Animal Science Final

Calf Crop Production

# of calves weaned divided by # of cows exposed to bull

In 2016, how much of American Ag products were exported around the world?

$ 135.5 Billion

What makes up Santa Gertrudis?

(Started with Hereford, Shorthorn, Brahman) 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Shorthorn

herringbone milking parlor

-cows enter and leave in groups -cows stand at an angle to milkers

parallel milking parlor

-cows enter in groups and leave in groups or individually -cows stand perpendicular to milkers

How heritable is fertility?

0-10%

Monogastric

1 compartment stomach

Non-Ruminant

1 compartment stomach, forage based diet

How fast has the number of large farm animals been increasing each year?

1%

How much energy does Fish, seafood, and aquatic animals contribute?

1.18%

How much energy do eggs contribute?

1.22%

How many countries are eligible to ship to US?

12

What is the length of the time of standing heat in cattle? (estrus)

13-17 hours

What is the average weight at harvest in market steers/heifers?

1300 pounds

What is the average age at harvest?

15-18 months

Kentucky's ranking in poultry

15th

Kentucky's ranking in Beef

16th

How much of the protein in the world does fish provide?

17%

How much energy do all animal products contribute to humans combined?

17.7%

What's Kentucky's Average farm size?

172 acres

What is the average mature bull weight?

1800-3000+ pounds

Kentucky's ranking in swine

18th

What is the length of the estrous cycle in cattle?

19-21 days

Kentucky's ranking in Horse production

1st

What is the ideal age for a heifer to calve for the first time?

2 years old

How many farms in US in 2015?

2.084 million

How much energy does animal fats contribute?

2.13%

What is the maximum recommended steepness for a cattle or pig ramp?

20 degrees

Weaning Weight

20-30% heritable, impacted by pre wean growth, milk from dam, mothering ability, expressed as a 205 adjusted weight

Kentucky Ranks what in exports?

20th

What was the average farm size 50 years ago?

220 acres

What makes up Balancers?

25-75% Gelbvieh

How much of the protein in the world does milk provide?

26%

How much of the calories in the average diet in North America is from animal products?

27.8%

What is the gestation period of a cow?

274-291 days

Kentucky's Ranking in Dairy

27th

Ultrapasteurization

280 F for 2 seconds

What makes up Brangus?

3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus

What makes up a Braford?

3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Hereford

Yearling weights

30-40% heritable, measure with performance tests,

What degree of vision do cattle, pigs, and sheep have?

300

How many people live in US?

320 Million people

What's the US's ranking in consumption and production of pork?

3rd

Ruminant

4 compartment stomach

How much energy does milk contribute?

4.84%

Approximately how many large farm animals throughout the world?

4.9 Billion

How heritable is Disposition

40%

How heritable is yearling weight?

40%

How much of the protein consumed in the world is produced by animals

40%

What was the average farm size in 2015?

438 acres

How much proteins in the world do meat supplies cover?

48.4%

Where is Kentucky in the rankings of number of cattle farms?

4th

What is the average amount of feed needed to gain one pound?

5 lbs of feed

How heritable is mature size?

50%

What's the average dressing percentage for sheep?

50%

What makes up a Beefmaster?

50% Brahman, 25% Hereford, 25% Shorthorn

What is the ideal weaning weight of a calf?

50% of cow's weight at 205 days

What percent of Kentucky is Farmland?

51% (13 million acres)

Over what percent of farms in KY have annual sales of less than $10,000

57

What is the product of Commercial cow-calf production?

6-10 month-old 300-700 pound crossbred calves that are sold at weaning

Feedlot Cattle

6-16 months, 400-1000 pounds, all breeds/species

What happens at the feedlot phase?

600-850 pound cattle finished to market weight/condition

What's the average dressing percentage for cattle?

63%

Kentucky's ranking in farms

6th

What's the average dressing percentage for hogs?

72%

Kentucky's number of farms

75,100

What is the average lifespan of a cow?

8-12+ years

What is the average age at puberty in cattle?

8-14 Months

How much energy does meat and offal contribute?

8.29%

How much of the calories in the average diet in Africa is from animal products?

8.4%

How much of the protein in the world does eggs supply?

8.6%

How much of the space around an animal can distract them?

80%

How much energy do all vegetable products contribute to humans combined?

82.3%

What is the average mature cow weight?

900-1800+ pounds

How many acres of farms were there in 2015?

913 million

Blackleg

A highly fatal disease of young cattle caused by the spore forming, rod shaped, gas producing bacteria, Clostridium chauvoei

Genes

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

Grass staggers and wheat pasture poisoning

AKA Grass Tetany

What are Angus cattle also known as?

Aberdeen Angus

Calving ease

Ability of a female to calve unassisted

How much money do farmers receive?

About 16 cents to every dollar spent

What percent of raw US farm products are exported each year?

About 23%

In 1980, how much money did farmers receive?

About 31 cents to every dollar spent

What do we need to do for the sake of future generations?

Achieve massive increases in yield while protecting air, soil, and water quality

What can be considered normal behavior?

Aggression Routines Nutrition Sexual Behavior Maternal Behavior Teaching & Learning

In order to create a more stable food supply from the land, humans developed a complicated resource management system called?

Agriculture

dominant

An allele that is always expressed

recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

Black, polled, small size, maternal, quality carcasses, cold tolerant, early maturing, most popular

Angus Cattle

Black Baldy

Angus Hereford Cross

Maternal, Quality Carcasses, Cold Tolerant, Early Maturing

Angus Traits

What is the branch of science that deals with managing, caring, and learning to use these animals to our best advantage?

Animal Science

Understanding daily and seasonal trends help us understand what?

Animal activity, sexual cycles, physiological responses

What can animal research benefit?

Animal health, resulting in healthier, longer-lived pets, and healthier, more productive livestock

For importers to the US, what must the countries go through?

