Animal Nutrition Final
Specific heat
1 g of water moving from liquid to vapor
How many essential amino acids are there?
10
Ruminants produce how many liters of saliva?
150 L/d (Sheep 10 L/d)
Fats have _____ times the energy density of carbohydrates?
2.25
How many amino acids are commonly found in protein?
20
Fats and Lipids contain ____ the energy content of carbohydrates
225%
A ______ ratio needs to occur between Ca/P
2:1
Calcium occurs in a ______ ratio with Phosphorus in bone
2:1
Carbohydrates contain hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of _____
2:1
What does the citric acid cycle produce?
3 NADH 1 FADH+ 1 ATP (GTP)
What is the total system of Glycolysis?
4 ATP produced - 2 ATP utilized = 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 H20
One gram of water moving from liquid to vapor removes _______ Cal of heat.
580
Typically ____% of ME is required to meet the maintenance energy needs of the animal.
60-70%
Body water %
70-75%
How many forms of vitamin E are found in nature?
8 forms (Tocotrienols, Tocopherols, etc.)
List the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K
Toxicity of vitamin D can cause _______
Abnormal disposition of CA in soft tissue
What are prions?
Abnormal folding of the protein They are the causative agent for several neurological diseases in livestock - scrapies
What is the deficiency symptom of Copper?
Abnormal hair and wool Cardiovascular lesions and hemorrhages
Metabolizable Energy (ME)
Accounts for urinary and gaseous energy losses
What are Ketones?
Acetone Acetoacetic acid Beta Hydroxybutyric Acid
Most amino acids are transported by ____
Active Transport
What are the functions of the liver?
Active site of synthesis and detoxifications of metabolites Produces bile
What is the definition of acclimatization?
Adaptive changes in response to changing climatic conditions
What are the 4 base pairs of DNA?
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine - DNA Uracil - RNA
What factors affect basal metabolism?
Age Neuroendocrine factors Species and breed difference Maintenance
What 2 factors affect lignin content in plants?
Age of plant Type of plant (grasses have very little lignin = more cellulose/hemicellulose and trees have a ton of lignin giving it the ability to stand up right)
Omasum - role not completely understood
Aids in particle size reduction Helps control passage rate of ingesta Some absorption occurs
Ruminants are what type of digesters?
Alloenzymatic (enzymes produced by microorganisms)
Amylose (starch) - alpha 1-4 bonds
Alpha linkages Easily digested More space between molecules so enzymes have access to get in Easily broken apart
Most monogastrics have a requirement for _______
Amino Acids
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino Acids
Proteins are composed of ____ and ______
Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds and is responsible for skeletal and muscular growth (16% nitrogen)
The urea cycle is the process of converting ___ to ___
Ammonia and Urea
Gross Energy (GE)
Amount of heat required for complete oxidation of food, feed, and other substances as fuel Measured in Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter
In the digestion of carbohydrates, ______ is the enzyme that digests Alpha 1-4 linkages while ______ is the enzyme that digests Alpha 1-6 linkages
Amylase Glucosidase
After glycolysis, pyruvate has 2 fates, ____ and ____
Anaerobic Respiration Citric Acid Cycle - also known as the TCA or Krebs cycle
What are the advantage of the Net Energy (NE) system?
Animal requirements in NE are independent of the diet Energy value of feeds are estimated separately for each physiological function
What are the primary functions of Ascorbic Acid?
Antioxidant and Immunity
What is the definition of a carbohydrate
Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose
Monogastrics are what type of digesters?
Autoenzymatic (enzymes for digestion are located within the animal)
What are the three types of microorganisms in the rumen?
Bacteria - most Protozoa Fungi - least
Intermediate types - reindeer, goat
Balance between concentrate selectors and grass/roughage eaters ^ ^ ^ ^ feeding rhythm
What is the deficiency symptom of Thiamin?
