Animal Physiology Exam 2 and Quiz Chapters 1-5

Nutritionally, the consumption of feces (coprophagy) makes more sense for hindgut fermenters. Why?

1. B vitamins produced by microbes in the hindgut are not taken up; therefore, coprophagy enables hindgut fermenters to obtain more B vitamins 2. Microbial symbionts are mostly excreted; therefore, coprophagy enables hindgut fermenters to obtain more energy by digesting and absorbing the microbes. 3. Absorption occurs upstream of the hindgut; therefore, coprophagy enables hindgut fermenters to obtain the products of hindgut fermentation.

What is the order of fuel utilization during muscle activity?

1. Phosphagens 2. Muscle glucose 3. Muscle glycogen 4. Glycogen brought in by the circulation

What are the "big three" of the physical and chemical conditions of an environment that hosts life?

1. Temperature 2. Oxygen 3. Water

Feeding modes that are widespread in the animal kingdom include...

1. attack of individual prey items 2. suspension feeding 3. association with symbiotic micobes

Why might a protein be degraded?

1. excess protein 2. change in cell function 3. damage to protein

Membrane fluidity is determined by...

1. lipid saturation 2. number of carbons in lipid chains 3. cholesterol content

Suppose you compare the amount of food needed by four groups of lizards, each of which has an MR that is expected for its body size. There are 10 lizards weighing 10 g each, 5 lizards weighing 20 g each, 2 lizards weighing 50 g each, and a single 100 g lizard. Assuming equal digestibility, similar food, and so on, the ____________ lizards need the most food.

10 g

Suppose an animal is oxidizing food according to the following reaction: C16H32O2 + 23 O2 ---> 16 CO2 + 6 H2O + 10,042 kJ/mol. What is the respiratory quotient?

16/23

If a cell loses its mitochondria, the net number of ATP molecules that can be produced from one glucose molecule is...

2

If an animal spends 6 hours a day chasing prey (50 kJ/hr) and 18 hours a day resting (10 kJ/hr), its average hourly cost of behavior is _________________ kJ/hr

20

When riding a stationary bicycle, the maximum efficiency of converting chemical bond energy to external work is what percent?

30%

A crayfish in reverse-osmosis, deionized water will face 2 immediate challenges (not considering nutritional aspects. What are these challenges?

A crayfish will lose solutes to pure water and will also gain water. Both of these immediate challenges will result in further physiological complications, i.e. body fluid pressure inside shell, ionic imbalance, etc.

Distinguish between a ligand and a substrate.

A ligand is bound by a protein and released as the same molecule that was bound to the protein. A substrate is bound by an enzyme and modified such that it is released as a different molecular structure known as a product.

If a 3800 kg elephant and a 20 g mouse both have body temperatures of 37 C, what does that mean for their heat and temperature?

Both have the same temperature, but they both contain different amounts of heat

All evolutionary change is adaptive. True or false?

False

The proteome is static.

False

When a nitrogen atom enters an animal and becomes part of the animal's structure, it remains a part of the animal until the animal dies. True or False?

False

The SDA for an animal is measured in an animal that consumes 100 g of carbohydrate. The measurement is repeated a few days later, after the animal has fed 200 g of protein. How will the magnitude of the second SDA compare with the first SDA measurement?

It will be more than twice as much

Why does an increase in temperature increase enzyme activity to a point? What happens to the enzyme if temperature increases too much?

Molecular motion is a function of temperature, so molecules move more rapidly as temperature increases. Enzymes are able to bind molecules faster. If temperature increases too much, enzymes and other proteins are denatured and lose their tertiary structure and thus become damaged and nonfunctional.

You discover a fossil of an organism that came from a deep marine environment. The fossil has no mouth or gastrointestinal tract, and your colleague thinks it cannot be that of an animal. Is your colleague correct?

No, because some animals lack both mouths and gastrointestinal tracts.

What is the active transporter of water?

There is no active transport of water. Water can be moved by actively moving solutes that increase the solute concentration of a solution so that water moves into the solution toward the higher osmotic pressure.

True or false: It is possible to transmit changes in gene expression, induced by environmental conditions, during cell replication without altering the genetic sequence.

True

Which property of aerobic activity determines the peak rate at which an animal can synthesize ATP by aerobic catabolism?

