ANFS101 Exam 4
Structure and Location
- trend toward fewer, larger operations: several thousand cows - shifted to western US - top states include CA, WI, NY, PA, - growing exponentially since 1975
Purpose of the Industry
- use surplus grain - use high quality by-products - produce meat - add value to grain - most efficient - Require high-energy feed: Feed costs are high fixed cost
Role of Technology
- Innovation changed society - Efficiency dramatically improved: Includes agriculture - Gave people time to pursue other things - Unaware of modern agrarian ethic: old family farm and unrealistic
Structure of the Sheep Industry Cont. III
- Lamb feedlots are an important part of the U.S. industry. - Feeder lambs (weighing between 60 and 110 pounds) are placed in a feedlot and fed high-energy diets until they reach a suitable weight and carcass finish. - The average live weight of lambs harvested in the United States is 130 to 140 pounds for the traditional market.
Swine Breeds
- Lard Type - Bacon Type - Now c. Meat Type: More muscular and much leaner - Mother Breeds: Emphasized in females (Yorkshire, Landrace, Chester White) White pigs - Carcass Breeds: used more on sire side Hampshire - All around breed: Duroc Synthetic Breeds: reduction in influence of previously important breeds - The Breeding Standard: Symbol III *270 lbs in 156 days. 6.5 LEA= Barrow *205 lbs in 163 days, 7.1 LEA= Gilt *2.4 lb feed/lb gain
Goat Reproductive Management
- Like sheep, many breeds of goats are seasonally polyestrous and short day breeders. - Good nutrition, a sound health program, and selection programs that have an emphasis on twinning ability and fertility are important things producers can manage.
Reproductive Management in Swine
- New gilts must be brought into the breeding herd with regular frequency to replace cull sows.come from maternal lines - Sows must produce ample milk for the litter and be ready to rebreed within 4 to 7 days of weaning the litter. Sows are easy to synchronize in heat. - practice all-in-all-out: all litters born within a 7-day period are weaned together then majority of sows are automatically synchronized.
How Much Milk?
- Peak production: Day of max production - Persistency: How well maintained after peak - Lactation length: 305 days
Defining Animal Welfare
- Production: Not always a measure of individual well-being - Physiological measures: Blood parameters (Hormones) - Behavioral measures: Abnormal behavior, and Preference tests - Psychological well-being: ???????? - Research desperately needed
The Purpose of the Sheep and Goats Industries
- The purpose of sheep and goats in the United States is much the same as the purpose of other ruminant species: to take advantage of forage and roughage to produce products that humans can use. - The products include milk, meat, and fiber, with meat the most economically important.
SWINE
- The purpose of the swine industry in the United States is to produce meat from millions of tons of excess grain and available by-products. - Feed costs are a high fixed cost, so economical production depends on minimizing labor and maximizing efficiency by reducing time to market.
SHEEP AND GOATS: HOMEWORK
- The sheep industry at one time was a major industry but has since declined to become a specialty industry in the United States. - Sheep are able to make use of forages and roughages that are inaccessible to harvest mechanically. - Most of the sheep are found in the western states in large flocks. - The ethnic market has really helped the sheep and goat industries find new consumers of its products.
The Place of Sheep and Goats in U.S. Agriculture
- The sheep industry has declined in the United States and is now approximately four tenths of 1% of the total U.S. farm revenue from livestock and products. - The gross annual income from sheep, lambs, and wool in the United States is approximately $460 million. - The goat industry has always been a small specialty or niche industry in the United States. - The goat industry is made up of three main types of enterprises. These are dairy goats, fiber-producing goats, and goats produced for meat.