Beriberi, Polioencephalomalacia
Amylopectin (cellulose) - alpha 1-6 bonds
Beta linkages More stable form, tightly packed Harder to break down Not digested by enzymes but by microorganisms
What are the primary functions of vitamin E?
Biological antioxidant Responsible for a lot of health and immune functions
What is the toxicity symptom of Selenium?
Blind staggers
What is the primary mode of transport among organs and tissue
Blood - nutrients and metabolites
What are the primary functions of vitamin K?
Blood Clotting, decreases coagulation time
What are the primary functions of Magnesium?
Bone Structure Heart Muscle Cofactor in decarboxylation
What is an example of an enzymatic browning reaction?
Browning of fruit
How are proteins produced?
By forming chains of amino acids and held together by peptide bonds
Required for bone formation
Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium
Skeleton contains majority of
Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium
List the macrominerals
Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Chlorine Potassium Magnesium Sulfur
Gross Efficiency
Caloric value of product / caloric intake Greatly affected by age and level of production
Net Efficiency
Caloric value of product / caloric intake above maintenance Less sensitive to changes in intake More sensitive to changes due to animals genetics
What is the primary source of energy for animals?
Carbohydrates
Adipose tissues is capable of synthesizing fat from ___ and ____?
Carbohydrates and Fatty Acids
What are the six categories of nutrients
Carbohydrates, Fats/lipids, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
What greenhouse gasses are produced due to anaerobic fermentation?
Carbon Dioxide Methan Nitrogen
Functions of blood/lymph nutrient transport
Carries nutrients in the blood out to the tissues Carries waste away from the cells - moves to kidney to be filtered and excreted or to intestinal epithelium
What are the two phases of metabolism?
Catabolism - degradation Anabolism - synthesis
Deficiency symptoms of a single AA
Cataracts - tryptophan Fatty liver - threonine/methionine Abnormal feathering - Lysine
What is the large intestine made up of?
Cecum Colon Rectum
What are the functions of proteins?
Cell components of muscle Skin, hair, hooves Also play specialized roles in the body - gene expression, enzyme catalyzed reactions, and immune function
Hindgut fermenters characteristics
Chew food once, once compartment stomach (enlarged cecum, allows for microbial digestion of cellulose) Practice coprophagy
Which of the following does not truly fit the definition of a vitamin but is still important to healthy animals?
Choline
What are the four classes of lipoproteins?
Chylomicrons - lowest density; greatest lipid content Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) Low density lipoproteins (LDL) High density lipoproteins (HDL)
What are the primary functions of Vitamin B12?
Closely tied to cobalt Intermediate hydrogen carrier - adenosylcobalamin Transfer or synthesis of one-carbon units - methylcobalamin
What are the primary functions of Thiamin?
Coenzyme for all enzymatic decarboxylation of α-keto acids Vital role in nerve function Role in insulin Biosynthesis
What are the primary functions of Niacin?
Coenzyme required for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism (NAD and NADP) Krebs/Glycolysis dependent on this
What are some examples of tissue protein?
Collagen Elastin - ligaments and artery walls Keratins - hair, wool, feathers, hoofs Blood Proteins ETC
Hindgut fermenters can be classified as?
Colonic fermenters (capybara, rabbit, rat) and Cecal fermenters (horses, donkeys, humans)
What are the primary functions of Calcium?
Component of skeleton Component of Phospholipids Component of Energy Metabolism Component of DNA
What are the ruminant feeding types?
Concentrate selectors Intermediate types Grass/Roughage eaters
What is the structure of fatty acids?
Consist of chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group (COOH) attached to the end
What is the deficiency symptom of Biotin?
Cracking of the soles Alopecia
What carries the blueprint of cell formation?
DNA
What is the deficiency symptom of Zinc?
Deficiency symptoms related to bone growth Reproductive effects
Protein digestion begins with _______ and it is the disruption of the secondary structure of a protein
Denaturation of the protein into smaller pieces, exposes the peptide bonds which allows for cleaving them into the individual AAs
Feeds move through digestive system based on?