Approval by USDA and APHIS based on animal disease status

Ways to exert dominance

Assertive approach, appearing larger, vocal support

Which country (from our chart) has little to no beef consumption?

Australia

What were the top three (in order) suppliers of US beef imports in 2014 & 2015?

Australia, Canada, & New Zealand

What countries are eligible to ship beef to US?

Australia, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Ireland, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Uruguay

Congenital infection of fetus or after birth, calves born through this will constantly shed the virus and continuously infect the environment

BVDV Transmission

Fusobacterium necrophorum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus

Bacteria causing foot rot

Red or Black, hardy, good growth, good maternal traits, high quality carcass

Balancer

Zoonotic and highly contagious

Bang's disease is

Horned or polled, predominately red, small size, fertility and longevity

Beefmaster

Scrotal Circumference

Best indicator of fertility, larger it is -> sooner daughters will reach puberty

Good maternal traits, smaller calves, good growth, hardy, popular

Black Baldy

Species of cattle that are used to hot climates and originated in South Asia/India

Bos Indicus

British breeds/Exotics Acclimated to colder climates

Bos Taurus

indian / brahma cattle

Bos indicus

european cattle

Bos taurus

Horned or polled, red with white markings, small to medium sized, maternal, longevity,

Braford

Large, floppy ears, excessive skin at throat and dewlap, more highly developed sweat glands, used excessively in composite breeds

Brahman Cattle

polled, black or red, small to medium, Maternal and hardy

Brangus

Animals that resemble one another through selection and breeding make up what?

Breed

Who creates breeds?

Breeders and industry

What are some of the disciplines of Animal Science?

Breeding and Genetics, Nutrition, Physiology, Animal Health, Meat Science, Dairy Science, Biotechnology

period of great expansion in numbers of breeds of beef cattle

Breeds revolution

intact goat

Buck

Amino Acids

Building Blocks of proteins

Signs of heat stress

Bunching in the shade slobbering or excessive salivation panting lack of coordination trembling A decrease in perspiration, despite continued signs of stress

Once the products of greatest value have been removed from a carcass, there are still products that have value. What are these products called?

By-Products

What factors make up cow/calf profitability?

Calf crop percentage, weaning weights, annual cow costs, inputs, market price

What are some things that you could manage for high weaning weights?

Calve early, synchronize calving, select heavy milking cows, nutrition, vaccinate, control parasites

Goat

Capra hircus

Goat term

Caprine

Barbados Blackbelly

Caribbean Island of Barbados, Hair breed, Antelope-like appearane, used in crossbreedng, known fro high quality meat, hardiness, reproductive efficient, prolific

Vibriosis

Caused by the bacterium campylobacter fetus and is spread by infected bulls when they mate susceptible cows and heifers

Viruses, parasites, and Bacteria

Causes of Calf Scours

Blockage, diet

Causes of bloat

Hump

Ceba

meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Karakul (fat-tailed/carpet wool breed)

Central asian dual purpose breed, only males have horns, Specialty breed in US, large tail that stores fat, silky fleeces are prized by handspinners, source of milk, meat, tallow, and wool, survive in adverse conditions with very little forage

What's the leading product for human energy consumption?

Cereals (45.16%)

White, horned now polled, large size, good growth, originally bred for milk, meat, and draft

Charolais

natural behavior trained to a non related stimulus

Classical Conditioning

What are some medicines contributed by cattle?

Collagen, cortisol, estrogen, glucagen, heparin, insulin, pancreatin, thrombin, blood factors

What part of the industry has a goal to produce the heaviest calves possible with the least amount of costs?

Commercial Cow-Calf Production

What is the timeline for cattle going into market?k

Commercial cow/calf producers, stocker, feedlot, slaughter

Farm flocks

Commerical, Purebred, Club lamb

Moderate framed, maternal, good carcass quality and marbling, feed efficient, easy fleshing and excellent production in temperate climates

Common traits of British Breeds

Cellulose

Complex, forages

A maintained mix of complimenting breeds

Composite Breeds

Vaccine

Control of BVDV

45-65%

Costs of Dairy that goes to nutrition

A herd of cattle that produces a calf crop each year, calves remain with dam until weaning at approximately 6 months, houses bulls or uses other method, sells offspring each year, keeps replacement females

Cow Calf Production

What part of the industry is found in mostly every state?

Cow-Calf Production

Rotary Parlor

Cows are lined up on a circular track and milked individually

What are Brahman cattle typically used for?

Crossbreeding

20-25%

Cull Dairy cattle and steers provide how much of the beef consumed in US

Chromosomes

DNA containing structures in cells

80%

Dairy cattle produce how much of the world's fluid milk supply

Rough hair coat, Dermatitis, Excess water loss, Impaired Nervous System Function

Deficiency of Lipids

Slow growth, decreased feed efficiency, low BW, Low milk

Deficiency of Proteins

Heat stress can cause:

Depressed appetite Slowed growth Loss of body weight Loss of fertility (lower conception, higher embryo loss) Lower milk production Death

What are some signs of illness?

Depression, lethargy, away from herd, reluctant to move

Most of the demand for the livestock revolution comes from what?

Developing countries

Scours

Diarrhea

more sensitive to harsh contrasts between light and dark colors

Dichromatic vision

What makes it hard for non-adapted animals to improve stock in humid areas?

Diseases and Parasites

What is considered a high quality nitrogen rich fertilizer or protein rich additive to dog and cat food?

Dry Blood Meal

Shorthorns are:

Dual Purpose Cattle

Original name of Shorthorns

Durhams

What are the factors affecting the consumption of animal food products?

Economic status of people, rising population pressures, religion and ethics, agricultural technology

Where did Herefords originate?

