Animal Science Final
Calf Crop Production
# of calves weaned divided by # of cows exposed to bull
In 2016, how much of American Ag products were exported around the world?
$ 135.5 Billion
What makes up Santa Gertrudis?
(Started with Hereford, Shorthorn, Brahman) 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Shorthorn
herringbone milking parlor
-cows enter and leave in groups -cows stand at an angle to milkers
parallel milking parlor
-cows enter in groups and leave in groups or individually -cows stand perpendicular to milkers
How heritable is fertility?
0-10%
Monogastric
1 compartment stomach
Non-Ruminant
1 compartment stomach, forage based diet
How fast has the number of large farm animals been increasing each year?
1%
How much energy does Fish, seafood, and aquatic animals contribute?
1.18%
How much energy do eggs contribute?
1.22%
How many countries are eligible to ship to US?
12
What is the length of the time of standing heat in cattle? (estrus)
13-17 hours
What is the average weight at harvest in market steers/heifers?
1300 pounds
What is the average age at harvest?
15-18 months
Kentucky's ranking in poultry
15th
Kentucky's ranking in Beef
16th
How much of the protein in the world does fish provide?
17%
How much energy do all animal products contribute to humans combined?
17.7%
What's Kentucky's Average farm size?
172 acres
What is the average mature bull weight?
1800-3000+ pounds
Kentucky's ranking in swine
18th
What is the length of the estrous cycle in cattle?
19-21 days
Kentucky's ranking in Horse production
1st
What is the ideal age for a heifer to calve for the first time?
2 years old
How many farms in US in 2015?
2.084 million
How much energy does animal fats contribute?
2.13%
What is the maximum recommended steepness for a cattle or pig ramp?
20 degrees
Weaning Weight
20-30% heritable, impacted by pre wean growth, milk from dam, mothering ability, expressed as a 205 adjusted weight
Kentucky Ranks what in exports?
20th
What was the average farm size 50 years ago?
220 acres
What makes up Balancers?
25-75% Gelbvieh
How much of the protein in the world does milk provide?
26%
How much of the calories in the average diet in North America is from animal products?
27.8%
What is the gestation period of a cow?
274-291 days
Kentucky's Ranking in Dairy
27th
Ultrapasteurization
280 F for 2 seconds
What makes up Brangus?
3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus
What makes up a Braford?
3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Hereford
Yearling weights
30-40% heritable, measure with performance tests,
What degree of vision do cattle, pigs, and sheep have?
300
How many people live in US?
320 Million people
What's the US's ranking in consumption and production of pork?
3rd
Ruminant
4 compartment stomach
How much energy does milk contribute?
4.84%
Approximately how many large farm animals throughout the world?
4.9 Billion
How heritable is Disposition
40%
How heritable is yearling weight?
40%
How much of the protein consumed in the world is produced by animals
40%
What was the average farm size in 2015?
438 acres
How much proteins in the world do meat supplies cover?
48.4%
Where is Kentucky in the rankings of number of cattle farms?
4th
What is the average amount of feed needed to gain one pound?
5 lbs of feed
How heritable is mature size?
50%
What's the average dressing percentage for sheep?
50%
What makes up a Beefmaster?
50% Brahman, 25% Hereford, 25% Shorthorn
What is the ideal weaning weight of a calf?
50% of cow's weight at 205 days
What percent of Kentucky is Farmland?
51% (13 million acres)
Over what percent of farms in KY have annual sales of less than $10,000
57
What is the product of Commercial cow-calf production?
6-10 month-old 300-700 pound crossbred calves that are sold at weaning
Feedlot Cattle
6-16 months, 400-1000 pounds, all breeds/species
What happens at the feedlot phase?
600-850 pound cattle finished to market weight/condition
What's the average dressing percentage for cattle?
63%
Kentucky's ranking in farms
6th
What's the average dressing percentage for hogs?
72%
Kentucky's number of farms
75,100
What is the average lifespan of a cow?
8-12+ years
What is the average age at puberty in cattle?
8-14 Months
How much energy does meat and offal contribute?
8.29%
How much of the calories in the average diet in Africa is from animal products?
8.4%
How much of the protein in the world does eggs supply?
8.6%
How much of the space around an animal can distract them?
80%
How much energy do all vegetable products contribute to humans combined?
82.3%
What is the average mature cow weight?
900-1800+ pounds
How many acres of farms were there in 2015?
