Animal Nutrition Final

Specific heat

1 g of water moving from liquid to vapor

How many essential amino acids are there?

10

Ruminants produce how many liters of saliva?

150 L/d (Sheep 10 L/d)

Fats have _____ times the energy density of carbohydrates?

2.25

How many amino acids are commonly found in protein?

20

Fats and Lipids contain ____ the energy content of carbohydrates

225%

A ______ ratio needs to occur between Ca/P

2:1

Calcium occurs in a ______ ratio with Phosphorus in bone

2:1

Carbohydrates contain hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of _____

2:1

What does the citric acid cycle produce?

3 NADH 1 FADH+ 1 ATP (GTP)

What is the total system of Glycolysis?

4 ATP produced - 2 ATP utilized = 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 H20

One gram of water moving from liquid to vapor removes _______ Cal of heat.

580

Typically ____% of ME is required to meet the maintenance energy needs of the animal.

60-70%

Body water %

70-75%

How many forms of vitamin E are found in nature?

8 forms (Tocotrienols, Tocopherols, etc.)

List the fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, and K

Toxicity of vitamin D can cause _______

Abnormal disposition of CA in soft tissue

What are prions?

Abnormal folding of the protein They are the causative agent for several neurological diseases in livestock - scrapies

What is the deficiency symptom of Copper?

Abnormal hair and wool Cardiovascular lesions and hemorrhages

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

Accounts for urinary and gaseous energy losses

What are Ketones?

Acetone Acetoacetic acid Beta Hydroxybutyric Acid

Most amino acids are transported by ____

Active Transport

What are the functions of the liver?

Active site of synthesis and detoxifications of metabolites Produces bile

What is the definition of acclimatization?

Adaptive changes in response to changing climatic conditions

What are the 4 base pairs of DNA?

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine - DNA Uracil - RNA

What factors affect basal metabolism?

Age Neuroendocrine factors Species and breed difference Maintenance

What 2 factors affect lignin content in plants?

Age of plant Type of plant (grasses have very little lignin = more cellulose/hemicellulose and trees have a ton of lignin giving it the ability to stand up right)

Omasum - role not completely understood

Aids in particle size reduction Helps control passage rate of ingesta Some absorption occurs

Ruminants are what type of digesters?

Alloenzymatic (enzymes produced by microorganisms)

Amylose (starch) - alpha 1-4 bonds

Alpha linkages Easily digested More space between molecules so enzymes have access to get in Easily broken apart

Most monogastrics have a requirement for _______

Amino Acids

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino Acids

Proteins are composed of ____ and ______

Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds and is responsible for skeletal and muscular growth (16% nitrogen)

The urea cycle is the process of converting ___ to ___

Ammonia and Urea

Gross Energy (GE)

Amount of heat required for complete oxidation of food, feed, and other substances as fuel Measured in Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter

In the digestion of carbohydrates, ______ is the enzyme that digests Alpha 1-4 linkages while ______ is the enzyme that digests Alpha 1-6 linkages

Amylase Glucosidase

After glycolysis, pyruvate has 2 fates, ____ and ____

Anaerobic Respiration Citric Acid Cycle - also known as the TCA or Krebs cycle

What are the advantage of the Net Energy (NE) system?

Animal requirements in NE are independent of the diet Energy value of feeds are estimated separately for each physiological function

What are the primary functions of Ascorbic Acid?

Antioxidant and Immunity

What is the definition of a carbohydrate

Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose

Monogastrics are what type of digesters?

Autoenzymatic (enzymes for digestion are located within the animal)

What are the three types of microorganisms in the rumen?

Bacteria - most Protozoa Fungi - least

Intermediate types - reindeer, goat

Balance between concentrate selectors and grass/roughage eaters ^ ^ ^ ^ feeding rhythm

What is the deficiency symptom of Thiamin?

