcyra (their mother city) Corcyra refuses -epidamnian democrats appeal to Corinth (their grandmother city) Corinth agrees -corinth helps epidamnians exile oligarchs -corcyra orders Epidamnus to take them back -epidamnos refuses; Corcyra besieges Epidamnus; Corinth sends a fleet and loses. 433 BC: -corinthians prepare to retaliate -corcyra appeals to athens. athens agrees -battle of Sybota: Corinth and Corcyra

Divine Sign

The voice that came to Socrates, never advising him positively, but preventing him from doing wrong.

medize

To submit to Persian ('Median') rule

Tragedy

Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; it uses different kinds of artistic language in different parts; it is performed by actors, not through narration; and it effects, through pity and fear, the purgation of such emotions" -aristotle "an imitation of people greater than we are & a versified imitation of noble individuals"

Sparta (Lacedaemon)

a city-state in the Southern Peloponnese, located in the region of Laconia. By the Archaic period. Laconia was the region over which Sparta had control. -well protected -in triangular valley where it was protected by Taygetos Mountains in West & Parnon Mountains East -land-based, no easy access to the sea -8th century BCE 5 villages along the banks of the eurotas river formed sparta -villages united politically & culturally, but not geographically -"The Spartans never developed one metropolitan area or built lavish temples and buildings, but rather live in scattered settlements in the old-fashioned Greek way" -Thucydides -struggled w/ overpopulation & lacked resources -only founded one colony -Citizenship only granted to people who lived in one of the 5 villages -one of the most powerful city-states

Satyr

a creature that is half-man, half beast, with the horns and legs of a goat -horny, drunken pranksters

hypokrites

actor (one who responds)

monody

poetry sung by an individual performer

Old Athena Temple

an Archaic temple located on the Acropolis of Athens between the Older Parthenon and Erechtheion, built around 525-500 BC, and dedicated to Athena Polias, the patron deity of the city of Athens. It was destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC, during the Destruction of Athens.

Aristophanes

an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC) -lysistrata

Auloi

an ancient Greek wind instrument, depicted often in art and also attested by archaeology.

Bireme

an ancient warship with two files of oarsmen on each side, built up rather than out, same length as a penteconter but can fit twice the number of rowers, fits 100 rowers, 50 rowers top deck, 50 below deck

Hellenic League

an unprecedented military alliance that the Greek city-states formed in 481 B.C. to defend against a Persian invasion. It had rules and norms, just like modern military alliances.

Hipparchus

assassinated 514 BCE -powerful figure in politics -in love with a man named harmodius but harmodius was in a relationship w/ a man named aristogeiton -rejected by harmodius, so he insulted harmodius's sister by not letting her participate in the panathenaic procession (dishonored her) -harmodius & aristogeiton plan to assassinate hippeas and Hipparchus, but the three end up dead instead (not hippeas)

Choral Ode

poetry sung in unison by a group of singers

Ecbatana

capital of Media -captured by Cyrus

Lacedaemon

city and kingdom of Menelaus, in the southern Peloponnese, Sparta

Ionic order

classical Greek architectural style that features a fluted column shaft, capitals with volutes (spiral scroll-like ornaments) and a large base -has friezes (parthenon has these)

Gigantomachy

eastern metopes at parthenon: a mythical ancient Greek war between the giants and the Olympian gods greek victory over foreigner in adversary

Isonomia

equality before the law

ostracism

exclusion from a group -this is exactly how Athenian citizens voted for ostracism. They would take a broken piece of pottery, inscribe the name of the person whom they wanted to exile and cast that in the ballot box. -10 yrs

Encomium of Helen

gorgias argues Helen should not be held responsible for causing the trojan war -Helen was fated by the gods to go to troy, where she can't be blamed for doing what she was compelled to do -she was kidnapped by Paris, would be absurd to blame her as a victim of abduction -went out of love, who can blame someone for following her heart -she may have been persuaded to go and can't be reasonably held responsible for falling victim to persuasion

On Non-Existence

gorgias argues that nothing exists -not an argument meant to be taken seriously -meant for Gorgias to show off rhetorical ability -imagine how well he could argue for something actually reasonable

Corinth

grandmother city to epidamnos mother city to corcyra (corfu) -famous for its navy -defeated by corcyra, so they took this defeat personally & prepare for a bigger attack -not a neutral state -crucial ally to Sparta and one of the most powerful members of the Peloponnesian league