England

Shorthorn Origin

England (s)

Milking Shorthorn

England, 1200 lb cow, 1783 (US), red white roan, most versatile, docile, high fertility, grazing effecient, calving ease, vigorous calves. 17000lbs/year, 3.8% butterfat, 3.3% protein

Hampshire

English Ram Breed, arrived 1860, reintroduced 1880s after civil war, Medium wool, high growhth, large frame, black face with wool cap and wool on legs, quality carcasses

Suffolk

English ram breed, Arrived 1888, Most popular breed in US, medium wool, high growth, large fram, head/leg free of wool, heavy, high mutability carcasses

Dorset

English ram breed, horned or polled, 1885, medium wool, med-high growth, prolific, heavy milkers, docile, adapte to almost any environment

Southdown

English ram breed, one of the oldest breeds, contributed to many others, arrival 1648, medium wool, medium growth, small fram, easy keeping, heavy/quality carcasses, early maturing

What kind of industries like racing, rodeos, and bullfighting base their service on the use of animals?

Entertainment

What are some of the reasons for low productivity in large farm animals?

Environmental Stresses, Disease Challenges, Lack of Access to Technology, Different objectives

horse

Equus caballus

Phenylalinine, Valine, Tryptophan, Thronine, Isoleucine, Mehoionine, Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, Leucine

Essential Amino Acids (PVT TIM HALL)

Metabolic Regulation

Essential Fatty acids Use

In the US, we aren't as fond of variety meats, so we ship them to where?

Europe and other countries

Lincoln

Ewe breed from England, 1825 arrival, Used in development of Columbia and Targhee Breeds, One of the largest breeds, very heavy, long stapled fleece, medium growth, average lambing rate, performs well in dry and cold conditions

Merino

Ewe breed, Spain, polled or horned, White, fine wool, low-medium growth, adaptation to range, foundation breed for most modern day fine wool breeds

What developed adaptations in Brahman cattle for survival?

Exposure to inadequate food, pests, parasites, diseases, and weather

Temperature, Genetics, age, nutrition, season, health

Factors that affect reproductive efficiency in sheep

T/F: All animals perspire

False

T/F: In Red Angus cattle, the red color is a dominant trait.

False

T/F: Animals will never adapt to reasonable levels of continuous sound.

False, They will readily adapt

T/F: Humans create artificial environments to make animals best serve us, and the specific nature of the artificial doesn't depend on the service demanded from the animals

False, depends heavily

T/F: Reducing stress on animals has no effect on production.

False, it improves it

T/F: The US sells more food and fiber to world markets than we import, creating a negative agricultural trade balance.

False, positive

T/F: the most important geographical stresses are associated with humans

False, social

T/F: Animals under high amounts of physical stress will not exhibit signs of stress.

False, they can

T/F: Trained animals will not do anything to influence others.

False, they can be used to lead others through a handling facility

T/F: An animal in labor will want to be in the middle of the herd.

False, they want to be separate

T/F: If an animal resists restraint from a device, you should release it immediately.

False, this will teach them that its okay to resist

The shorter the generation interval, the faster or slower genetic improvement.

Faster

What are some of the economic factors of feedlot cattle?

Feed (largest cost), purchase price, medicines/vaccinations, growth promotants, selling price

Why were Texas Longhorns sent east after the Civil War?

Feed the growing population

Range flocks

Fenced migratory

What should help you in selecting bulls?

Fertility (BSE, Scrotal Circumference), weaning weight, birth weight, structural correctness of offspring

Finishing

Final growth/Fattening phase, greater need for energy

What are the feedlots referred to in the industry?

Finishing phase

Finn Sheep (Rat-Tailed breed)

Finland, Finnish Landrace, 1968, Crossbreeding, Medium wool, Low growth rates, very prolific, strong maternal instincts, will lamb on accelerated lambing program, good for meat, milk and wool

Churro

First domesticated sheep in North America, small breed, hardy, disease resistant, long/coarse fleece, rams can carry four horns, fleece used in weaving rugs/blankets

Colostrum

First milk produced after young is born, more fat, protein, minerals, and antibodies, thicker, yellow tint

The area surrounding an animal that, if encroached upon by a potential predator or threat, including humans, will cause alarm and escape behavior.

Flight Zone

Origin of Braford

Florida

What form is the primary contribution of animals to mankind?

Food

What's the categories of Contributions animals make to humans?

Food, Body Coverings, Work, Body Wastes, and Other

Haylage

Forage crop that is choppe and allowed to ferment

Hay

Forage that is cut, dried, and baled

Pasture, Hay, Silage, Haylage

Forages

Origin of Charolais

France

Limousin origin

France (L)

Rambouillet

France, Ewe breed, developed from Merino, popular with many western range flocks, fine wool with tight crimp, med-high growth, Longevity, hardy, strong flocking instinct

sexually imperfect, usually sterile female calf born as a twin with a male calf

Freemartin

What are the shipments of beef from Australia & New Zealand?

Frozen boneless beef for processing

Red or black, polled or horned, maternal, originally bred for milk and meat

Gelvieh

An animal's temperament is based on what

Genetics and Environment

What helped in producing more meat with less cattle?

Genetics, Nutrition, Management, Shifts in the demands of packers

East Friesian

German Milk breed, Large frame, highest producing dairy sheep (1000+ pounds), Does best in small flocks, docile, long, course wool, highly specialized wool

origin of Gelbvieh

Germany

Low maintenance, average muscle and growth, average milk, udder quality, docile

Good Hereford Traits

What is important to prevent animals from sliding?

Good traction

Silage

Grain crop that is chopped and allowed to ferment (storage under anaerobic conditions)

Concentrates

Grains (corn, oats, barley, sorghum) high energy feeds

In 2017, what were the top 5 ag sales in KY?

Grains, Broilers, Cattle/Calves, Horses, Tobacco

Production of Products

Greatest energy needs, need quantity and quality

Pasture

Growing green forage that is grazed by the animal

Three principle strains of bos indicus that were used for the development of brahman

Guzerat, Nellore, and Gir

repeated stimulus leads to no response (low flying airplanes)

Habituation Learning

What helps to determine if a female has been productive?