Density Size Digestibility
What is the toxicity symptom of Magnesium?
Depressed feed intake Diarrhea Loss of reflexes Drop in blood pressure
What are bile salts?
Detergent like compounds Facilitates digestion and absorption of lipids Necessary for fat soluble vitamin absorption
What are the 2 primary metabolic disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism?
Diabetes - more prominent in humans Ketosis - more prominent in domestic animals
Amount of water in GI tract varies by
Diet Age Type
Amino acids in the intestine can come from 3 main locations
Dietary AA Recycled Microorganisms
What are the two areas in human health that deal with nutrition
Dietetics and Nutritional Science
What are some methods of measuring heat production?
Direct and Indirect Calorimetry ETC
The small intestine is divided into 3 sections
Duodenum - low pH Jejunum Ileum
Where does most absorption of carbohydrates occur?
Duodenum and Jejunum (SI)
Describe the process of Glycolysis?
During the preparatory phase 2 molecules of ATP are invested and the 6 carbon glucose is split into 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. In the payoff phase, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is converted into pyruvate this process generates 4 molecules of ATP. If we subtract the 2 molecules used during the preparatory phase we have a net energy gain of 2 ATP. Once converted to Pyruvate, we can enter the citric acid cycle. There are key steps in glycolysis where the steps are not reversible with the current enzymes.
What are the primary functions of vitamin D?
Elevates plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphorus Closely tied to calcium metabolism
What are protein digesting enzymes?
Endopeptidases Exopeptidases
What are the functions of polysaccharides?
Energy storage in plant/animal cells Plant structural support 2 forms: Amylose and Amylopectin
What two factors play a role in nutrition?
Enzymes and Hormones
What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin B6?
Epileptic-type convulsions Dermatitis
What are the two forms of vitamin D?
Ergocalciferol (D2) Cholecalciferol (D3)
What are the primary functions of Biotin?
Essential coenzyme in metabolism Essential part of interconversion Maintains normal blood glucose levels Important for the normal function of Thyroid, adrenal glands, reproductive tract, nervous system, cutaneous system
What are the primary functions of Manganese?
Essential for prevention of ataxia and poor equilibrium in young animals Vital part of many enzyme reactions
What are proteins?
Essential organic constituents of living organisms
What are the types of lipids?
Ester Alcohol Derived lipids Sterols Terpenes
What is eructation?
Expulsion of gasses produced via microbial fermentation
________ produces the most metabolic water of any of the nutrients
Fat
Essential fatty acids serve as a carrier for what?
Fat soluble vitamins - A,D,E, and K
What are the building blocks of fats and lipids?
Fatty Acids
What protein forms the blood clot?
Fibrin
What two groups are carbohydrates divided into?
Fibrous - cellulose/hemicellulose Readily Available - sugars/starches
Be able to describe the process of protein synthesis
First, the mRNA (messenger) determines the AA sequence depending on what protein is being formed. The mRNA has 3 base pair codons that the tRNA will attach the anticodon to. The tRNA (transfer) will go out into the cytoplasms and find AA to match the base codons mRNA has provided. Once they have been found, tRNA will come back to the ribosome and attach to the codon. Once this is completed, the ribosome moves over one, revealing a new binding site starting this process over again where tRNA will leave to find AA. The AA will eventually combine through the use of peptide bonds creating a protein once the stop codon is reached (UGA).
Which of the following is NOT utilized as an enzyme or coenzyme in metabolism of other nutrients?
Folacin????
What are the three forms of water?
Free drinking water Metabolic water Feed water
What are the three forms of Riboflavin?
Free riboflavin Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Flavin adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
What are the primary functions of Pantothenic Acid?
Functions as a constituent of two coenzymes - coenzyme A and ACP
Be able to label the stomach anatomy
Fundic region has a gastric pit
What are the matching base pairs of DNA?