VO2max

____________ are organic compounds that animals must obtain in small quantities from food or other outside sources.

Vitamins

Which of the following is NOT true about hibernators? a. Bears allow body temperature to drop about 15 C during torpor b. Bears are not deep hibernators c. Bears and ground squirrels have the same per-gram metabolic rate during torpor d. Small hibernators benefit with more energetic savings than large hibernators e. hibernators spend most of the energy they use during hibernation to rewarm for interbout arousals

a. Bears allow body temperature to drop about 15 C during torpor

Which of the following are secreted in one part of the digestive tract and then reabsorbed downstream? a. Bile salts and sodium b. Monosaccharides c. Proenzymes d. Exopeptidases e. Zymogens

a. Bile salts and sodium

The specific role of oxygen in the cell is to....

act as a final electron acceptor

When the body temperature of ghost crabs is raised from 15 C to 24 C, resting metabolic rate and VO2max both increase, but the increase in the VO2max is much greater than the increase in resting metabolic rate. Given this information what would likely be the likely result if ghost crabs in nature experienced conditions that raised their typical body temperature from 15-24 C?

aerobic scope and capacity for aerobic exercise would increase

There is an ________________ relationship between costs of transport and body mass

allometric

All of the following are at type of gated channel except... a. ligand-gated b. fluid-gated c. voltage-gated d. mechanically/tension gated

b. fluid-gated

Which of the following is NOT a strategy used by hibernators to save energy over winter? a. social hibernation b. interbout arousals c. low metabolic rates during torpor d. reducing body temperature e. creating microhabitats in hibernacula

b. interbout arousals

Assume that the standard allometric equation (MR=aBM^b) applies to a given species. Mass specific metabolic rate (MR) will not depend on mass (BM) when

b=1

In homeotherms, the resting metabolic rate of a fasting animal is the ______________ and in poikilotherms the equivalent term is the _____________.

basal metabolic rate; standard metabolic rate

Which type of animal would display a U-shaped curve of oxygen consumption per unit of time relative to speed?

birds (in this question, a magpie)

Which of the following animals can survive under complete anaerobic conditions? a. sea turtle b. slack-water darter c. clam d. lizard e. leopard frog

c. clam

Which of the following is NOT a reason adult reindeer have low energy costs in the frigid air of winter? a. guard hairs of pelage are filled with tiny air spaces b. thicker pelage in winter c. heteroviscous adaptation d. regional heterothermy e. all body surfaces are covered in hair

c. heteroviscous adaptation

Which form of energy is totipotent for animals?

chemical energy

A mountain climber who trains for months and then spends a few weeks at a high altitude base camp before attempting a strenuous climb is counting on which type of physiological response?

chronic response

A(n) ____________ response is a change in phenotype while a(n) ______________ response is a change in genotype.

chronic; evolutionary

Ions moving by simple diffusion are under the influence of which gradients?

concentration and electrical gradients

Which of the following are associated with extracellular digestion? a. Intraluminal enzymes b. Membrane-associated enzymes c. Intracellular enzymes d. Intraluminal enzymes and membrane-associated enzymes e. None of the above

d. Intraluminal enzymes and membrane-associated enzymes

Sprinting is an activity that relies heavily on anaerobic metabolism over short periods of time. From a conceptual perspective, what method could be used to measure metabolic rate during sprinting? a. material balance b. oxygen consumption c. open respirometry d. direct calorimetry e. respiratory exchange ratio

d. direct calorimetry

Why do animals need to eat? a. Individual molecules need to be replaced b. Chemical-bond energy c. Animals are physiologically dynamic systems, not static objects d. Cells become damaged and need to be replaced e. All of the above

e. All of the above

When individual components in an environment come together to create distinct, collective, and interactive properties and functions, this is termed an...

emergent property

The common currency for life is/are...

energy

Which factor exerts a particularly large effect on metabolic rates?

environmental temperature

The metabolic by-product excreted by goldfish across the gills during anaerobic glycolysis is...

ethanol

To escape from an ambushing predator, a fish most likely uses ________________ muscles.

fast-glycolytic

A common practice in physiology is to use data on _________________ to calculate expected values of other variables through scaling. If the other variable is measured and found to be far from the expected value, physiologists naturally ask why this variable is specialized.

gestation length

Blocking lactate dehydrogenase in a cell producing ATP in the absence of oxygen would...