Had a calf each year, supported her calf each year, maintained herself

Small Operations

Half or more of dairies, family owned, 1-200 head, still diversified

Tie-stall milking parlor

Hand milk or portable milkers

Good things about Bos Indicus

Heat tolerant, Increased Disease and parasite tolerance, performs well in subtropical climates

During this time period, a heavy strain is put onto a female's body causing weight loss, hair/wool loss, & the slowing of milk production.

Heavy Lactation (peak milking period)

Pelvic Diameter

Helps to know how well she will calve

What is the product of greatest demand from the seedstock industry?

Herd sires (bulls)

Horned or Polled, Red with white markings, small to medium size, Docile, hardy, demand to breed to Longhorn Cows

Hereford

Pinkeye

High infectious bacterial disease affecting the eyes of cattle, usually transmitted from flies, Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis

Growth

Higher nutrient need, Animal is increasing size

What are the shipments of beef from Canada & Mexico?

Higher value, fresh or chilled beef sold as cuts

What religion considers cattle sacred for which they cannot be harvested or sold for harvest?

Hinduism

Reticulum

Honeycomb Structure, traps large feed particles, helps with regurgitation

Ingestion

How do cattle get infected with Blackleg?

305 days

How long in a year is a cow milked?

16

How many known vitamins are important to animal health?

Who was the largest contributor of Angus cattle?

Hugh Watson

What two forces are driving the global demand for animal products?

Human population growth & Increasing Income

What is the most stressful problems for production of livestock animals?

Humans

365 Day Calving Interval

Important to keep cows within this to break even

Saliva

Important to the rumen as it functions as a buffer

What country has more cattle than any other country, but very little consumption of beef?

India

Where did Brahman Cattle orginate?

India

Pasture Grazing System

Individual, smaller herds, fed concetrate in milking parlor

Agricultural animals convert _______________ ____________ to __________________ ____________.

Inedible feeds, valuable products

Brucellosis

Infectious disease that occurs from contact with animals carrying Burcella Bacteria (Bang's Disease)

Foot Rot

Infectious disease which causes swelling and lameness in one or more feet

What two religions forbid the consumption of pork?

Islam & Judaism

Jersey

Island of Jersey, 1000 lb cow, 1850s (US), light gray to dark fawn, Small frame, refined head and shoulder, 16000 lb/ year, 4.9% butterfat, 3.7 % protein

Texel

Island of Texel in Netherlands, Ram breed, Med frame, heavy muscled, good quality lean carcasses, medium grade white wool, docile, feed efficient, good pasture

Guernsey

Isle of Gurensey, 1100 lbs cow, 1840 (US arrival), Light red fawn and white, Small framed, lower calving interval, young first calf heifers, good grazer, good in heat, 16000 lb/year, 4.5% butterfat, 3.5% protein, Milk golden color

What can injuries and illnesses prevent an animal from doing?

Keeping up with the herd, getting enough food and water, getting away from a predator

Dry lot system

Kept in barn or lofting shed, fed and watered in same area, grouped by production level, fed total mixed ration, not fed in milking parlor

Pregnancy Toxemia

Ketosis, Twin lamb disease, most common metabolic disease in sheep, Disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism, hypoglycemia, inadequate nutrition and stress in late gestation, more often in overweight ewes

Origin of Brangus

LA

General Range Flocks

Large sheep numbers per flock, Large acreage, Grassland, produce majority of lamb/wool in US

Traits of Zebu cattle

Larger framed, Popular as oxen, Used for milk, meat, and work

Bad things about Zebu cattle

Later maturing, decreased carcass quality and tenderness, large birth weights, not as feed efficient

What are some items made from by products of cattle?

Leather goods, gelatin, adhesive, laundry and dish soap, cosmetics, contact lense cleaner, antifreeze, lubricant, car wax, tires, toilet paper, crayons, ink, candles

What is ironic about the production of beef currently in the US?

Less cattle, but producing more meat

From 2012 to 2015, how many farm acres were we down?

Less than 1 million

From 2010 to 2015, how many acres were we down?

Less than 5.85 million

Red or black, polled, medium to large size, beef and draft

Limousin

Fats and Oils

Lipids

What are some career areas in Animal Science?

Livestock industry, Animal support industries, Pharmaceuticals, Research, Government, Non-Profit organizations

Migratory Range Sheep Production

Located in Mountain States, Winter= low elevation, Summer=High elevation, kept by herder or shepherd, Rambouillet, Targhee, Columbia, Polypay, Merino

Fenced Range Sheep Production

Located in TX, NM, and other areas of SW, Rambouillet and Merino

What should you consider when keeping/culling a herd?

Longevity, conformation, genetic defects

Sight restriction can do what?

Lower stress

Maintenance

Lowest nutrient need, Maintain body weight

S, Ca, P, K, Cl, Mg, Fe

Macrominerals

Katahdin

Maine, 1950s, Hair breed, medium frame, cross of suffolk, african hair sheep, st. croix, wiltshire horn, improved carcass quality, natural resistance to internal parasite, low maintenance, high twin rate, do well on pasture, color variety

Draft animals are important to where?

Many Asian, African, and Latin American countries

The higher the standard of living within a country, the more of what kind of products are consumed?

Meat/Animal Products

What is the fram size of Brahman cattle?

Medium to large

Cr, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, Sn, V, Zn, Co, Cu, Mn, F, I

Microminerals

Awassi

Middle East/arabian desert breed, white with brown heads, fat-tailed breed, natural hardiness, grazing ability, Lactation: 650 poubds per 210 day lactation, males are usually horned, meat, milk, wool

Why did English settlers bring cattle to New England?

Milk and Work

Inorganic, Aids in Bone structure, Body water balance, Metabolic Reactions

Minerals

Protein

Most common Nutrient Deficiency

Lactation

Most demanding stage in an animal's life

Succulent, immature grass (spring)

Most frequent time for Grass staggers

Good Practices

Move small bunches Eliminate electric prods Use anti-back gates Eliminate visual distractions Reduce Noise Slower is faster Train handlers

Holstein- Frisian

Netherlands, 1200-1500 lb cows, black and white, Large frame cows, Largest volume, 22,000 + lb/year, 2.5-3.6% butterfat, 3.2% total protein

Brucellosis

Notifiable Disease

What is a very strong stressor to animals?