Centaurs

half man half horse

Helots

hereditary enslaved subjects of Sparta -spartans outsourced their labor & farming needs to helots so that they could focus on war/military -crafts done by them

hippeis

horsemen: produced 300+ bushels annually, eligible for most high offices

Second Messenian War

in 650 BCE the helot population of Messenia revolted against spartan enslavers -pivotal to Spartan society bc it showed the risks involved with trying to enslave a population 7 times bigger than itself -Sparta had two options: liberate the helots and create a lower standard of living for themselves or make sure the helots could never defeat them in battle -Spartans chose second option -sparta invested all of their resources in military

Dialogues

in spoken verse

Long Walls

in the decades before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war, the athenians connected the urban center of athens to piraeus and phaleron by the long walls

Sophists

itinerant rhetoricians and teachers of rhetoric and philosophy who publicly displayed their skills to attract students, rendered their services in return for money, and exerted a considerable influence on intellectual debates of the 5th c. BC -believed virtue is teachable, that all truth is relative, skeptical of their ability to determine the existence of gods, language is distinct from reality, teachers should be paid for their work -all made their way to athens bc they offered better opportunities and more money -performed in olympics -no lawyers in athens, so sophists helped people by writing speeches for them -one's ability to speak persuasively became important in athenian politics & can help you become personally politically powerful -power was correlated to speak persuasively, not truthfully

Demagogue

leader of the people

Lycurgus

legendary ruler of Sparta; tradition credits him with the constitution that changed Sparta into a military state. -900-625 BCE -The identifiable features of archaic Spartan society were in place by 700 BCE -little is known about the life of Lycurgus -not even clear when he lived, Thucydides dated him to 825 BCE

Athens

located on the eastern peninsula between five mountains which are parnes, cithaeron, aigaleo, pentele, and hymettus -has access to the sea, but not directly on the coast, less vulnerable to piracy & invasion by sea Athenian Government (750-650 BCE) -aristocratic government -Only 'Eupatrids' = ("Men with Good Dads") were eligible for political office -Nine archons > 1 eponymous archon: supervised public affairs and judged nonreligious cases > 1 Basileus: supervised religious cults and religious disputes > 1 polemarch: commanded the army > 6 thesmothetai: judicial officials -Council of the Areopagus: made up of past archons (serve for life) -Govt didn't work for poor & middle class

Mt. Parnon

mountain to the east of Sparta

Mt. Taygetos

mountain to the west of Sparta

Dithyramb

narrative poem sung by chorus of male performers in honor of Dionysus

Melian Dialogue

not an accurate recording, Thucydides was in exile so its just what he believes. just for thucydides to express a conception of justice. "The strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must...Of the gods we believe and of men we know, that by a necessary law of their nature they rule wherever they can. And it is not as if we were the first to make this law, or the first to act upon it: we found it existing before us and shall leave it to exist forever after us; all we do is to make use of it knowing that you and everybody else, if you had the same power that we have, would do the same as we do" -thucydides history 5.105 -drawing a universal lesson -it is human nature to pursue one's self-interest whenever one can -justice and morality are social constructs & lose their meaning in times of things like war or social disorder -no one has used dialogue like this in greek prose

frieze

ornamental horizontal band on a wall -carved to depict a myth of some kind

Theater of Dionysus

performance site of the drama in Athens on the south slope the acropolis; part of shrine to this god -stone added after classical period, used to be wood & more rectilinear

Socratic Method

philosophical method of questioning to gain truth, shows us what we think we know but actually don't

Theory of Forms

plato's idea that the material world is an imperfect reflection of the true essence of things (forms), forms are absolute, timeless, and changeless, forms can be comprehended only by reason/intellectual activity, the things around us are not real in any meaningful sense rather they participate in the abstract forms that constitute actual reality

Battle of Potidaea

potidaea: corinthian colony, athenian subject-state 432 BC: -athens demanded that Potidaea dismiss their corinthian magistrates, tear down their walls, and give hostages -potidaea revolts from athens -athens besieges potidaea -corinthian "volunteers" aid potidaean rebels -battle of potidaea: potidaea (+ Corinth) vs athens

Selinus

segesta (northwest) & selinus (south) went to war -after losing an initial battle, segesta sent an embassy to athens asking for help The Debate in Athens (415 BC) -nicias opposed invasion of sicily -alcibiades supported invasion of Sicily