Beriberi, Polioencephalomalacia

Amylopectin (cellulose) - alpha 1-6 bonds

Beta linkages More stable form, tightly packed Harder to break down Not digested by enzymes but by microorganisms

What are the primary functions of vitamin E?

Biological antioxidant Responsible for a lot of health and immune functions

What is the toxicity symptom of Selenium?

Blind staggers

What is the primary mode of transport among organs and tissue

Blood - nutrients and metabolites

What are the primary functions of vitamin K?

Blood Clotting, decreases coagulation time

What are the primary functions of Magnesium?

Bone Structure Heart Muscle Cofactor in decarboxylation

What is an example of an enzymatic browning reaction?

Browning of fruit

How are proteins produced?

By forming chains of amino acids and held together by peptide bonds

Required for bone formation

Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium

Skeleton contains majority of

Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium

List the macrominerals

Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Chlorine Potassium Magnesium Sulfur

Gross Efficiency

Caloric value of product / caloric intake Greatly affected by age and level of production

Net Efficiency

Caloric value of product / caloric intake above maintenance Less sensitive to changes in intake More sensitive to changes due to animals genetics

What is the primary source of energy for animals?

Carbohydrates

Adipose tissues is capable of synthesizing fat from ___ and ____?

Carbohydrates and Fatty Acids

What are the six categories of nutrients

Carbohydrates, Fats/lipids, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water

What greenhouse gasses are produced due to anaerobic fermentation?

Carbon Dioxide Methan Nitrogen

Functions of blood/lymph nutrient transport

Carries nutrients in the blood out to the tissues Carries waste away from the cells - moves to kidney to be filtered and excreted or to intestinal epithelium

What are the two phases of metabolism?

Catabolism - degradation Anabolism - synthesis

Deficiency symptoms of a single AA

Cataracts - tryptophan Fatty liver - threonine/methionine Abnormal feathering - Lysine

What is the large intestine made up of?

Cecum Colon Rectum

What are the functions of proteins?

Cell components of muscle Skin, hair, hooves Also play specialized roles in the body - gene expression, enzyme catalyzed reactions, and immune function

Hindgut fermenters characteristics

Chew food once, once compartment stomach (enlarged cecum, allows for microbial digestion of cellulose) Practice coprophagy

Which of the following does not truly fit the definition of a vitamin but is still important to healthy animals?

Choline

What are the four classes of lipoproteins?

Chylomicrons - lowest density; greatest lipid content Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) Low density lipoproteins (LDL) High density lipoproteins (HDL)

What are the primary functions of Vitamin B12?

Closely tied to cobalt Intermediate hydrogen carrier - adenosylcobalamin Transfer or synthesis of one-carbon units - methylcobalamin

What are the primary functions of Thiamin?

Coenzyme for all enzymatic decarboxylation of α-keto acids Vital role in nerve function Role in insulin Biosynthesis

What are the primary functions of Niacin?

Coenzyme required for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism (NAD and NADP) Krebs/Glycolysis dependent on this

What are some examples of tissue protein?

Collagen Elastin - ligaments and artery walls Keratins - hair, wool, feathers, hoofs Blood Proteins ETC

Hindgut fermenters can be classified as?

Colonic fermenters (capybara, rabbit, rat) and Cecal fermenters (horses, donkeys, humans)

What are the primary functions of Calcium?

Component of skeleton Component of Phospholipids Component of Energy Metabolism Component of DNA

What are the ruminant feeding types?

Concentrate selectors Intermediate types Grass/Roughage eaters

What is the structure of fatty acids?

Consist of chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group (COOH) attached to the end

What is the deficiency symptom of Biotin?

Cracking of the soles Alopecia

What carries the blueprint of cell formation?

DNA

What is the deficiency symptom of Zinc?

Deficiency symptoms related to bone growth Reproductive effects

Protein digestion begins with _______ and it is the disruption of the secondary structure of a protein

Denaturation of the protein into smaller pieces, exposes the peptide bonds which allows for cleaving them into the individual AAs

Feeds move through digestive system based on?