Novelty

Decreased

Numbers of Dairy cattle have gradually done what over the last 40 years

What are foods with many nutrients compared to their calories and the nutrients are digestible and readily available called?

Nutrient dense

What are some things that you should manage for high calf crop?

Nutrition, breed early, keep heifers and cows separate, watch closely at calving, test bull fertility

Work

Only applicable to some species, Requires greater amounts of energy

Vaccination maybe

Only possible way of preventing Bang's Disease, but not very effective

Sore Mouth

Orf, contagious pustular dermatitis, viral, control by vaccine, Iodine and Glycerol on lesions

What kind of meats are often considered delicacies?

Organ meats

Where are the majority of feedlots and slaughter houses?

Out west

Enterotoxemia

Overeating disease, Caused by change in feed, rapid increase in concentrate,

sheep

Ovis aries

Person associated with classical conditioning

Pavlov

Fly control, Management, Vaccinate

Pinkeye prevention

Many livestock have what?

Poor depth perception

Increased

Pounds of milk produced has done what over the last 50 years

Vaccination

Prevention for Blackleg

Vaccination, Preconditioning, Decrease stress, adequate nutrition and internal parasite control

Prevention of BRD

ease onto fresh pasture, mix clover with grass, bloat blocks, access to plenty of water

Prevention of Bloat

Keep feet dry, Foot bath

Prevention of Foot Rot

Low calcium diet

Prevention of Milk Fever

Management and Vaccination

Prevention of Scours

Fresh water, .5% ammonium chloride to feed, add calcium to high P diets

Prevention of Urinary Calculi

Feed/Supplement with selenium, Bo-Se

Prevention/Treatment of White Muscle Disease

Temperament is influenced by

Previous experiences and handling

What is the primary purpose of the seedstock industry?

Produce breeding stock

Made up of essential and non-essential amino acids

Protein

Tissue Growth and Repair

Protein is needed for

Animals are a better source of _________ than they are of _________

Protein, Calories

What contribution does agricultural animals make to the welfare of societies?

Providing a variety of products and services

What factors affect the costs of stocker/feeder cattle?

Purchase price, gain ability, quality/quantity of forage, health, shrink of cattle

Red hided, polled, small size, maternal, popular in Great Plains

Red Angus

What were the last animals (in this section) to be domesticated?

Reindeer (3000 B.C)

Bovine Respiratory Disease

Respiratory disease, Shipping Fever, most common and costly disease, caused by environmental factors or infectious agents

Horned or polled, dark red, small to medium size, fertility and longevity, bred to perform in unproductive rangeland conditions

Santa Gertrudis

Where did Angus cattle originate?

Scotland

Where did Red Angus originate?

Scotland (r)

Aryshire

Scotland, 1200 lb cows, Red/White, hardy, Vigorous calves, better under pastures than other breeds, 3.9% butterfat, 3.3% total protein, 18000 lbs/ year milk

What is the only segment that doesn't produce animals whose primary use is for meat consumption?

Seedstock

How does one become a freemartin?

Shared placental membranes and mixing of fluids that can cause each animal to share some characteristics resulting in 90% of female twins to males to be completely infertile and reproductively underdeveloped

What were the first animals (in this section) to be domesticated?

Sheep (8000 B.C)

seasonal breeders

Sheep are ______________. Their estrous cycles when daylight hours decrease and stops cycling when daylight hours increase

Red, white, and roan, polled or horned, medium, mild disposition

Shorthorn

Depression, Loss of appetite, drooped head and ears, Nasal discharge and cough, fever

Signs of BRD

Depression, lameness, fever, death within 12-36 hours

Signs of Blackleg

Excitement or agitation, tremor in muscles of the head and limbs, Stagger and go down to a "sitting" position, often with a 'kink' in her neck, finally lie flat on their side before circulatory collapse, coma and death

Signs of Milk Fever

Watery eye, sensitivity to light

Signs of Pinkeye

Aimless walking, muscle twitching, grinding of teeth, blindness, incoordination, coma, death

Signs of Twin lamb disease

low conception rates, abortion, uterine infections

Signs of Vibriosis

Variety of color commonly white faces or red and white spotted, horned or polled, medium-sized, growthy, originally bred for meat, milk, and draft

Simmental

Most popular exotic, growthy, Medium sized

Simmental Traits

Sugars

Simple quick energy, cell contents, Ex: Glucose

Starches

Simple, quick energy, Grains

What is the source of large amounts of industrial and consumer products?

Slaughter by-products

Kentucky agriculture is dominated by what?

Small family farms

Why was the feedlot industry dissatisfied with cattle around the 1970s?

Small statured, slow growing, light weight

Large Operation

Smaller number, Corporation or family based, 500+ head, More specialized

Club Lamb Farm Flocks

Smaller, Typically Crossbred, marketed 4-H or FFA, Exhibited at local, regional, state or national shows, affordable project

Dorper

South African Hair breed, dorset horn x Blackheaded Persian ewe, 1995, polled, black head, can be all white, high growth rate, very muscular, 150-160% lambing

Small amount of brahman to 25-75% Gelbvieh to add heat tolerance

Southern balancer

What kind of cattle were spread throughout the American West as part of the Spanish mission culture?

Spanish Longhorns

What can assist people with visual, hearing, and other disabilities?

Specially trained animals

What are the uses for domestic animals?

Sports/Recrecreation, work, religion, companions, food

The higher the what, the more meat products are consumed?

Standard of living

White Muscle Disease

Stiff lamb disease, muscular dystrophy, selenium and vitamin E deficiency, degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles, most commonly affects lambs of 2-8 weeks of age,

In order to perceive depth, what much grazing animals do?