G to C A to T or U
Efficiency of Energy Utilization As intake increases
Gain decrease Heat increases Methane and Urine slight increases Feces increases
What are the different types of proteins?
Globular - soluble in water, dilute acids or bases, and alcohol Fibrous - insoluble in water, resistant to digestive enzymes Conjugated - contain a wide array of non protein parts (lipoproteins and glycoproteins)
What hormone is gluconeogenesis controlled by?
Glucagon - signaling the lack of glucose and the need to produce additional glucose
Ruminants depend almost entirely on ______ to meet their glucose needs
Gluconeogenesis
What are the three monosaccharides that are nutritionally and metabolically important?
Glucose Fructose Galactose
Non-ruminants rely mostly on _____ ____ to meet their energy needs except during long term feed restriction
Glucose Intake
What kinds of carbohydrates are plants made of?
Glyceral - intermediate between carbohydrates and lipids Ribose - important in ATP production
What are some examples of non-essential amino acids?
Glycine Serine Tyrosine
The primary carbohydrate storage form in the body is _____
Glycogen
When excess glucose is present in the body, the excess glucose is stored as ______ through the process of _______
Glycogen Glycogenesis
What is the deficiency symptom of Iodine?
Goiter
What is the deficiency symptom of Pantothenic Acid?
Goose Stepping
Protein requirements are ____________
Greatest in young animals At maintenance for older animals Increase with productive functions - gestation, lactation, and growth
Describe what happens when a ruminant animal consumes large amounts of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates?
Ground corn which is rapidly digestible can make microbes digest this so fast which can cause acidosis so you usually want to not decrease the particle size by that much
What are protein requirements affected by?
Growth vs Maintenance Gender Calories to protein ratio
Stomach secretions
HCL Pepsin Rennin
What climatic conditions affect water turnover?
Heat Cold Humidity
What is the Brush Border?
Helps catch particles for digestion in the SI Forms the unstirred water layer
Toxicity of vitamin K can cause _______
Hematological and Circulatory disorders
What are the primary functions of Iron?
Heme/hemoglobin Myoglobin
What is cellulose usually found along with?
Hemicellulose and Lignin (lignin content reduces the amount of cellulose and hemicellulose available for microbial digestion)
List the three enzymes found in glycolysis that are different from those found in gluconeogenesis.
Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase - 1 Pyruvate Kinase
___ lipid concentration reduce digestibility
High (> 5% fat)
Concentrate selectors - moose, roe deer
High quality diet smaller rumen highly digestible ^^^^^^^^^ feeding rhythm
Body temperature regulation
High specific heat High thermal conductivity High latent heat of vaporization
What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin K?
Impairment of blood coagulation (hemorrhaging, etc.)
Where are primary bile salts synthesized?
In the liver from cholesterol
The highest concentration of protein is found where?
In the muscle
What hormone is glycolysis controlled by?
Insulin - signaling excess glucose and the need for storage
Digestible Energy (DE)
Intake of food energy (IE) minus energy lost in feces (FE)
What are the primary functions of Zinc?
Involved in several metalloenzymes Immune function
List the microminerals
Iron Zinc Copper Selenium Iodine Fluoride Chromium
What is the deficiency symptom of Electrolytes?
K - heart function Na - reduced milk production Cl - kidney lesions
What is a continuous process
Ketogenesis
Structurally carbohydrates are two types, ____ or ____
Ketone or Aldehyde
Deficiency symptoms of protein
Kwashiorkor - potbelly, edema
What are the two isomers of amino acids?
L - natural form D - synthetic form
What is responsible for an abrupt increase in readily fermentable carbohydrates?
Lactic Acidosis
What are the three essential fatty acids?
Linoleic Acid (C18:2) Linolenic Acid (C18:3) Arachidonic (C20:4)
Describe the process of lipid digestion and absorption starting at the stomach and continuing to the absorption into the intestinal mucosa.
