Social Epidemiology Final

who developed a modern vital statistics system

Farr

an unplanned type of experimental study where the levels of exposure to a presumed cause differ among population in a way that is relatively unaffected by extraneous factors

a natural experiment

which of the following best defines limitation of activity

difficulties an individual may have in executing actives

infectious disease is best defined as

disease caused by an invaded pathogen

who investigated the relationship between smoking and lung cancer using a cohort study design

doll and hill

which of the following involve the population as the unit of analysis

ecologic study

an increased risk of burkitts lymphoma has been associated with what type of virus

epstein-barr virus

which of the following designs is potentially most useful for making a judgement about casualty

experimental

a precipitating factor is best defined as

factors essential to the development of disease, conditions, injuries, disability, and death

a primary case is the same as an index case

false

evaluation cannot be effectively performed in descriptive studies because of confounding

false

experimental studies involving randomization are always preferred over nonrandomized studies

false

secular trends represents periodic increases and decreases in the occurrence of health-related states or events

false

the experimental studies involving randomization are always preferred over nonrandomized studies

false

the experimental study is effective when the outcome of interest is rare.

false

the within group design provides less control over confounders than the between-group design

false

when the duration of a disease becomes short and the incidence is high, the prevalence becomes similar to the incidence

false

which of the following terms is expressed as a proportion

female births/male+female births

according to classes studies, morbidity rates by sex in the US show the following sex differences

females greater than males

humans can serve as all of the following except

fomites

cancer has been associated with all of the following except

high blood pressure

what is not an example of a common source epidemic

hiv/aids

validity

how well the test measures what it is suppose to measure

reliability

how well the test performs in use over time (repeatability)

completing the clinical picture involves all of the following except

identification of the efficacy of the public health program

describing health-related states or vents by person, place, and time allows us to do all of the following except

identify the extent of the public health problem

which of the following is an example of active primary intervention

immunization

person-time rate

incidence density rate

suppose a highly effective new drug is discovered for treating a form of cancer that previously had been rapidly fatal. Which of the following rates will be least affected by the widespread use of the drug

incidence rate for this type of cancer

We sometimes classify epidemics by how they spread through a population. Which of the following is not an example of a point source epidemic

influenza

the capacity of a microorganism to enter into and grow in or upon tissues of the host is called

invasiveness

who used experimental approach to determine that dietary factors were influential in treating and preventing scurvy

james lind

who invented a vaccine against small pox based on careful observation

jenner

what effect does randomization in a large intervention study have

minimizes potential bias in the allocation of participants to treatment group

which of the following is not a type of selection bias in cohort studies

neyman bias

dermatologic

nickel

was the tuskegee syphilis study an experimental

no

a dichotomous variable involves what type of data

nominal

among the causal criteria presented in the text, temporality was mentioned. of the following study designs, which is best for establishing temporality

none of the above

cancer can be classified as

noninfectious, noncommunicable

which of the following best defines pathogen

organisms capable of causing disease

the term agent in the epidemiological triangle is equivalent to

pathogen

a ___________ is defined as the effect on patient outcomes that may occur due to the expectation by a patient that a particular invention will have an effect

placebo effect

investigation of the effectiveness of the poliomyelitis vaccine

preventative trial

which of the following is the most time consuming and costly study design

prospective cohort

the framingham study was a

prospective cohort study

public health surveillance includes all of the following except

public health action

a factorial design may be useful for all of the following reasons except

reduce feasibility

Healthy worker effect

results in biased RR

berkson's bias

results in underestimation of OR

osteoporosis

risk factor: lifetime exposure to estrogen

whose report set forth the importance of establishing state and local boards of health in the united states

shattuck

which of the following is associated with all of the following: heart disease, stroke, cancer, accidents, homicide, diabetes

social

which of the following stages is associated with the incubation period

stage of pre symptomatic disease

if the mean age group of people is 45 and the median age is 50, what do you know about the distribution of ages

the age distribution is skewed left

the risk of acquiring a given disease during a given time period is best determined by

the incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

what is a limitation of using a run-in period in an intervention study

the study subjects may differ from the general population

assessment of the effectiveness of radiation versus surgery in prostate cancer patients

therapeutic trial

in 2005, the crude death rate was 800 per 100,000 in the US and 500 per 100,000 in malaysia. the life expectancy was 77.1 in the US and 72.2 in malaysia. how would the death rates compare if we age-adjusted the malaysia death rate using US 2005 pop as standarf

they would be more similar

which of the following is not a type of immunity

transfer

a beehive-shaped pyramid indicates that the population is having low birth rates as well as low death rates

true

an organism os only pathogenic if it is able to enter a host

true

antibiotics are toxic

true

assessment of the clinical findings should be done to assure correctness and reliability of the findings

true

chronic diseases and conditions are not typically caused by pathogens

true

cohort studies enable the investigator to study cause and effect because the temporality of exposure and disease is known

true

descriptive epi involves identifying and quantifying associations, testing hypothesis, and identifying causes of heath-related states and events

true

establishing a valid statistical association is a necessary part of establishing a cause-effect relationship

true

for a chronic disease of low incidence and long duration, prevalence of the disease increases relative to incidence

true

married individuals have been shown to experience lower mortality than non-married, regardless of whether the non-married persons were ever married, divorced, separated, or widowed

true

selection of a high-risk population of developing the outcomes of interest is a primary strategy to ensure the accumulation of an adequate number of cases which will develop the end points

true

the chinese observed that getting weaker strain of smallpox was protective against encountering a stronger form. what is this called

variolation

the capacity and strength of the disease to produce severe and fatal cases of illness is

virulence

a valid statistical association in any analytic study design requires consideration of confounding. which is confounding

when an extrinsic factor influences the disease outcome and independent of that relationship also influences the exposure

when is it appropriate to refer to an epidemic as an outbreak

when the epidemic is more localized

Efficacy

Refers to the benefits of a treatment, procedure, or service among those who use it compared to those who do not

who advanced useful treatment and remedies including exercise, fresh air, and a healthy diet, which other physicians also rejected at the time

Thomas Sydenham

how does a proportion differ from a rate

a rate is a proportion with the added dimension of time

the vital statistics registration system in the us collects data on all vital events including

a, b, and c

bladder cancer

aaromatic amines, solvents

sensitivity

ability of the test to correctly ID those with the disease

specificity

ability of the test to correctly ID those without the disease

an age-adjusted rate is weighted average of which of the following

age-specific rates

The definition of epidemiology involves all of the following except

all of the above

a description of communicable disease prevention and control may include all of the following except

all of the above

epidemiology includes the study of what

all of the above

underlying the estimation of sample size are all of the following except

all of the above

which is not associated with a phase II trial

all of the above

yield

amount of screening the test can accomplish in a time period

asthma

asbestos

leukemia

carcinogen: benzene

lung cancer

carcinogen: radon

liver cancer

carcinogen: vinyl chloride

contains, spreads, or harbors in infectious organism

carriers

which of the following best describes a fomite

clothing

epidemiology originally involved the study of what types of diseases

communicable

which of the following is a nuisance variable to be controlled

confounder

which of the following is not a descriptive study design

cross-sectional

which of the following study designs have been associated with prevalence data

cross-sectional

attack rate

cumulative incidence rate

the attack rate is associated with which of the following

cumulative incidence rate

what is the most appropriate type of rate for investigating an outbreak

cumulative incidence rate