halt glycolysis

Icefish have white blood because they have lost the functional genes for which protein?

hemoglobin

An exercise requiring a ________________ percent of V02max is more strenuous.

higher

The higher the affinity, the _____________ the Km.

higher

What is the term for "the coordinated physiological processes which maintain most of the constant states in the organism"?

homeostasis

Epithelial tissue is polar, meaning...

it has surfaces differing in structure and function

Which of the following would you expect to see in the muscles of a sprinter?

lactate dehydrogenase

Many "megachiropteran" bats feed on fruit, and many "microchiropteran" bats feed on insects. Compared to "mega" bats, "micro" bats probably secrete _______________ amylase and __________________ pancreatic peptidase. They also probably have a ____________________ density of sugar transporters and a _______________ density of amino acid transporters.

less; more; lower; higher

Compared to small mammals, large mammals tend to __________ heat ___________-rapidly per unit of body weight

lose; less

Comparing animals that share a single primary mode of locomotion, large bodied species will cover distances at a _____________ mass-specific cost that small bodied species.

lower

Many bats and rodents feed on insects, but humans and rabbits generally do not. These dietary habits suggest that...

many bats and rodents produce chitinase enzymes but humans and rabbits do not

The subnivean air space under snow is an example of a(n)...

microenvironment

The speed that ____________ the cost of transport is the speed that ___________ the distance that can be traveling with a given about of energy.

minimizes; maximizes

Cholesterol functions in membranes to...

modulate fluidity

In what type of animals does intracellular digestion play a major role?

molluscs

When a system responds to deviation by bringing the controlled variable back toward its set point, it is using...

negative feedback

Suppose that an animal is sweating profusely. The dripping of sweat off the animal's surface rate affects its rate of evaporative cooling by _______________ the animal due to latent heat of ___________.

none of the above!!!!!!!!!!! Water that does not evaporate from the animal's surface will not contribute to cooling the animal

What is the term for internal heat generators that do not thermoregulate?

nonthermoregulating endotherms

What is the term for external heat generators that do not thermoregulate?

nonthermoregulating poikilotherms/ectotherms

An animal can alter its phenotype depending on the prevailing environmental conditions through a characteristic known as...

phenotypic plasticity

An ectotherm is also called a(n)...

poikilotherm

Which macromolecules enter glycolysis at the top of the pathway most directly?

polysaccharides

When a subunit of hemoglobin binds oxygen, the affinity for oxygen in the other 3 subunits increases. This is an example of _______________ cooperativity.

positive

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is considered its __________ structure.

primary

In terms of essential nutritional requirements for particular molecules, the most exacting requirements are for _____________ and the least exacting are for _______________.

proteins; carbohydrates

When an animal maintains an internal environment that differs from the external environment, it is a....

regulator

Between running, swimming, and flying, what is the most energetically expensive way to cover distance?

running

Larger mammals need more oxygen than smaller mammals, but they need less oxygen per gram. Smaller mammals supply more oxygen per gram with a ______________ mass-specific heart size and a ____________ heart rate.

similar; faster

According to Haldane (1926), "You can drop a mouse down a thousand-yard mine shaft; and, on arriving at the bottom, it gets a slight shock and walks away, provided that the ground is fairly soft. A rat is killed, a man is broken, a horse ________________." This illustrates the concept of ___________.

splashes; scaling

Symbiosis with photosynthetic autotrophs requires access to...

sunlight

What is the term for internal heat generators that thermoregulate?

thermoregulating endotherms homeotherms

What is the term for external heat generators that thermoregulate?

thermoregulating poikilotherms/ectotherms behavioral thermoregulators

Suppose that nonavian dinosaurs still roamed the earth. If the lowest level of the food chains started with the same amount of energy, dinosaurs at the top of the food chain would receive the most amount of energy from a ______________ food chain.

three-level (choose the smallest option)

"Why do reindeer migrate?" is what type of question?

ultimate/evolutionary

On an overcast night, as compared to a night with a clear sky, the thermal environment experienced by a desert rodent will be ______________, because _______________.

warmer; there is less radiant heat lost to an overcast sky

With respect to the energy yield from the combustion of a carbohydrate in a bomb calorimeter and the oxidation of the same quantity of carbohydrate in an animal, the amount of energy measured...

would be equal in both cases