913 million
Blackleg
A highly fatal disease of young cattle caused by the spore forming, rod shaped, gas producing bacteria, Clostridium chauvoei
Genes
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Grass staggers and wheat pasture poisoning
AKA Grass Tetany
What are Angus cattle also known as?
Aberdeen Angus
Calving ease
Ability of a female to calve unassisted
How much money do farmers receive?
About 16 cents to every dollar spent
What percent of raw US farm products are exported each year?
About 23%
In 1980, how much money did farmers receive?
About 31 cents to every dollar spent
What do we need to do for the sake of future generations?
Achieve massive increases in yield while protecting air, soil, and water quality
What can be considered normal behavior?
Aggression Routines Nutrition Sexual Behavior Maternal Behavior Teaching & Learning
In order to create a more stable food supply from the land, humans developed a complicated resource management system called?
Agriculture
dominant
An allele that is always expressed
recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Black, polled, small size, maternal, quality carcasses, cold tolerant, early maturing, most popular
Angus Cattle
Black Baldy
Angus Hereford Cross
Maternal, Quality Carcasses, Cold Tolerant, Early Maturing
Angus Traits
What is the branch of science that deals with managing, caring, and learning to use these animals to our best advantage?
Animal Science
Understanding daily and seasonal trends help us understand what?
Animal activity, sexual cycles, physiological responses
What can animal research benefit?
Animal health, resulting in healthier, longer-lived pets, and healthier, more productive livestock
For importers to the US, what must the countries go through?
Approval by USDA and APHIS based on animal disease status
Ways to exert dominance
Assertive approach, appearing larger, vocal support
Which country (from our chart) has little to no beef consumption?
Australia
What were the top three (in order) suppliers of US beef imports in 2014 & 2015?
Australia, Canada, & New Zealand
What countries are eligible to ship beef to US?
Australia, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Ireland, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Uruguay
Congenital infection of fetus or after birth, calves born through this will constantly shed the virus and continuously infect the environment
BVDV Transmission
Fusobacterium necrophorum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus
Bacteria causing foot rot
Red or Black, hardy, good growth, good maternal traits, high quality carcass
Balancer
Zoonotic and highly contagious
Bang's disease is
Horned or polled, predominately red, small size, fertility and longevity
Beefmaster
Scrotal Circumference
Best indicator of fertility, larger it is -> sooner daughters will reach puberty
Good maternal traits, smaller calves, good growth, hardy, popular
Black Baldy
Species of cattle that are used to hot climates and originated in South Asia/India
Bos Indicus
British breeds/Exotics Acclimated to colder climates
Bos Taurus
indian / brahma cattle
Bos indicus
european cattle
Bos taurus
Horned or polled, red with white markings, small to medium sized, maternal, longevity,
Braford
Large, floppy ears, excessive skin at throat and dewlap, more highly developed sweat glands, used excessively in composite breeds
Brahman Cattle
polled, black or red, small to medium, Maternal and hardy
Brangus
Animals that resemble one another through selection and breeding make up what?
Breed
Who creates breeds?
Breeders and industry
What are some of the disciplines of Animal Science?
Breeding and Genetics, Nutrition, Physiology, Animal Health, Meat Science, Dairy Science, Biotechnology
period of great expansion in numbers of breeds of beef cattle
Breeds revolution
intact goat
Buck
Amino Acids
Building Blocks of proteins
Signs of heat stress
Bunching in the shade slobbering or excessive salivation panting lack of coordination trembling A decrease in perspiration, despite continued signs of stress
Once the products of greatest value have been removed from a carcass, there are still products that have value. What are these products called?
By-Products
What factors make up cow/calf profitability?
Calf crop percentage, weaning weights, annual cow costs, inputs, market price
What are some things that you could manage for high weaning weights?
Calve early, synchronize calving, select heavy milking cows, nutrition, vaccinate, control parasites
Goat
Capra hircus
Goat term
Caprine
Barbados Blackbelly
Caribbean Island of Barbados, Hair breed, Antelope-like appearane, used in crossbreedng, known fro high quality meat, hardiness, reproductive efficient, prolific
Vibriosis
Caused by the bacterium campylobacter fetus and is spread by infected bulls when they mate susceptible cows and heifers
Viruses, parasites, and Bacteria
Causes of Calf Scours
Blockage, diet
Causes of bloat
Hump
Ceba
meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
Karakul (fat-tailed/carpet wool breed)
Central asian dual purpose breed, only males have horns, Specialty breed in US, large tail that stores fat, silky fleeces are prized by handspinners, source of milk, meat, tallow, and wool, survive in adverse conditions with very little forage
What's the leading product for human energy consumption?