Stop and lower their heads

Fear memories form a what in the brain that allows an animal to flee quickly if it sees or hears the same frightening stimulus?

Subcortical circuit

Pig

Sus scrofa domestica

Origin of Simmental

Switzerland

Brown Swiss

Switzerland Alps, 1500 lb cow, 1869 (US arrival), Brown, Darker head and shoulders, Large frame, Docile, Hardy, 19000 lb +/year milk, 4.0% Butterfat, 3.5% total protein

Diarrhea, Calf Pneumonia, Decreased Milk production, Reproductive disorders, increased occurrence of other diseases, death

Symptoms of BVDV

Persistantly infected calf (PI calf) or abortion

Symptoms of BVDV in Pregnant anials

abortion, stillborn, weak calf, retention of fetal membranes, swollen testicles

Symptoms of Brucellosis

Sudden death, nervous disorders, convulsions, grinding teeth

Symptoms of Enterotoxemia

Uncoordinated gait, convulsions, coma, death

Symptoms of Wheat Pasture poisoning

stiffness of hind legs, muscle damage

Symptoms of White muscle disease

British Breeds

Taurine Cattle

Shorthorns are also known as

Teeswater Cattle

Origin of Beefmaster

Texas

What state has the highest number of cattle?

Texas (#)

What state has the most cattle farms?

Texas (f)

Origin of Santa Gertrudis

Texas (sg)

After the Civil War, what breed was sent east?

Texas Longhorns

What condition must the USDA certify from an importing company?

The country's food and regulatory system employs sanitary measures equivalent to US standards

What caused the added attention to the behavior of livestock?

The development of large intensive systems of concentrated livestock production

What did hunter-gatherers use?

The meat, bones, and skins

What will increasingly play a role in food availability and prices?

The world's developing demand for biofuel production

Where's the point of balance on animal?

Their shoulder

Why are meat, eggs, and dairy products important food sources?

They are nutrient dense

In order to provide a better future for livestock production, what needs to happen with agricultural lands?

They will need to be more productive, emphasizing the need for research and subsequent technology development to increase productivity

Late maturing, bigger birth weight, lean and muscular carcasses, below average maternally, poor marbling, large framed

Traits of Charolais

High Calving ease, developed as a dual purpose breed, orginally big BW now moderate, early maturing, good dispositions, excellent fertility and milk production, high cutability carcasses

Traits of Gelbvieh

Below average maternally, produce extremely lean, muscular carcasses, known for nervous and aggressive disposition but have been changing

Traits of Limousin Cattle

Improving reproductive efficiency, maternal ability, fleshing ability; popular for their hair color, Many show winners

Traits of Shorthorn

Antibiotics

Treatment for BRD

Futile

Treatment for Blackleg

Nothing

Treatment for Brucellosis

Antibiotics, fluids, probiotics, Kaopectate

Treatment for Calf scours

Early treatment of antibiotics

Treatment for Pinkeye

Vaccination, run its course

Treatment for Vibriosis

Supportive therapy, cull

Treatment of BVDV

Stomach tube, water and baking soda, mineral oil

Treatment of Bloat

Clean and dry foot, apply antiseptic, give antibiotics

Treatment of Foot Rot

Intravenous calcium and magnesium solution, oral sources of magnesium

Treatment of Grass Tetany

Propylene Glycol daily, C-Section/induced labor

Treatment of Ketosis

Solution of Calcium borogluconate

Treatment of Milk Fever

T/F: All animals have some form of aggressive behavior.

True

T/F: All developed countries have a temperate climate in at least part of their boundary

True

T/F: Animals raised in a variable environment are less likely to be stressed when confronted by novelty.

True

T/F: Animals that are handled gently can be trained to accept restraint voluntarily in a comfortable device

True

T/F: Brahman cattle are very tolerant to heat and resistant to disease.

True

T/F: Facility design can have a strong influence on the animals experiences and can influence the ease with which the animal can be handled in the future.

True

T/F: Timely identification of sick or injured animals can help to minimize unnecessary treatment expenses and production losses.

True

From our charts, which country has the largest amount of beef production and consumption?

US

Where were Brahman cattle bred with cattle from India?

US

What can alleviate some problems with vision in livestock?

Uniform lighting

Urinary Calculi

Urolithiasis, water belly, calculosis, occurs in rams/wethers fed high concentrate diet, stones lodge urethra (high in phosphorus)

Energy, Hormone production, provides essential fatty acids, provides insulation

Use of Lipids

function in regulating certain body processes toward normal health, growth, and reproduction

Vitamin purpose

What demands increase as temperatures rise?

Water

Lubrication, Body temperature regulation, solvent, transporting nutrients and body fluids, necessary in most chemical and metabolic reactions, helps body keep shape

Water Functions

Carbon, Hydrogen,Oxygen

What are carbohydrates made of?

Muscle, enzymes, hormones

What are proteins components of?

Marking harness, ultrasound, bagging, hormones

What are some ways to test pregnancy in ewes

Water, Minerals, Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein

What are the six nutrients?

Sugars, Starches, and Cellulose

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

microbes and protozoa

What breaks down feed in rumen fluid

Forage, concentrate, protein supplement, minerals, vitamins

What is in a TMR?

Provide energy

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Water

What nutrient will the body die more quickly from the deprivation of when compared to any other nutrient?

Modified Live Vaccine

What should you not use in pregnant animals when trying to control the spread of BVDV in your herd?

Every state

What states are dairy cattle found in US?

88% water, 8.6% solids (protein, lactose, minerals), 3-4% Milk fat

What's in fluid whole milk

45-60 days

When does peak lactation occur?

High quality forages, more dependence on concentrate feeds as supplementation

When feeding dairy animals, it is very similar to feeding beef cattle except

Cortez 1519 Churro

When were what kind of sheep introduced by whom to the United States?