Period of Activism
- Vietnam war, Women's Movement, Environmental Movement - Animal Rights Movement: philosophy, sociology and public policy and standing of animal's in relation to humans
Gaits of the Horse
- Walk: Slow, 4 beat - Trot: Intermediate, 2 beat, diagonal - Canter: Slow-med, restrained, 3 beat, 2 diagonals - Gallop: Fast, 4 beat - Pace: Fast, 2 beat, same side, harness racing
Artificial Insemination in Swine
- advantage of artificial insemination (AI) is the opportunity to use genetically superior boars. - problems of swine AI include the storing of semen.fresh semen is used extensively by all segments of the industry
Herd Health: Mastitis
- an inflammation of the udder caused by a wide variety of bacteria. enter the udder from the outside environment. - decreases the quality as well as the quantity of milk produced - poor milking practices, faulty milking machines, and unsanitary conditions increase the risk
Challenges
- behavior, high reproductive rate, managing nutrition, herd health, biosecurity, waste disposal, and health myths
DHI
- collects and processes information - management, production and cost - determine profitability of individual cows - comprehensive management tool
Purpose of the Industry
- contribute quality to lives: competition, leisure, and youth education
Scope of the Industry
- data not collected by gov't - 1996 study - 6.9 million horses - 2008 AHC - 9.2 million - $29 billion in direct economic impacts - 1.96 million people own horses
Reproductive Challenges
- delayed breeding: post-calving and nutrition - heat detection: use aids (patches, transmitters, and crayons)
Which Structure?
- determined by resources: Land, Fuel, Labor , water, Feed (65% of total cost), animals, capital, Markets, regulations - fewer, larger farms, confinement production
Breeds of Horses
- draft - light - ponies <14.2 hands - Shire - Belgian - Percheron - many others
Reproductive Challenges
- fairly infertile: not a trait selected for - seasonally polyestrous: lengthening days, mid-February - mid November - heat detection: urination, winking vulva, squatting - overbooked stallions - human inexperience
Nutrition Challenges
- feed is 45-65% of the costs - higher quality forages - greater dependence on concentrate feeds - negative energy balance - feeding systems: pasture and concentrate and TMR
The Place of the Swine Industry in U.S. Agriculture
- gross annual income of approximately $14 billion. - hogs currently generate 5.5% of all U.S. farm cash receipts and over 11% of animal agriculture's share of all U.S. farm cash receipts. - hogs are the fourth most important money generator in food animal agriculture. - U.S. produces 10% of the world's pig meat (pork) with 7% of the world's hogs: 940 million (world), third most numerous livestock, and 19 pigs per sq mile
Purpose of the Dairy Cattle Industry
- make use of resources humans can't use: 2/3 of feed energy is from forage, agronomic crop waste, and food by-products - produce food humans can use: very efficient - The dairy cow's conversion of feed to food is the most efficient of all the domestic animals.
Changing Role
- most owners suburban - once very practical: transportation, work - 8% still work: ranching, border patrol, police, wilderness - majority are companion animals
Nutrition Challenges
- poor choices: economic loss, and emotional trauma - oats - magic dust - monogastric w/functional cecum - continuous eaters - use body condition - overfeeding - parasites - water
The Place of Dairy Cattle in U.S. Agriculture
- ranks third in animal industries behind beef and poultry and eggs. - annual cash receipts from dairy products -approximately $26 billion. - Dairy products provide nearly 11% of all yearly cash receipts from agriculture. - 20% of all beef
Horse Genetics
- scientifically generated info not extensive - coat color: desirable colors, breeds based on color, and value in color $$ Basic Coat Colors: - points: legs, mane, tail - modifier genes: influence 3 main coat colors - Bay - Black - Chestnut
Animal Welfare Animal Rights Continuum
Welfare: Trade-Offs, Basic Needs, Humane Care, and Define well-being to New Animal Ethic to Rights: No Trade-Offs, Abolitionists, Speciesism, and Vegans
DAIRY CATTLE
explain the place of dairy cattle in U.S. agriculture.. describe the structure of the U.S. dairy industry. give a brief synopsis of DHIA and its functions. identify and place in context the role of genetics in the dairy industry. describe the feed supply of dairy cattle and explain how its affects dairy management.
Purebred and integrated corporate production
industry structure: farrowing to feeder to finisher - Purebred (seedstock) producer: Similar to farrow-to-finish but sells breeding stock or show stock - Integrated Corporate Production: Farrow-to-finish and often have own seedstock multisite. more pigs owned by fewer people (Industry consolidation)
Feeder Pig Finisher
industry structure: feeder pig to finishing pig (finisher) - growing/finishing pigs: growing/finishing facilities, Feed, and Manure
Nutrition in Dairy Cattle
two systems of feeding: - Cows allowed to graze on high-quality pastures: fed their concentrate ration at a different time, and often in the milking parlor. - increasingly, however, dairy cows are handled in a dry-lot system. kept in confinement facilities, usually consisting of a barn or loafing shed and a small lot, often concrete, where they are fed and watered. - Advantages TMR system: There is no parlor grain feeding, The dairy producer has more control over the total feeding program, Labor is less for feeding the total herd, and Cost of cow housing and feeding facilities is less - Disadvantages TMR system: Special equipment is needed and Cows should be grouped by production levels.