Cereals (45.16%)
White, horned now polled, large size, good growth, originally bred for milk, meat, and draft
Charolais
natural behavior trained to a non related stimulus
Classical Conditioning
What are some medicines contributed by cattle?
Collagen, cortisol, estrogen, glucagen, heparin, insulin, pancreatin, thrombin, blood factors
What part of the industry has a goal to produce the heaviest calves possible with the least amount of costs?
Commercial Cow-Calf Production
What is the timeline for cattle going into market?k
Commercial cow/calf producers, stocker, feedlot, slaughter
Farm flocks
Commerical, Purebred, Club lamb
Moderate framed, maternal, good carcass quality and marbling, feed efficient, easy fleshing and excellent production in temperate climates
Common traits of British Breeds
Cellulose
Complex, forages
A maintained mix of complimenting breeds
Composite Breeds
Vaccine
Control of BVDV
45-65%
Costs of Dairy that goes to nutrition
A herd of cattle that produces a calf crop each year, calves remain with dam until weaning at approximately 6 months, houses bulls or uses other method, sells offspring each year, keeps replacement females
Cow Calf Production
What part of the industry is found in mostly every state?
Cow-Calf Production
Rotary Parlor
Cows are lined up on a circular track and milked individually
What are Brahman cattle typically used for?
Crossbreeding
20-25%
Cull Dairy cattle and steers provide how much of the beef consumed in US
Chromosomes
DNA containing structures in cells
80%
Dairy cattle produce how much of the world's fluid milk supply
Rough hair coat, Dermatitis, Excess water loss, Impaired Nervous System Function
Deficiency of Lipids
Slow growth, decreased feed efficiency, low BW, Low milk
Deficiency of Proteins
Heat stress can cause:
Depressed appetite Slowed growth Loss of body weight Loss of fertility (lower conception, higher embryo loss) Lower milk production Death
What are some signs of illness?
Depression, lethargy, away from herd, reluctant to move
Most of the demand for the livestock revolution comes from what?
Developing countries
Scours
Diarrhea
more sensitive to harsh contrasts between light and dark colors
Dichromatic vision
What makes it hard for non-adapted animals to improve stock in humid areas?
Diseases and Parasites
What is considered a high quality nitrogen rich fertilizer or protein rich additive to dog and cat food?
Dry Blood Meal
Shorthorns are:
Dual Purpose Cattle
Original name of Shorthorns
Durhams
What are the factors affecting the consumption of animal food products?
Economic status of people, rising population pressures, religion and ethics, agricultural technology
Where did Herefords originate?
England
Shorthorn Origin
England (s)
Milking Shorthorn
England, 1200 lb cow, 1783 (US), red white roan, most versatile, docile, high fertility, grazing effecient, calving ease, vigorous calves. 17000lbs/year, 3.8% butterfat, 3.3% protein
Hampshire
English Ram Breed, arrived 1860, reintroduced 1880s after civil war, Medium wool, high growhth, large frame, black face with wool cap and wool on legs, quality carcasses
Suffolk
English ram breed, Arrived 1888, Most popular breed in US, medium wool, high growth, large fram, head/leg free of wool, heavy, high mutability carcasses
Dorset
English ram breed, horned or polled, 1885, medium wool, med-high growth, prolific, heavy milkers, docile, adapte to almost any environment
Southdown
English ram breed, one of the oldest breeds, contributed to many others, arrival 1648, medium wool, medium growth, small fram, easy keeping, heavy/quality carcasses, early maturing
What kind of industries like racing, rodeos, and bullfighting base their service on the use of animals?
Entertainment
What are some of the reasons for low productivity in large farm animals?
Environmental Stresses, Disease Challenges, Lack of Access to Technology, Different objectives
horse
Equus caballus
Phenylalinine, Valine, Tryptophan, Thronine, Isoleucine, Mehoionine, Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, Leucine
Essential Amino Acids (PVT TIM HALL)
Metabolic Regulation
Essential Fatty acids Use
In the US, we aren't as fond of variety meats, so we ship them to where?