Xerxes

son of Darius -486 BC succeeds Darius when Darius dies of natural causes -484 BC quells Egyptian revolt per Darius's previous wishes -spent 4 years preparing for the invasion, ordered a canal to be cut straight across the peninsula so that his navy could you pass directly through efforts without having to venture out into the dangerous waters around it. & pontoon bridge -primary function of two projects was actually to transport supplies for the massive Persian army -Won Battle of Salamis and Battle of Plataea

Medea

sorceress or enchantress; from Medea who helped Jason and the Argonauts capture the Golden Fleece; known for her revenge against Jason when he spurned her for the princess of Corinth -euripides 431 BC -performed by men, judged by men, written by a man

Centauromachy

southern metopes on parthenon, mythical cross between horses and men. mythical war between greeks and centaurs in which centaurs tried to rape females at greek wedding greek victory in which an athenian played a key role & over foreigner in adversary from the east

herd

spartan group of males taken intro training

Spartiate

spartan male warrior citizen -process began at birth -Age 0 examined by govt officials who would look at his body and decide whether or not he's worthy to be raised & if not he would be placed taygetos mountains to die -Age 1-6 lives with family -Age 7-13 boys left to train with herds & focused on survival skills -encouraged to supplement rations by stealing food -Age 14-19 preliminary military service -Age 20-30 grow hair long & grow beards in distinctive spartan style, marriage permitted, required to live with herd til age 30 -Age 30 permitted to live with wives Mother raising spartiate -educated by the state, at state expense -exercised outside, sometimes in the nude "Lycurgus toughened the girls physically by making them run, wrestle, and throw the discus & javelin. Thereby their children in embryo would make a strong start in strong bodies and develop better, while the women themselves would also bear their pregnancies with vigor and would meet the challenge of child birth in a successful, relaxed way. He did away with prudery, sheltered upbringing, and effeminacy of any kind"

Apotropiac

supposedly having the power to avert evil

British Museum

the Parthenon's pedimental sculptures are located in the British Museum in London. In fact, the British Museum has the majority of these sculptures from the Parthenon, including 21 figures from the pediments, 15 of the metopes, some of and 75 panels from the frieze that runs across the Parthenon. in 1802, Lord Elgin, who was the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, looted them essentially for personal profit, claiming that the Greeks were not sophisticated enough to take care of their own antiquities. So he took them. So Elgin ordered local laborers in Athens to remove 75 sculptures from the Parthenon, using, as we'll see, a combination of chisels, hammers, and saws. And this was a destructive process which damaged not only the building, the Parthenon itself, but also many of the sculptures that he was trying to take and preserve.

Decelean War

the final stage of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE), fought primarily between Athens and Sparta. It started with Athens' disastrous defeat in the Sicilian Expedition and Sparta's capture of the town Decelea, under the advice of Athenian turncoat Alcibiades.

pre-Parthenon

the first endeavour to build a sanctuary for Athena Parthenos on the site of the present Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. It was begun shortly after the battle of Marathon (c. 490-88 BC) upon a massive limestone foundation that extended and leveled the southern part of the Acropolis summit. -The Old Parthenon was still under construction when the Persians sacked the city in the Destruction of Athens in 480 BC, and razed the acropolis during the Second Persian invasion of Greece.

Jason

the husband of Medea and leader of the Argonauts who sailed in quest of the Golden Fleece

Messenia

the most agriculturally productive region in the Peloponnese, kalamata olives

Amazonomachy

the mythical battle between the greeks and the amazons (western metopes on parthenon) greek victory in which an athenian played a key role & over foreigner in adversary from the east

Doric order

the simplest of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring unadorned columns with no base -parthenon is predominantly doric temple -triglyphs & metopes -typically no frieze but parthenon has them bc apart of ionic order

pediment

the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture -all greek temples have this

The Persians

tolerant; bureaucracy; Cyrus the Great and Darius were the most famous rulers; Royal Road was their trade route and united empire; Zoroastrianism

Harmodius

young man whose sister was prevented by Hippias from participating in a ceremony; insulted deeply, he and his lover Aristogeiton assassinated Hipparchus, died in 514 bce in failed plot -credited for ending athenian tyranny -passed law that bans people from using his and aristogeitons name for slaves -descendents of he & aristogeiton get special privileges