Lipids are absorbed into the epithelial cells through the process of diffusion. Before leaving the mucosal cell, lipid droplets become coated with thin layer of protein. Fats change within the rumen and lipolysis occurs predominantly in the rumen. Short chain fatty acids are the only portion that is transferred to the blood in the same form as when it was absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells. Majority are changed to chylomicron and absorbed. The final products that enter the bloodstream and are ultimately sent to the tissues are chylomicrons, free cholesterol, and short chain fatty acids.
Lipids are transported as _____?
Lipoproteins
What are blood glucose levels maintained by?
Liver
What is the central organ for lipid interconversion and lipid metabolism?
Liver
What are the major sites of biosynthesis of FA and Triglycerides
Liver Mammary gland Adipose tissue
What is the principal organ for AA degradation?
Liver - the small intestine also plays a large role
Grass/Roughage eaters - sheep, cattle
Lower quality diet larger rumen ^ ^ ^ feeding rhythm
What is the deficiency symptom of Folacin?
Macrocytic anemia Leukopenia - reduced # WBC
Minerals are classified into two groups: ____ and ____
Macrominerals and Microminerals
What is the nutrient description of minerals and what are the two groups they are classified into?
Macrominerals and Microminerals that are inorganic components of plant and animal tissue
Enzyme activation
Magnesium
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Main storage of photosynthetic energy in plants Major component in plant tissues
What are the two basic functions of water?
Major component in body metabolism Major factor in body temperature control
The concentration and composition of lipids in blood are determined by what?
Major: type of dietary lipid, quantity of lipids, time after meal Minor: species, age, endocrine status
Net Energy System
Matter is neither created nor destroyed meaning that if feed is converted to energy it must be changed to something
Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
Measure of energy used to some extent in ruminants and swine
Where does particle reduction occur in Monogastrics?
Mechanical particle reduction occurs when first being consumed by teeth, some reduction in stomach, takes longer to chew food
What are the primary functions of Choline?
Metabolic essential for building and maintaining cell structure Fat metabolism in the liver Essential for the formation of acetylcholine Source of labile methyl groups
What are the end products of ruminant digestion?
Microbial cell mass Gases Heat (fermentation) VFA
What is the deficiency symptom of Iron - rare?
Microcytic and hypochromic anemia
What is Rennin?
Milk-coagulating enzyme
What are the three types of gastrointestinal tracts?
Monogastrics - first in, first out Hindgut fermenters Ruminants
Classifications of carbohydrates
Monosaccharide = glucose Disaccharide Oligosaccharide Polysaccharide
What is the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides (only these can be absorbed from the SI)
GI tract of carnivores and omnivores
More complicated GI Diet varies in digestibility Modified to improve utilization of plant tissue
Where does particle reduction occur in Ruminants?
Most particle size reduction is through microbial digestion, feeds only chewed enough to swallow
Reticulum - starting point for all ingesta
Moves food into rumen Moves food into omasum Facilitates regurgitation of ingesta
List 3 roles of proteins and list 2 examples for each
Muscle Contraction - actin, myosin Cell Structure - collagen, elastin Hormone mediated effects - insulin, placental lactogen
Glycogen is primarily stored in what two places?
Muscle and Liver
What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin A?
Night blindness
What is the function of vitamin A?
Night vision
What is the requirement for proteins?
None
What are the primary functions of Copper?
Normal red blood cell formation Required for the activity of certain enzymes Required for hair and wool
Blood and lymph in nutrient transport path
Nutrient passes across the epithelial cells and into blood or lymph capillaries, carried by portal vein to the liver or thoracic duct to the heart, right atrium, right ventricle, left lung, left atrium, left ventricle, leaves the aorta
What is the nutrient description of fats/lipids?
Nutrient that is soluble in organic solvents and has a very dense energy content
What is the nutrient description of water?