Europe and other countries
Lincoln
Ewe breed from England, 1825 arrival, Used in development of Columbia and Targhee Breeds, One of the largest breeds, very heavy, long stapled fleece, medium growth, average lambing rate, performs well in dry and cold conditions
Merino
Ewe breed, Spain, polled or horned, White, fine wool, low-medium growth, adaptation to range, foundation breed for most modern day fine wool breeds
What developed adaptations in Brahman cattle for survival?
Exposure to inadequate food, pests, parasites, diseases, and weather
Temperature, Genetics, age, nutrition, season, health
Factors that affect reproductive efficiency in sheep
T/F: All animals perspire
False
T/F: In Red Angus cattle, the red color is a dominant trait.
False
T/F: Animals will never adapt to reasonable levels of continuous sound.
False, They will readily adapt
T/F: Humans create artificial environments to make animals best serve us, and the specific nature of the artificial doesn't depend on the service demanded from the animals
False, depends heavily
T/F: Reducing stress on animals has no effect on production.
False, it improves it
T/F: The US sells more food and fiber to world markets than we import, creating a negative agricultural trade balance.
False, positive
T/F: the most important geographical stresses are associated with humans
False, social
T/F: Animals under high amounts of physical stress will not exhibit signs of stress.
False, they can
T/F: Trained animals will not do anything to influence others.
False, they can be used to lead others through a handling facility
T/F: An animal in labor will want to be in the middle of the herd.
False, they want to be separate
T/F: If an animal resists restraint from a device, you should release it immediately.
False, this will teach them that its okay to resist
The shorter the generation interval, the faster or slower genetic improvement.
Faster
What are some of the economic factors of feedlot cattle?
Feed (largest cost), purchase price, medicines/vaccinations, growth promotants, selling price
Why were Texas Longhorns sent east after the Civil War?
Feed the growing population
Range flocks
Fenced migratory
What should help you in selecting bulls?
Fertility (BSE, Scrotal Circumference), weaning weight, birth weight, structural correctness of offspring
Finishing
Final growth/Fattening phase, greater need for energy
What are the feedlots referred to in the industry?
Finishing phase
Finn Sheep (Rat-Tailed breed)
Finland, Finnish Landrace, 1968, Crossbreeding, Medium wool, Low growth rates, very prolific, strong maternal instincts, will lamb on accelerated lambing program, good for meat, milk and wool
Churro
First domesticated sheep in North America, small breed, hardy, disease resistant, long/coarse fleece, rams can carry four horns, fleece used in weaving rugs/blankets
Colostrum
First milk produced after young is born, more fat, protein, minerals, and antibodies, thicker, yellow tint
The area surrounding an animal that, if encroached upon by a potential predator or threat, including humans, will cause alarm and escape behavior.
Flight Zone
Origin of Braford
Florida
What form is the primary contribution of animals to mankind?
Food
What's the categories of Contributions animals make to humans?
Food, Body Coverings, Work, Body Wastes, and Other
Haylage
Forage crop that is choppe and allowed to ferment
Hay
Forage that is cut, dried, and baled
Pasture, Hay, Silage, Haylage
Forages
Origin of Charolais
France
Limousin origin
France (L)
Rambouillet
France, Ewe breed, developed from Merino, popular with many western range flocks, fine wool with tight crimp, med-high growth, Longevity, hardy, strong flocking instinct
sexually imperfect, usually sterile female calf born as a twin with a male calf
Freemartin
What are the shipments of beef from Australia & New Zealand?
Frozen boneless beef for processing
Red or black, polled or horned, maternal, originally bred for milk and meat
Gelvieh
An animal's temperament is based on what
Genetics and Environment
What helped in producing more meat with less cattle?
Genetics, Nutrition, Management, Shifts in the demands of packers
East Friesian
German Milk breed, Large frame, highest producing dairy sheep (1000+ pounds), Does best in small flocks, docile, long, course wool, highly specialized wool
origin of Gelbvieh
Germany
Low maintenance, average muscle and growth, average milk, udder quality, docile
Good Hereford Traits
What is important to prevent animals from sliding?
Good traction
Silage
Grain crop that is chopped and allowed to ferment (storage under anaerobic conditions)
Concentrates
Grains (corn, oats, barley, sorghum) high energy feeds
In 2017, what were the top 5 ag sales in KY?