Density Size Digestibility

What is the toxicity symptom of Magnesium?

Depressed feed intake Diarrhea Loss of reflexes Drop in blood pressure

What are bile salts?

Detergent like compounds Facilitates digestion and absorption of lipids Necessary for fat soluble vitamin absorption

What are the 2 primary metabolic disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism?

Diabetes - more prominent in humans Ketosis - more prominent in domestic animals

Amount of water in GI tract varies by

Diet Age Type

Amino acids in the intestine can come from 3 main locations

Dietary AA Recycled Microorganisms

What are the two areas in human health that deal with nutrition

Dietetics and Nutritional Science

What are some methods of measuring heat production?

Direct and Indirect Calorimetry ETC

The small intestine is divided into 3 sections

Duodenum - low pH Jejunum Ileum

Where does most absorption of carbohydrates occur?

Duodenum and Jejunum (SI)

Describe the process of Glycolysis?

During the preparatory phase 2 molecules of ATP are invested and the 6 carbon glucose is split into 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. In the payoff phase, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is converted into pyruvate this process generates 4 molecules of ATP. If we subtract the 2 molecules used during the preparatory phase we have a net energy gain of 2 ATP. Once converted to Pyruvate, we can enter the citric acid cycle. There are key steps in glycolysis where the steps are not reversible with the current enzymes.

What are the primary functions of vitamin D?

Elevates plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphorus Closely tied to calcium metabolism

What are protein digesting enzymes?

Endopeptidases Exopeptidases

What are the functions of polysaccharides?

Energy storage in plant/animal cells Plant structural support 2 forms: Amylose and Amylopectin

What two factors play a role in nutrition?

Enzymes and Hormones

What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin B6?

Epileptic-type convulsions Dermatitis

What are the two forms of vitamin D?

Ergocalciferol (D2) Cholecalciferol (D3)

What are the primary functions of Biotin?

Essential coenzyme in metabolism Essential part of interconversion Maintains normal blood glucose levels Important for the normal function of Thyroid, adrenal glands, reproductive tract, nervous system, cutaneous system

What are the primary functions of Manganese?

Essential for prevention of ataxia and poor equilibrium in young animals Vital part of many enzyme reactions

What are proteins?

Essential organic constituents of living organisms

What are the types of lipids?

Ester Alcohol Derived lipids Sterols Terpenes

What is eructation?

Expulsion of gasses produced via microbial fermentation

________ produces the most metabolic water of any of the nutrients

Fat

Essential fatty acids serve as a carrier for what?

Fat soluble vitamins - A,D,E, and K

What are the building blocks of fats and lipids?

Fatty Acids

What protein forms the blood clot?

Fibrin

What two groups are carbohydrates divided into?

Fibrous - cellulose/hemicellulose Readily Available - sugars/starches

Be able to describe the process of protein synthesis

First, the mRNA (messenger) determines the AA sequence depending on what protein is being formed. The mRNA has 3 base pair codons that the tRNA will attach the anticodon to. The tRNA (transfer) will go out into the cytoplasms and find AA to match the base codons mRNA has provided. Once they have been found, tRNA will come back to the ribosome and attach to the codon. Once this is completed, the ribosome moves over one, revealing a new binding site starting this process over again where tRNA will leave to find AA. The AA will eventually combine through the use of peptide bonds creating a protein once the stop codon is reached (UGA).

Which of the following is NOT utilized as an enzyme or coenzyme in metabolism of other nutrients?

Folacin????

What are the three forms of water?

Free drinking water Metabolic water Feed water

What are the three forms of Riboflavin?

Free riboflavin Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Flavin adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

What are the primary functions of Pantothenic Acid?

Functions as a constituent of two coenzymes - coenzyme A and ACP

Be able to label the stomach anatomy

Fundic region has a gastric pit

What are the matching base pairs of DNA?