Nutrient that makes up a large portion of the body and is does not completely fit the definition of a nutrient but is vital to digestion of feedstuffs and keeping the animal alive
What are the two types of phosphorus?
Organic - plant based source Inorganic - rock source
What is the nutrient description of Vitamins?
Organic compounds that do not fit in other categories but have a specific role in metabolism Fat soluble and Water soluble
How many amino acids are naturally occuring?
Over 200
What is the toxicity symptom of Sulfur?
PEM (Polioencephalomalacia) - star gazing, can give thiamin to fix this
What are the primary functions of Riboflavin?
Part of many enzymes
What is the deficiency symptom of Niacin?
Pellagra - dermal lesions
What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin B12?
Pernicious anemia Neurological lesions
What are the forms of vitamin K?
Phylloquinone (plant extracts) Menaquinones (microbial extracts)
Energy Expenditure and the Environment acclimation examples
Physiological: shivering, changes in basal metabolism, respiration rate, distribution of blood flow to the skin, increased feed and water consumption, rate of passage Hair coat body comp distribution of fat Behavioral: Finding windbreaks, getting in groups, shivering, posturing
Fluid in unclotted blood is ________?
Plasma
What are the 4 components of blood?
Platelets (0.01%) Erythrocytes (4%) Leukocytes Plasma (55%)
What are the primary functions of B6?
Plays an essential role in the interaction of the metabolism of AA, carbs, fatty acids, citric acid cycle Involved in almost all reactions involving amino acid metabolism
what is the most important carbohydrate in animal feed?
Polysaccharides
What is the deficiency symptom of Choline?
Poor Growth Fatty Liver Perosis Spraddled Hind legs
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
Preparatory - requires 2 ATP Payoff - 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O
Essential Amino Acid Abbreviations - PVTTIMHALL
Private Tim Hall Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine
What is the urea cycle?
Process of converting ammonia (NH3) into urea
What is absorption?
Processes that result in the passage of small molecules form the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract through the mucosal cells lining the surface of the lumen and into the blood or lymph systems
What are the functions of the pancreas?
Produces pancreatic juices which contain enzymes to help with digestion (Amylolytic - carbs, Lipolytic - lipids, and Proteolytic - protein)
What is the goal of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Production of energy which is utilized in aerobic conditions When completely converted, generates about 40-65% of the theoretical maximum energy
Over consumption of _________ causes an increase in water loss due to an increase in urination.
Protein
What are factors that increase water consumption?
Protein Fat NaCl
What is the most common deficiencies?
Protein or AA
GI tract secretions
Proteolytic enzymes Bile Fat
Avian Anatomy
Proventriculus - gastric stomach Gizzard - mechanical digestion Crop - food storage Cloaca - urine/fecal matter combine
Abomasum
Provides chemical digestion of feed (similar to the glandular stomach of non-ruminants)
What is the purpose of saliva?
Provides enzymes to initiate digestion (Amylase - 2 types, bicarbonate, muncin) Used to moisten mouth Coat food for easier passage
What are the three compounds of B6?
Pyridoxol Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine
What are the two types of protein?
RDP (Rumen Degradable Protein) meets needs of the microorganisms RUP (Rumen Undegradable Protein) helps meet remainder of needs of the animal
Where is water absorbed?
Readily absorbed from most sections of the GI
What are erythrocytes
Red blood cells
What are the two states of Copper and Iron?
Reduced Oxidized (can create free radicals)
Toxicity of vitamin E can cause _______
Reduced growth rate, reduced hematocrit, etc.
What is the deficiency symptom of Sulfur?
Reduced wool growth Reduced weight gain
What is deamination?
Removal of amine group from an amino acids
What is active transport?
Requires energy to carry that across through the concentration gradient
What are the three forms of vitamin A?
Retinol Retinal Retinoic Acid
What are the three types of RNA involved
Ribosomal Transfer Messenger
What is the deficiency symptom of Calcium?