Grains, Broilers, Cattle/Calves, Horses, Tobacco
Production of Products
Greatest energy needs, need quantity and quality
Pasture
Growing green forage that is grazed by the animal
Three principle strains of bos indicus that were used for the development of brahman
Guzerat, Nellore, and Gir
repeated stimulus leads to no response (low flying airplanes)
Habituation Learning
What helps to determine if a female has been productive?
Had a calf each year, supported her calf each year, maintained herself
Small Operations
Half or more of dairies, family owned, 1-200 head, still diversified
Tie-stall milking parlor
Hand milk or portable milkers
Good things about Bos Indicus
Heat tolerant, Increased Disease and parasite tolerance, performs well in subtropical climates
During this time period, a heavy strain is put onto a female's body causing weight loss, hair/wool loss, & the slowing of milk production.
Heavy Lactation (peak milking period)
Pelvic Diameter
Helps to know how well she will calve
What is the product of greatest demand from the seedstock industry?
Herd sires (bulls)
Horned or Polled, Red with white markings, small to medium size, Docile, hardy, demand to breed to Longhorn Cows
Hereford
Pinkeye
High infectious bacterial disease affecting the eyes of cattle, usually transmitted from flies, Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Growth
Higher nutrient need, Animal is increasing size
What are the shipments of beef from Canada & Mexico?
Higher value, fresh or chilled beef sold as cuts
What religion considers cattle sacred for which they cannot be harvested or sold for harvest?
Hinduism
Reticulum
Honeycomb Structure, traps large feed particles, helps with regurgitation
Ingestion
How do cattle get infected with Blackleg?
305 days
How long in a year is a cow milked?
16
How many known vitamins are important to animal health?
Who was the largest contributor of Angus cattle?
Hugh Watson
What two forces are driving the global demand for animal products?
Human population growth & Increasing Income
What is the most stressful problems for production of livestock animals?
Humans
365 Day Calving Interval
Important to keep cows within this to break even
Saliva
Important to the rumen as it functions as a buffer
What country has more cattle than any other country, but very little consumption of beef?
India
Where did Brahman Cattle orginate?
India
Pasture Grazing System
Individual, smaller herds, fed concetrate in milking parlor
Agricultural animals convert _______________ ____________ to __________________ ____________.
Inedible feeds, valuable products
Brucellosis
Infectious disease that occurs from contact with animals carrying Burcella Bacteria (Bang's Disease)
Foot Rot
Infectious disease which causes swelling and lameness in one or more feet
What two religions forbid the consumption of pork?
Islam & Judaism
Jersey
Island of Jersey, 1000 lb cow, 1850s (US), light gray to dark fawn, Small frame, refined head and shoulder, 16000 lb/ year, 4.9% butterfat, 3.7 % protein
Texel
Island of Texel in Netherlands, Ram breed, Med frame, heavy muscled, good quality lean carcasses, medium grade white wool, docile, feed efficient, good pasture
Guernsey
Isle of Gurensey, 1100 lbs cow, 1840 (US arrival), Light red fawn and white, Small framed, lower calving interval, young first calf heifers, good grazer, good in heat, 16000 lb/year, 4.5% butterfat, 3.5% protein, Milk golden color
What can injuries and illnesses prevent an animal from doing?
Keeping up with the herd, getting enough food and water, getting away from a predator
Dry lot system
Kept in barn or lofting shed, fed and watered in same area, grouped by production level, fed total mixed ration, not fed in milking parlor
Pregnancy Toxemia
Ketosis, Twin lamb disease, most common metabolic disease in sheep, Disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism, hypoglycemia, inadequate nutrition and stress in late gestation, more often in overweight ewes
Origin of Brangus
LA
General Range Flocks
Large sheep numbers per flock, Large acreage, Grassland, produce majority of lamb/wool in US
Traits of Zebu cattle
Larger framed, Popular as oxen, Used for milk, meat, and work
Bad things about Zebu cattle
Later maturing, decreased carcass quality and tenderness, large birth weights, not as feed efficient
What are some items made from by products of cattle?
Leather goods, gelatin, adhesive, laundry and dish soap, cosmetics, contact lense cleaner, antifreeze, lubricant, car wax, tires, toilet paper, crayons, ink, candles
What is ironic about the production of beef currently in the US?
Less cattle, but producing more meat
From 2012 to 2015, how many farm acres were we down?
Less than 1 million
From 2010 to 2015, how many acres were we down?