G to C A to T or U

Efficiency of Energy Utilization As intake increases

Gain decrease Heat increases Methane and Urine slight increases Feces increases

What are the different types of proteins?

Globular - soluble in water, dilute acids or bases, and alcohol Fibrous - insoluble in water, resistant to digestive enzymes Conjugated - contain a wide array of non protein parts (lipoproteins and glycoproteins)

What hormone is gluconeogenesis controlled by?

Glucagon - signaling the lack of glucose and the need to produce additional glucose

Ruminants depend almost entirely on ______ to meet their glucose needs

Gluconeogenesis

What are the three monosaccharides that are nutritionally and metabolically important?

Glucose Fructose Galactose

Non-ruminants rely mostly on _____ ____ to meet their energy needs except during long term feed restriction

Glucose Intake

What kinds of carbohydrates are plants made of?

Glyceral - intermediate between carbohydrates and lipids Ribose - important in ATP production

What are some examples of non-essential amino acids?

Glycine Serine Tyrosine

The primary carbohydrate storage form in the body is _____

Glycogen

When excess glucose is present in the body, the excess glucose is stored as ______ through the process of _______

Glycogen Glycogenesis

What is the deficiency symptom of Iodine?

Goiter

What is the deficiency symptom of Pantothenic Acid?

Goose Stepping

Protein requirements are ____________

Greatest in young animals At maintenance for older animals Increase with productive functions - gestation, lactation, and growth

Describe what happens when a ruminant animal consumes large amounts of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates?

Ground corn which is rapidly digestible can make microbes digest this so fast which can cause acidosis so you usually want to not decrease the particle size by that much

What are protein requirements affected by?

Growth vs Maintenance Gender Calories to protein ratio

Stomach secretions

HCL Pepsin Rennin

What climatic conditions affect water turnover?

Heat Cold Humidity

What is the Brush Border?

Helps catch particles for digestion in the SI Forms the unstirred water layer

Toxicity of vitamin K can cause _______

Hematological and Circulatory disorders

What are the primary functions of Iron?

Heme/hemoglobin Myoglobin

What is cellulose usually found along with?

Hemicellulose and Lignin (lignin content reduces the amount of cellulose and hemicellulose available for microbial digestion)

List the three enzymes found in glycolysis that are different from those found in gluconeogenesis.

Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase - 1 Pyruvate Kinase

___ lipid concentration reduce digestibility

High (> 5% fat)

Concentrate selectors - moose, roe deer

High quality diet smaller rumen highly digestible ^^^^^^^^^ feeding rhythm

Body temperature regulation

High specific heat High thermal conductivity High latent heat of vaporization

What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin K?

Impairment of blood coagulation (hemorrhaging, etc.)

Where are primary bile salts synthesized?

In the liver from cholesterol

The highest concentration of protein is found where?

In the muscle

What hormone is glycolysis controlled by?

Insulin - signaling excess glucose and the need for storage

Digestible Energy (DE)

Intake of food energy (IE) minus energy lost in feces (FE)

What are the primary functions of Zinc?

Involved in several metalloenzymes Immune function

List the microminerals

Iron Zinc Copper Selenium Iodine Fluoride Chromium

What is the deficiency symptom of Electrolytes?

K - heart function Na - reduced milk production Cl - kidney lesions

What is a continuous process

Ketogenesis

Structurally carbohydrates are two types, ____ or ____

Ketone or Aldehyde

Deficiency symptoms of protein

Kwashiorkor - potbelly, edema

What are the two isomers of amino acids?

L - natural form D - synthetic form

What is responsible for an abrupt increase in readily fermentable carbohydrates?

Lactic Acidosis

What are the three essential fatty acids?

Linoleic Acid (C18:2) Linolenic Acid (C18:3) Arachidonic (C20:4)

Describe the process of lipid digestion and absorption starting at the stomach and continuing to the absorption into the intestinal mucosa.