Australia and Middle East

Where are there larger sheep numbers?

Rumen

Where fermentation occurs and allows for digestion of fiber, largest compartment

Ewe Breeds

White faced breeds of fine-wool type or crosses, good mothering ability, hardy, good fleece and good volume of wool, slower growth rates

Less wool demand, lower consumer demand for lamb and higher price, decreased resources, predators, diversification of farmers

Why are sheep decreasing in america?

Produces multiple valuable products, utilizes range lands, has less energy requirements than cattle, high adaptable

Why raise sheep?

Additionally to food, what else do humans use animals for?

Wool, hair, & other fibers Feathers Hides Manure - Fertilizer

Another name for Bos Indicus

Zebu Cattle

total mixed ration

a ration that provides all needed feed ingredients in each mouthful of feed a cow eats

Body Condition Score

a visual assessment of an animal's relative proportions of muscle and fat

What percent of US citizens live on a farm?

about 2%

How much of the feed in the US livestock industry is not suitable for human consumption?

about 2/3

Bloat

accumulation of gas in ruminal fore-stomach

What are some things to manage for low cost cows?

accurate records, pregnancy check, utilize cheaper feeds, synchronize breeding

scrapies

affects nervous system, degenerative disease, related to mad cow disease, older sheep, genetic testing, tags, itching and wool pulling, incoordination, muscle tremors, sensitivity to sound or light, weight loss, deadly, no treatment

production of food, fiber, or other plant or animal product

agriculture

50 years ago, how many farms were in US?

almost 5.5 million

examples of geographical stresses

altitude and the terrain

What is used as models for humans in biomedical research?

animals

Breeds

animals that have been selected for a more uniform set of genetics that their species exhibit consistently

Novelty

anything new or sudden in an animal's environment

Should loud or novel noises be avoided?

as much as possible

male castrated young pig

barrow

male pig

boar

Maternal behavior includes the study of

bonding behavior between the female and her offspring mutual recognition negligence or neglect by the female nest-building nursing weaning Learned behavior

cattle

bovine

Disciplines of Animal science

breeding & genetics, physiology, nutrition, animal health, meat science, dairy science, biotechnology

intact male cattle

bull

young cattle

calf

cattle giving birth

calving

Trichomoniasis

caused by a protozoan that infects the urinary tract or vagina

frothy bloat

caused by diet

genetics, injury, milking techniques, unsanitary conditions,

causes of mastitis

the long-time pattern of meteorological factors

climate

types of stress

climatic, nutritional, internal, geographical, social

under 4 male horse

colt

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

common cause of respiratory and reproductive issues in herd

What three things can we do to minimize the amount of stress on our livestock?

communicate clearly, be efficient with your time, be in a calm environment

female given birth cattle

cow

used to direct animals into a single or double chute

crowd pen

What are recommended in handling cattle?

curved single-file chutes

female parent

dam

An animal in pain or discomfort can fall under what causing it to be vulnerable to weight loss, dehydration, and/or predators?

depression

What is included in the study of sexual behavior in animals?

development & maintenance of good mating behaviors in breeding animals, dealing with the unwanted sexual behaviors, identifying females in heat

The study of sexual behavior involves

development and maintenance of good mating behaviors in breeding animals dealing with the unwanted sexual behaviors Identifying females in heat

Dystocia

difficulty birthing

heterozygous

dissimilar genes for a particular trait

mature female goat

doe

What happens in agriculture?

domestic plants and animals are kept for production for human needs

adaption the behavior of animal sto fit the needs of humans

domestication

What are the categories of aggression?

dominance-related, territorial, pain-induced, fear-induced, maternal, predator aggression

To keep pace with demand, many are predicting we need to _____________ animal product output by 2050.

double

oogenesis

egg or ova production

What caused even more attention to animal behavior?

emphasis on animal welfare issues

Udder stimulation

encourages milk to let down

Ag productivity has increased dramatically with the development of

energy intensive mechanization, fertilizer, pesticides, genetic selection, increased efficiency of production and management, biotechnology

Factors that affect the economic traits in cattle

environment and genetics

Horse term

equine

the scientific and objective study of animal behavior, usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions

ethology

mature female sheep

ewe

Polypay

ewe breed developed at US Sheep Experiment station, in 1960s-1970s, cross of targhee, dorset, rambouillet, and finn sheep, Two lamb crops and one wool crop per year, mixed wool, medium size, Prolific breed, extended breeding season, acceptable growth, high carcass quality

problems with humid tropics

extreme heat stress, diseases & parasites

Free gas bloat

failure to release gas or diet

birthing pigs

farrowing

ADEK

fat soluble vitamins

What is a major component of temperament?

fearfulness

under 4 female horse

filly

Omasum

filter, squeezes out water from feed

Abomasum

final compartment, low pH and enzymes to digest the proteins in feed

group of sheep

flock

group of goats

flock/mob

young horse

foal

birthing horse

foaling

castrated male horse

gelding

homozygous

genes for particular trait are identical or alike

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

non-climatic stresses associated with a particular geographic location

geographical stresses

girl pig no baby

gilt

What is the purpose of the stocker?

growing calves to heavier weights on low-priced forage before going to feedlot

hair breeds

hair, look more like goats, superior fertility, survivability, parasite resistance, plus extended breeding season

When using a crowd pen with cattle or pigs, how full should it be?

half to three-quarters full

Understanding livestock behavior improves what?

handler safety and animal welfare

What are examples of inedible feeds in the livestock industry?

hay, pasture, coarse forages, by-products, garbage, & damaged food

female no baby cattle

heifer

group of cattle

herd

group of horses

herd

Group of pigs

herd, drove

causes erosion in very dry, overgrazed areas and contributing to desertification

high winds

covered in dense rain forests and are only marginally used for agriculture

humid tropics

taught by mother

imprint learning

mastitis

infection of the udder

Polyarthritis

inflammation of joints generally caused by a bacterial infection, joint ill, naval ill, stiff joints, reluctant to move, depression, decreased body weight, fever, treat with broad spectrum antibiotic, maintain clean environment to prevent

stresses that affect an individual animal by gaining entrance into the body

internal stresses

To train animals, what must be done with the restraint device?