The New Animal Ethic Cont.
- A new notion of animal rights: - Animal have natures - They are not the same as human natures - Does not mean humans can not use animals - Animal use must be done in such a way to respect the animals' basic natures
Breeds of Sheep
- All Purpose or Dual Purpose Breeds: These breeds are those that have utility as both meat and wool producers and are adapted to diverse environments. *Classic examples of dual-purpose breeds include the Dorset and Columbia. - Dam or Ewe Breeds: These are white-faced breeds of fine-wool type or crosses of fine-wool types.These breeds contribute traits for good mothering ability, hardiness, good fleece characteristics, and good volume of wool. *These breeds include the Rambouillet, Merino, Targhee, Polypay, Debouillet, and Columbia.
Crossbreeding Programs
- All market hogs in US - what breeds, what order - maximize heterosis - factors: size of herd, and availability of replacements - example: 3 breed rotation
The New Animal Ethic
- Humans have a nature - Human Nature is protected by legal fences we put around individuals - Bill of Rights - Protects against suppression on individual interests - Do animals have natures? - What is the basis for our (society's) definition of the natures of farm animals? *Anthrpomorphism, Childhood stories, Cartoons, Movies (Disney, Babe), and Notion of family farm Example: SC White Leghorn - what makes a SCWL a SCWL? Communicates, Pecking Order, Broodiness absent, Eats well-balanced ration, No predators, Humans consume the eggs, Live until laying decreased then used for meat, Kept in close confinement in wire cages, Talks, Pecking Order, Builds a nest, Sits on a nest, Pecks around the farmyard, Foxes and Chicken hawks steal the eggs, Hatches the chicks and they dutifully follow hen, and Live forever
Challenges to Horse Health
- Colic: painful digestive disturbance that may involve one or more regions of the intestinal tract. - Laminitis (founder): inflammation or other damage to the sensitive laminae of the hoof.
Current Issues
- Equine slaughter: 90,000 to 100,000 unwanted horses have been sent to slaughter annually, and that the total number of unwanted horses is substantially greater than this (AVMA 2008) - Nutrient management - Changing role
categories of Dairies
- Family herds: 50-200 cows, & most dairies - Large specialized herds: 200+ - 10,000 cows, and Highly efficient and specialized
Structure of the Sheep Industry Cont. II
- Farm Flock Production *Farm flock production is defined by the size of the operation and can be found in any geographic location. *Farm flocks with fewer than 100 breeding ewes make up 94% of U.S. sheep operations *Commercial farm flock operations produce primarily lambs for either the traditional meat markets in the United States or the emerging ethnic-market trade. *Producers desire 150 to 200% lamb weaning rates (ewes have to wean more than 1 lamb so slecta dn breed ewes that produce twins and triplets) to enhance economic returns; *crossbreeding using prolific breeds is often practiced to achieve this goal.
The Place of Sheep and Goats in US Agriculture
- From 2002 to 2007, production of meat goats increased 58% . fastest growing livestock enterprise in the US for that period. - Main factors that contributed to the growth of the meat goat industry: importation of new breeds of goats that had superior growth and carcass conformation. the increase in the U.S. population of people from different cultures, countries, and religious backgrounds that historically consumed goat meat
Challenges to Sheep and Goat Health
- Gastrointestinal parasitism *nematode parasites involving the digestive tract can have significant health implications. *Moderate to heavy parasite burdens can cause poor growth, weight loss, diarrhea, anemia *Worming programs critical - Pregnancy toxemia *Twin lamb disease, or pregnancy toxemia, is seen in ewes and does during the last few weeks of pregnancy and is most common in animals pregnant with twins or triplets. *Affected dams may lose their appetites; become depressed and uncoordinated; wander about aimlessly; and may become blind, go into a coma and die if they do not receive appropriate veterinary care early in disease.