Lipids are absorbed into the epithelial cells through the process of diffusion. Before leaving the mucosal cell, lipid droplets become coated with thin layer of protein. Fats change within the rumen and lipolysis occurs predominantly in the rumen. Short chain fatty acids are the only portion that is transferred to the blood in the same form as when it was absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells. Majority are changed to chylomicron and absorbed. The final products that enter the bloodstream and are ultimately sent to the tissues are chylomicrons, free cholesterol, and short chain fatty acids.

Lipids are transported as _____?

Lipoproteins

What are blood glucose levels maintained by?

Liver

What is the central organ for lipid interconversion and lipid metabolism?

Liver

What are the major sites of biosynthesis of FA and Triglycerides

Liver Mammary gland Adipose tissue

What is the principal organ for AA degradation?

Liver - the small intestine also plays a large role

Grass/Roughage eaters - sheep, cattle

Lower quality diet larger rumen ^ ^ ^ feeding rhythm

What is the deficiency symptom of Folacin?

Macrocytic anemia Leukopenia - reduced # WBC

Minerals are classified into two groups: ____ and ____

Macrominerals and Microminerals

What is the nutrient description of minerals and what are the two groups they are classified into?

Macrominerals and Microminerals that are inorganic components of plant and animal tissue

Enzyme activation

Magnesium

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Main storage of photosynthetic energy in plants Major component in plant tissues

What are the two basic functions of water?

Major component in body metabolism Major factor in body temperature control

The concentration and composition of lipids in blood are determined by what?

Major: type of dietary lipid, quantity of lipids, time after meal Minor: species, age, endocrine status

Net Energy System

Matter is neither created nor destroyed meaning that if feed is converted to energy it must be changed to something

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

Measure of energy used to some extent in ruminants and swine

Where does particle reduction occur in Monogastrics?

Mechanical particle reduction occurs when first being consumed by teeth, some reduction in stomach, takes longer to chew food

What are the primary functions of Choline?

Metabolic essential for building and maintaining cell structure Fat metabolism in the liver Essential for the formation of acetylcholine Source of labile methyl groups

What are the end products of ruminant digestion?

Microbial cell mass Gases Heat (fermentation) VFA

What is the deficiency symptom of Iron - rare?

Microcytic and hypochromic anemia

What is Rennin?

Milk-coagulating enzyme

What are the three types of gastrointestinal tracts?

Monogastrics - first in, first out Hindgut fermenters Ruminants

Classifications of carbohydrates

Monosaccharide = glucose Disaccharide Oligosaccharide Polysaccharide

What is the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides (only these can be absorbed from the SI)

GI tract of carnivores and omnivores

More complicated GI Diet varies in digestibility Modified to improve utilization of plant tissue

Where does particle reduction occur in Ruminants?

Most particle size reduction is through microbial digestion, feeds only chewed enough to swallow

Reticulum - starting point for all ingesta

Moves food into rumen Moves food into omasum Facilitates regurgitation of ingesta

List 3 roles of proteins and list 2 examples for each

Muscle Contraction - actin, myosin Cell Structure - collagen, elastin Hormone mediated effects - insulin, placental lactogen

Glycogen is primarily stored in what two places?

Muscle and Liver

What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin A?

Night blindness

What is the function of vitamin A?

Night vision

What is the requirement for proteins?

None

What are the primary functions of Copper?

Normal red blood cell formation Required for the activity of certain enzymes Required for hair and wool

Blood and lymph in nutrient transport path

Nutrient passes across the epithelial cells and into blood or lymph capillaries, carried by portal vein to the liver or thoracic duct to the heart, right atrium, right ventricle, left lung, left atrium, left ventricle, leaves the aorta

What is the nutrient description of fats/lipids?

Nutrient that is soluble in organic solvents and has a very dense energy content

What is the nutrient description of water?