introduced gradually and gently

young goat

kid

birthing goats

kidding

young sheep

lamb

birthing lambs

lambing

What percentage of people claim farming as an occupation?

less than 1%

What colors can Brahman cattle be?

light grey, red, and black

What are the factors that influence routines?

light, barometric pressure, the endocrine system, feeding, drugs and stress (negatively)

domestic farm animals kept for productive purposes

livestock

shrink

loss between transportation and sales

Hypocalcemia

low blood calcium

Reproduction

male and female, energy and protein, 3rd trimester most criticala,

female over 4 horse

mare

livestock bred and raised for food consumption

market animal

a study of bonding behavior between the female and her offspring, mutual recognition, negligence or neglect by the female, nest-building, nursing, weaning, & learned behavior

maternal behavior

When did the major shift from largely diversified crop-livestock farms to larger, more specialized farms occur?

mid-1940s and 1950s

How many breeds of cattle are there?

more than 70

Feeding

most important factor in profitability of dairy herds

Grass Tetany

often fatal metabolic disorder characterized by low levels of magnesium in blood serum

volatile fatty acids

one of the main by-products of fermentation, absorbed through rumen wall and used as energy

Dairy Breeds

only recent in US, utilized for specialty markets for cheese production

Wool maggors/Fly Strike

open wounds, urine, feces attracted, sets up in rectum, constant movement of dock, hind legs move in high kicking fashion, cleanliness, dock tails

Responding based on reinforcement

operant or instrumental conditioning

an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity whilst, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, GMOs, and growth hormones

organic farming

sheep term

ovine

examples of internal stresses

pathogens and toxins

Young pig

pig, piglet,shoat

pig terms

porcine, swine, hog

Finding the causes of behavioral disorders allows for what?

prevention

Pasteurization

prevents milk from going rancid as quickly, high temp kills all pathogenic bacteria, 161 for 15 seconds

What are the two reasons a curved chutes are more efficient?

prevents the animal from seeing what is at the other end of the chute takes advantage of animal's natural tendency to circle around a handler

Gametogenesis

process by which gametes are produced by gonads through the combination of meiosis and other maturational changes

Commerical Farm Flocks

produce for Meat markets or ethnic markets, largest of farm flocks, uses crossbreeding programs

intact male sheep

ram

low milk production, bad udder, feet/leg issues, repro failure, disease

reasons to cull dairy cattle

How can you reduce costs for producers?

reduce supplemental feed costs, rotation grazing, right genetics, reduce labor costs, strong herd health program

Advantages to training animals

reduced stress, can be done by 1 person, less likely to have injuries

problems of the arid and semiarid regions in ag

seasonal and limited rainfall, stress caused by the heat, high winds

Ram breeds

selected for growth and meat qualities of their offspring, used as terminal sires, lower quality wool,

Low pregnancy rates, redness of vagina, cervix, and uterus, mucous secretion, discharge, fetus dies, infertile for 2-6 months

signs of Trichomoniasis

male parent

sire

Factors that influence the flight zone:

size of enclosure, approaching an animal at its head, handling

Purebred Farm Flocks

smaller operations, emphasize on breed, hobby farms, exhibit at shows and sell at purebred sales

stresses associated with the interactions of an animals including those within the same species

social stresses

baby momma pig

sow

The area of animal science is too large for one area of focus. Because of this, animal science is divided into what

specialties

spermatogenesis

sperm production

male castrated old pig

stag

older than 4 intact male horse

stallion

male castrated cattle

steer

Usually determined by climatic conditions such as temp and rainfall

stresses related to the quantity and quality of available feedstuffs

What are the major portions of the tropics used for agriculture?

subhumid tropics

production of food, fiber, or other plant or animal products using site-specific application that will last over the long term

sustainable agriculture

What climates are the most productive agricultural regions of the world?

temperate environments

factors affecting animal comfort and performance

temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, wind, humidity

Genetics

the ability to transfer specific traits and characteristics to future generations

The study of ingestive behavior requires the study of what controls feed intake such as

the influence of herd or flock behavior palatability environment hormones meal patterns

What controls feed intake?

the influence of herd or flock behavior, palatability, environment, hormones, meal patterns

The increasing animal production is being referred to as what?

the livestock revolution

What does APHIS assess in imports?

the risks of introducing animal diseases as a result of trade

What is so great about beef cattle?

they utilize resources that would otherwise be wasted by humans

homogenized

this is done to most fluid milk in US, prevents milk from separating from liquid portion, cannot make butter out of this milk because of this process, high pressure

Internal parasites

treat with dewormer, normally oral, follow good deworming practices

antibiotics, remove infection

treatment of mastitis

What is an important part of animal management?

understanding how animals communicate

In other developed countries, by products can also be considered specialty foods called?

variety meats

Phenotype

visible Characteristics

Walk through milking parlor

walk head first then step up to be milked

B and C

water soluble vitamins

under 1 horse

weanling

the immediate condition of these factors in a given area

weather

What is the carcass weight?

weight of animal post-slaughter and removal of most internal organs, head, and skin

castrated male goat

wether

castrated male sheep

wether

Suspension of solids in liquid

what is milk

When do problems with aggression and social structure occur?

when animals and humans are forced to compete for dominance

Fertilization

when egg and sperm unite to form an embryo

What things are included in the study of behavioral disorders?

why it developed, institution of a treatment

Sheep keds

wingless fly, poor growth, unthrifty appearance, poor gain, ectoban, ectri, permectin

The US is the ______________ _______________ producer & consumer of chicken

world's largest

Who do predators pose a threat to?

young, old, injured, anyone separated/vulnerable

How old should parents be when offspring are born?

~2 years