Rickets - P has same deficiency symptom (excess P results in deficiency in Calcium
What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin D?
Rickets - calcium and phosporus
What is the deficiency symptom of Phosphorus?
Rickets most common Pica - abnormal appetite, chew on unusual things
Young ruminants have underdeveloped
Rumen Reticulum Omasum
What are the 4 compartments of the ruminant?
Rumen - fermentation vat Reticulum - honeycomb Omasum - manyplies Abomasum - glandular stomach
Salivary ducts have a great importance in _______
Ruminants Add base to maintain proper pH Allows for bolus to be formed and swallowed
Most absorption occurs in the _____
SI due to its large surface area (folds, villi - small fingerlike projections)
Where are digestive enzymes found?
Saliva Glandular Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine
What are the two types of fatty acids?
Saturated - contain all of the hydrogen that they are chemically able to contain Unsaturated - one or more carbon atoms are attached by a double bond and hydrogen has been removed
What is the deficiency symptom of Ascorbic Acid?
Scurvy
What is Pepsin?
Secreted as pepsinogen Activated to pepsin by HCL Endopeptidase
Animals lose heat to the environment as
Sensible - conduction, convection, and radiation Evaporative - excreta, skin, respiratory tract
What are the two types of saliva?
Serous and Mucus
Fluid in clotted blood is ______?
Serum
What are proteins classified by?
Shape and Solubility (other special characteristics too)
What animal is very sensitive to Copper concentrations?
Sheep
GI tract of carnivores
Short uncomplicated Large intestine Highly digestible diet Classified as hindgut fermenters
What is the deficiency symptom of Manganese?
Skeletal abnormalities Poor coordination
Where does emulsification occur?
Small Intestine
Where does primary protein digestion occur?
Small Intestine
Acid Base Balance
Sodium Potassium Chlorine
What are the three electrolytes?
Sodium - maintains acid base balance Potassium - normal function of heart and kidney, protein synthesis Chloride - helps form HCL
Why does digestibility decrease as feed intake increases?
Spends less time in the rumen therefore less digestion
What is the toxicity symptom of Zinc?
Stiffness Hemorrhages around bone joints Depressed appetite
Protein digestion in the monogastric begins in the _____
Stomach - pepsin and rennin
What are the primary functions of Calcium?
Structural component of bone Blood CA concentration controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What are the three primary salivary glands
Submaxillary (base of tongue) Sublingual (underneath the tongue) Parotids (below the ear)
What are the functions of lipids?
Supply energy for normal maintenance and production Source of essential fatty acids Carrier of fat soluble vitamins Integral part of cell membranes
What are the primary functions of Sulfur?
Synthesize chondroitin matrix of cartilage In birds, feathers, gizzard lining, muscle Functions as part of organic substances that contain it
If the body is short of glucose it must produce it from amino acids or VFA's through ____ cycle and then it proceeds from pyruvate to glucose through the process of _______
TCA Gluconeogenesis
What Amino Acid is required for cats?
Taurine
Water intake regulated by what environment factors?
Temperature Species Activity Physiological state
What is basal metabolism?
The condition in which a minimal amount of energy is expended to sustain the body
What is Glycolysis?
The conversion of glucose to pyruvate Releases energy for the cells to utilize
What is Gluconeogenesis?
The conversion of pyruvate to glucose
Describe the Plant Cell Wall theory
The first things removed from a hotel are the contents (ribosome, nucleus, golgi apparatus, etc.) followed by the interior walls (cytoplasm), then exterior walls (cell wall). The soluble plant parts are removed, in the hotel theory this would be anything that is not really attached to the walls of the hotel. The furniture ect.
What is nutrition?
The interrelated steps by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth, tissue repair and replacement, or elaboration of products
What is the definition of energy?
The potential to perform work; where work is a given force acting through a given distance
What is digestion?