Nutrient that makes up a large portion of the body and is does not completely fit the definition of a nutrient but is vital to digestion of feedstuffs and keeping the animal alive

What are the two types of phosphorus?

Organic - plant based source Inorganic - rock source

What is the nutrient description of Vitamins?

Organic compounds that do not fit in other categories but have a specific role in metabolism Fat soluble and Water soluble

How many amino acids are naturally occuring?

Over 200

What is the toxicity symptom of Sulfur?

PEM (Polioencephalomalacia) - star gazing, can give thiamin to fix this

What are the primary functions of Riboflavin?

Part of many enzymes

What is the deficiency symptom of Niacin?

Pellagra - dermal lesions

What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin B12?

Pernicious anemia Neurological lesions

What are the forms of vitamin K?

Phylloquinone (plant extracts) Menaquinones (microbial extracts)

Energy Expenditure and the Environment acclimation examples

Physiological: shivering, changes in basal metabolism, respiration rate, distribution of blood flow to the skin, increased feed and water consumption, rate of passage Hair coat body comp distribution of fat Behavioral: Finding windbreaks, getting in groups, shivering, posturing

Fluid in unclotted blood is ________?

Plasma

What are the 4 components of blood?

Platelets (0.01%) Erythrocytes (4%) Leukocytes Plasma (55%)

What are the primary functions of B6?

Plays an essential role in the interaction of the metabolism of AA, carbs, fatty acids, citric acid cycle Involved in almost all reactions involving amino acid metabolism

what is the most important carbohydrate in animal feed?

Polysaccharides

What is the deficiency symptom of Choline?

Poor Growth Fatty Liver Perosis Spraddled Hind legs

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

Preparatory - requires 2 ATP Payoff - 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O

Essential Amino Acid Abbreviations - PVTTIMHALL

Private Tim Hall Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine

What is the urea cycle?

Process of converting ammonia (NH3) into urea

What is absorption?

Processes that result in the passage of small molecules form the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract through the mucosal cells lining the surface of the lumen and into the blood or lymph systems

What are the functions of the pancreas?

Produces pancreatic juices which contain enzymes to help with digestion (Amylolytic - carbs, Lipolytic - lipids, and Proteolytic - protein)

What is the goal of the Citric Acid Cycle?

Production of energy which is utilized in aerobic conditions When completely converted, generates about 40-65% of the theoretical maximum energy

Over consumption of _________ causes an increase in water loss due to an increase in urination.

Protein

What are factors that increase water consumption?

Protein Fat NaCl

What is the most common deficiencies?

Protein or AA

GI tract secretions

Proteolytic enzymes Bile Fat

Avian Anatomy

Proventriculus - gastric stomach Gizzard - mechanical digestion Crop - food storage Cloaca - urine/fecal matter combine

Abomasum

Provides chemical digestion of feed (similar to the glandular stomach of non-ruminants)

What is the purpose of saliva?

Provides enzymes to initiate digestion (Amylase - 2 types, bicarbonate, muncin) Used to moisten mouth Coat food for easier passage

What are the three compounds of B6?

Pyridoxol Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine

What are the two types of protein?

RDP (Rumen Degradable Protein) meets needs of the microorganisms RUP (Rumen Undegradable Protein) helps meet remainder of needs of the animal

Where is water absorbed?

Readily absorbed from most sections of the GI

What are erythrocytes

Red blood cells

What are the two states of Copper and Iron?

Reduced Oxidized (can create free radicals)

Toxicity of vitamin E can cause _______

Reduced growth rate, reduced hematocrit, etc.

What is the deficiency symptom of Sulfur?

Reduced wool growth Reduced weight gain

What is deamination?

Removal of amine group from an amino acids

What is active transport?

Requires energy to carry that across through the concentration gradient

What are the three forms of vitamin A?

Retinol Retinal Retinoic Acid

What are the three types of RNA involved

Ribosomal Transfer Messenger

What is the deficiency symptom of Calcium?