Coat Colors
- Gene G: causes horses to be gray, usually gray as they age, and keeps skin pigmentation - Gene E: controls presence or absence of black hair, on either body or points, and ee is some shade of red - Gene A: distribution of black hair (if an E horse is bay or black), A restricts black to points, and aa no restriction - Others:Gene W (unable to form pigment so Ww is white) - Diluting Gene C: cream gene - Gene D: produces dun, and black stripe - Gene RN roan: white hair mixed with color, points color - Gene Apl appaloosa: patterns caused by modifier genes (leopard, blanket, snowflake) - Spotting patterns
Breeding Program Goals
- Goals: milk, 1 calf per year, healthy, mobility/hoof care, handling, longevity - Breeds: Holstein - 95% ( known for producing the most milk of all the breeds), Jerseys - 4% (known for the high level of components in the milk), Ayrshire, Guernsey, Brown Swiss
Goat Breeds
- Goats are generally grouped as milk breeds, meat breeds, dual-purpose breeds, or fiber breeds, reflecting the uses for which they have been bred. - Goat breeds vary tremendously from dwarf goats with a 20-lb mature female body weight, to large meat breeds with bucks weighing in at 340 lbs.
Structure of the Goat Industry
- Goats: Goat industry structure is very similar in many respects to the sheep industry.
Sheep Reproductive Management
- Sheep are seasonally polyestrous and thus have multiple heat cycles within a season or time of the year. Sheep are short day breeders. - Sheep are capable of routinely producing more than one offspring per pregnancy. *The national lambing rate per ewe routinely ranges from 105 to 110%, but there is a very wide range largely depending on the production environment. - Ewe lambs will reach puberty from 5 to 8 months of age, depending on the breed and nutritional program. - Ewe lambs should be at least 65% of their mature size at the time of mating in order to achieve a high level of fertility.
Sheep Nutrition
- Sheep have the ability to use forages and roughages because they are ruminants. - In fact, only limited amounts of grain are used in sheep production. *sometimes for ewes just before breeding and then again just before lambing.called "flushing" and in can result in an increase in the number of ova ovulated and therefore an increase in multiple births. - Three critical times in a ewe's productive cycle are:approximately 2 weeks before breeding when she should be flushed for breeding,the last trimester of gestation when it may be difficult for her to eat enough low-quality feeds to appropriately nourish the fetus,and lastly, the first 6 weeks of lactation.
Selection and Breeding Programs
- Sheep: For most commercial sheep producers, crossbreeding is the method of choice for a breeding program. The National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) was established to assist sheep breeders in making genetic decisions. *Computerized genetic evaluation that can be used for most commercially important traits, such as:maternal traits (e.g. lambing),growth and carcass traits, and wool traits.
Sheep Breeds Cont.
- Sire or Ram Breeds: These breeds are selected for the growth and meat qualities of their offspring because they are used as to produce lambs for meat (rather than replacement breeding stock) in crossbreeding programs. - Dairy Breeds: It is only recently that an interest in dairy sheep has developed in the United States. - Hair Sheep Breeds: Not all sheep have wool; to the untrained eye, hair sheep often look more like goats than sheep.
Sheep Breeds
- Some breed have been bred for quality wool production. - In some areas, meat production has been more emphasized and breeds have been developed that emphasize growth and carcass characteristics. - Modern dual-purpose breeds have been developed to produce both quality meat and quality wool.
Structure of the Sheep Industry
- The U.S. industry is made up of lamb producers, lamb feeders, lamb processors, and wool buyers/warehouses. - Sheep production systems in the United States are usually categorized as range production or farm flock production. - Range Production: Range operations produce the majority of lamb and wool in the United States.Operations with 500 or more breeding ewes account for about 1% of U.S. producers but have 44% of the total number of ewes.Utilizes range lands in US
HORSES
- The horse began the 20th century as a partner with humans in the pursuit of food production and in everyday life. - By 1960, the horse was deemed to be so unimportant that the federal government quit counting them. - A new hybrid industry developed around the horse, with interests and segments in agriculture, sports, recreation, and entertainment.
ANIMAL WELFARE AND ANIMAL RIGHTS
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Feeder Pig Producer
Industry structure: 5 types - farrowing herd to Feeder Pig (farrow to wean) - sows and boars (breeding herd): farrowing facility/barn, and breeding/gestation facility/barn (and boars) - baby pigs (sells 35-50 lb feeders or 10-15 ln early weaned pigs): nursery