The preparation of food for absorption Mechanical, Chemical, Enzymatic
The quality of the protein is determined by
The relative proportion of amino acids in relation to the amino acid requirements of the animal.
What is the nickname of vitamin D?
The sunshine vitamin
There are three enzymes that are different between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Why are these enzymes different?
They are different because they are the key steps in glycolysis that are not reversible with the current enzymes. These serve as check points.
3 fates of amino acids after absorption
Tissue protein synthesis Synthesis of enzymes, hormones, other metabolites Deamination or transamination for carbon skeletons for energy
What are the primary functions of Folacin?
Transfers single carbon units in various reactions Specific single carbon transfer reactions
All tissues of the body store what?
Triglycerides - source of energy (adipose tissues is the most notable storage location)
What are the three most common proteases?
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Elastase
What is the deficiency symptom of Riboflavin?
Unable to synthesize Riboflavin within tissue Decreased growth rate Lowered feed efficiency Curled Toe Paralysis
What is the toxicity symptom of Calcium?
Urinary calculi - kidney stones Ideal ratio of Ca to P is 2:1 Can range from 1:1 to 7:1
What are sources of water loss (continuous)?
Urine Fecal insensible water - vaporization from lungs and through the skin Sweat
What are the primary functions of Iodine?
Utilization of the thyroid gland
Readily available carbohydrates are converted into what energy source?
VFA's (Volatile Fatty Acids)
What is a toxicity symptom of Niacin?
Vasodilation Heat Sensation ETC
What are lipids?
Very important in nutrition - energy and health issues Other uses - component of cell membranes, component of fat soluble vitamins, insulation of nerves Simple and Compound Lipids
Toxicity can be caused by excessive consumption of ____
Vitamin A
Which of the fat soluble vitamins is considered the most important because both deficiency and toxicities can cause serious health issues.
Vitamin A???
Cobalt has all of the function, deficiencies, and toxicities of what vitamin?
Vitamin B12
Selenium has all of the function, deficiencies, and toxicities of what vitamin?
Vitamin E
Digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose produces what?
Volatile Fatty Acids Acetate (C2) Propionate (C3) Butyrate (C4)
Rumen
Wall covered with pappilli which allow for greater surface area and greater absorption of volatile fatty acids (VFA) Serves as point of microbial digestion
What is the primary role of the large intestine?
Water and electrolyte absorption
Net Energy System Review
Way to account for energy utilization in the animal Each level accounts for different energy losses from Energy Intake
What is the deficiency symptom of Magnesium?
Weak/crooked legs Tetany
High nitrogen intake
When nitrogen is in excess of microbial and animal needs, adding digestible carbs will increase the microbial need for protein and therefore also increase the amount of N used by the microbes.
What is an amino acid imbalance?
When the animal is not receiving the adequate amount of dietary amino acids that can be easily fixed by a small increase in that limiting AA. This can cause unfortunate effects and is highly preventable.
Describe the process of nitrogen recycling in the ruminant animal. Be sure to describe what happens during both high and low nitrogen intake levels.
When there is a low nitrogen intake, a small number rumen degradable and undegradable protein will escape as intact protein. The microbes will also leave the rumen pool entering the lower tract along with those proteins. AA from those proteins enter the liver and tissue. The liver leads into the urea pool which can go back into the rumen pool or into the urine. A little bit of urea may also go back into the lower tract. The rumen pool is relatively low with low N intake. When there is a high nitrogen intake, ammonia leaves the rumen pool and enters the liver where it is converted to urea and enters the urea pool and a small number will go back into the rumen pool while a higher amount will be excreted in the urine. A little bit of urea may also go back into the lower tract. More microbes and proteins will leave the rumen pool entering the lower tract. The rumen pool is relatively high with High N intake.
What is the deficiency symptom of vitamin E?
White Muscle Disease - selenium
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
•All amino acids, except for glycine, have an _____
asymmetrical α-carbon