Rickets - P has same deficiency symptom (excess P results in deficiency in Calcium

What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin D?

Rickets - calcium and phosporus

What is the deficiency symptom of Phosphorus?

Rickets most common Pica - abnormal appetite, chew on unusual things

Young ruminants have underdeveloped

Rumen Reticulum Omasum

What are the 4 compartments of the ruminant?

Rumen - fermentation vat Reticulum - honeycomb Omasum - manyplies Abomasum - glandular stomach

Salivary ducts have a great importance in _______

Ruminants Add base to maintain proper pH Allows for bolus to be formed and swallowed

Most absorption occurs in the _____

SI due to its large surface area (folds, villi - small fingerlike projections)

Where are digestive enzymes found?

Saliva Glandular Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine

What are the two types of fatty acids?

Saturated - contain all of the hydrogen that they are chemically able to contain Unsaturated - one or more carbon atoms are attached by a double bond and hydrogen has been removed

What is the deficiency symptom of Ascorbic Acid?

Scurvy

What is Pepsin?

Secreted as pepsinogen Activated to pepsin by HCL Endopeptidase

Animals lose heat to the environment as

Sensible - conduction, convection, and radiation Evaporative - excreta, skin, respiratory tract

What are the two types of saliva?

Serous and Mucus

Fluid in clotted blood is ______?

Serum

What are proteins classified by?

Shape and Solubility (other special characteristics too)

What animal is very sensitive to Copper concentrations?

Sheep

GI tract of carnivores

Short uncomplicated Large intestine Highly digestible diet Classified as hindgut fermenters

What is the deficiency symptom of Manganese?

Skeletal abnormalities Poor coordination

Where does emulsification occur?

Small Intestine

Where does primary protein digestion occur?

Small Intestine

Acid Base Balance

Sodium Potassium Chlorine

What are the three electrolytes?

Sodium - maintains acid base balance Potassium - normal function of heart and kidney, protein synthesis Chloride - helps form HCL

Why does digestibility decrease as feed intake increases?

Spends less time in the rumen therefore less digestion

What is the toxicity symptom of Zinc?

Stiffness Hemorrhages around bone joints Depressed appetite

Protein digestion in the monogastric begins in the _____

Stomach - pepsin and rennin

What are the primary functions of Calcium?

Structural component of bone Blood CA concentration controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What are the three primary salivary glands

Submaxillary (base of tongue) Sublingual (underneath the tongue) Parotids (below the ear)

What are the functions of lipids?

Supply energy for normal maintenance and production Source of essential fatty acids Carrier of fat soluble vitamins Integral part of cell membranes

What are the primary functions of Sulfur?

Synthesize chondroitin matrix of cartilage In birds, feathers, gizzard lining, muscle Functions as part of organic substances that contain it

If the body is short of glucose it must produce it from amino acids or VFA's through ____ cycle and then it proceeds from pyruvate to glucose through the process of _______

TCA Gluconeogenesis

What Amino Acid is required for cats?

Taurine

Water intake regulated by what environment factors?

Temperature Species Activity Physiological state

What is basal metabolism?

The condition in which a minimal amount of energy is expended to sustain the body

What is Glycolysis?

The conversion of glucose to pyruvate Releases energy for the cells to utilize

What is Gluconeogenesis?

The conversion of pyruvate to glucose

Describe the Plant Cell Wall theory

The first things removed from a hotel are the contents (ribosome, nucleus, golgi apparatus, etc.) followed by the interior walls (cytoplasm), then exterior walls (cell wall). The soluble plant parts are removed, in the hotel theory this would be anything that is not really attached to the walls of the hotel. The furniture ect.

What is nutrition?

The interrelated steps by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth, tissue repair and replacement, or elaboration of products

What is the definition of energy?

The potential to perform work; where work is a given force acting through a given distance

What is digestion?

The preparation of food for absorption Mechanical, Chemical, Enzymatic

The quality of the protein is determined by

The relative proportion of amino acids in relation to the amino acid requirements of the animal.

What is the nickname of vitamin D?

The sunshine vitamin

There are three enzymes that are different between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Why are these enzymes different?

They are different because they are the key steps in glycolysis that are not reversible with the current enzymes. These serve as check points.

3 fates of amino acids after absorption

Tissue protein synthesis Synthesis of enzymes, hormones, other metabolites Deamination or transamination for carbon skeletons for energy

What are the primary functions of Folacin?

Transfers single carbon units in various reactions Specific single carbon transfer reactions

All tissues of the body store what?

Triglycerides - source of energy (adipose tissues is the most notable storage location)

What are the three most common proteases?

Trypsin Chymotrypsin Elastase

What is the deficiency symptom of Riboflavin?

Unable to synthesize Riboflavin within tissue Decreased growth rate Lowered feed efficiency Curled Toe Paralysis

What is the toxicity symptom of Calcium?

Urinary calculi - kidney stones Ideal ratio of Ca to P is 2:1 Can range from 1:1 to 7:1

What are sources of water loss (continuous)?

Urine Fecal insensible water - vaporization from lungs and through the skin Sweat

What are the primary functions of Iodine?

Utilization of the thyroid gland

Readily available carbohydrates are converted into what energy source?

VFA's (Volatile Fatty Acids)

What is a toxicity symptom of Niacin?

Vasodilation Heat Sensation ETC

What are lipids?

Very important in nutrition - energy and health issues Other uses - component of cell membranes, component of fat soluble vitamins, insulation of nerves Simple and Compound Lipids

Toxicity can be caused by excessive consumption of ____

Vitamin A

Which of the fat soluble vitamins is considered the most important because both deficiency and toxicities can cause serious health issues.

Vitamin A???

Cobalt has all of the function, deficiencies, and toxicities of what vitamin?

Vitamin B12

Selenium has all of the function, deficiencies, and toxicities of what vitamin?

Vitamin E

Digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose produces what?

Volatile Fatty Acids Acetate (C2) Propionate (C3) Butyrate (C4)

Rumen

Wall covered with pappilli which allow for greater surface area and greater absorption of volatile fatty acids (VFA) Serves as point of microbial digestion

What is the primary role of the large intestine?

Water and electrolyte absorption

Net Energy System Review

Way to account for energy utilization in the animal Each level accounts for different energy losses from Energy Intake

What is the deficiency symptom of Magnesium?

Weak/crooked legs Tetany

High nitrogen intake

When nitrogen is in excess of microbial and animal needs, adding digestible carbs will increase the microbial need for protein and therefore also increase the amount of N used by the microbes.

What is an amino acid imbalance?

When the animal is not receiving the adequate amount of dietary amino acids that can be easily fixed by a small increase in that limiting AA. This can cause unfortunate effects and is highly preventable.

Describe the process of nitrogen recycling in the ruminant animal. Be sure to describe what happens during both high and low nitrogen intake levels.

When there is a low nitrogen intake, a small number rumen degradable and undegradable protein will escape as intact protein. The microbes will also leave the rumen pool entering the lower tract along with those proteins. AA from those proteins enter the liver and tissue. The liver leads into the urea pool which can go back into the rumen pool or into the urine. A little bit of urea may also go back into the lower tract. The rumen pool is relatively low with low N intake. When there is a high nitrogen intake, ammonia leaves the rumen pool and enters the liver where it is converted to urea and enters the urea pool and a small number will go back into the rumen pool while a higher amount will be excreted in the urine. A little bit of urea may also go back into the lower tract. More microbes and proteins will leave the rumen pool entering the lower tract. The rumen pool is relatively high with High N intake.

What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin E?

White Muscle Disease - selenium

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells

•All amino acids, except for glycine, have an _____

asymmetrical α-carbon