Less than 5.85 million
Red or black, polled, medium to large size, beef and draft
Limousin
Fats and Oils
Lipids
What are some career areas in Animal Science?
Livestock industry, Animal support industries, Pharmaceuticals, Research, Government, Non-Profit organizations
Migratory Range Sheep Production
Located in Mountain States, Winter= low elevation, Summer=High elevation, kept by herder or shepherd, Rambouillet, Targhee, Columbia, Polypay, Merino
Fenced Range Sheep Production
Located in TX, NM, and other areas of SW, Rambouillet and Merino
What should you consider when keeping/culling a herd?
Longevity, conformation, genetic defects
Sight restriction can do what?
Lower stress
Maintenance
Lowest nutrient need, Maintain body weight
S, Ca, P, K, Cl, Mg, Fe
Macrominerals
Katahdin
Maine, 1950s, Hair breed, medium frame, cross of suffolk, african hair sheep, st. croix, wiltshire horn, improved carcass quality, natural resistance to internal parasite, low maintenance, high twin rate, do well on pasture, color variety
Draft animals are important to where?
Many Asian, African, and Latin American countries
The higher the standard of living within a country, the more of what kind of products are consumed?
Meat/Animal Products
What is the fram size of Brahman cattle?
Medium to large
Cr, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, Sn, V, Zn, Co, Cu, Mn, F, I
Microminerals
Awassi
Middle East/arabian desert breed, white with brown heads, fat-tailed breed, natural hardiness, grazing ability, Lactation: 650 poubds per 210 day lactation, males are usually horned, meat, milk, wool
Why did English settlers bring cattle to New England?
Milk and Work
Inorganic, Aids in Bone structure, Body water balance, Metabolic Reactions
Minerals
Protein
Most common Nutrient Deficiency
Lactation
Most demanding stage in an animal's life
Succulent, immature grass (spring)
Most frequent time for Grass staggers
Good Practices
Move small bunches Eliminate electric prods Use anti-back gates Eliminate visual distractions Reduce Noise Slower is faster Train handlers
Holstein- Frisian
Netherlands, 1200-1500 lb cows, black and white, Large frame cows, Largest volume, 22,000 + lb/year, 2.5-3.6% butterfat, 3.2% total protein
Brucellosis
Notifiable Disease
What is a very strong stressor to animals?
Novelty
Decreased
Numbers of Dairy cattle have gradually done what over the last 40 years
What are foods with many nutrients compared to their calories and the nutrients are digestible and readily available called?
Nutrient dense
What are some things that you should manage for high calf crop?
Nutrition, breed early, keep heifers and cows separate, watch closely at calving, test bull fertility
Work
Only applicable to some species, Requires greater amounts of energy
Vaccination maybe
Only possible way of preventing Bang's Disease, but not very effective
Sore Mouth
Orf, contagious pustular dermatitis, viral, control by vaccine, Iodine and Glycerol on lesions
What kind of meats are often considered delicacies?
Organ meats
Where are the majority of feedlots and slaughter houses?
Out west
Enterotoxemia
Overeating disease, Caused by change in feed, rapid increase in concentrate,
sheep
Ovis aries
Person associated with classical conditioning
Pavlov
Fly control, Management, Vaccinate
Pinkeye prevention
Many livestock have what?
Poor depth perception
Increased
Pounds of milk produced has done what over the last 50 years
Vaccination
Prevention for Blackleg
Vaccination, Preconditioning, Decrease stress, adequate nutrition and internal parasite control
Prevention of BRD
ease onto fresh pasture, mix clover with grass, bloat blocks, access to plenty of water
Prevention of Bloat
Keep feet dry, Foot bath
Prevention of Foot Rot
Low calcium diet
Prevention of Milk Fever
Management and Vaccination
Prevention of Scours
Fresh water, .5% ammonium chloride to feed, add calcium to high P diets
Prevention of Urinary Calculi
Feed/Supplement with selenium, Bo-Se
Prevention/Treatment of White Muscle Disease
Temperament is influenced by
Previous experiences and handling
What is the primary purpose of the seedstock industry?
Produce breeding stock
Made up of essential and non-essential amino acids
Protein
Tissue Growth and Repair
Protein is needed for
Animals are a better source of _________ than they are of _________
Protein, Calories
What contribution does agricultural animals make to the welfare of societies?
Providing a variety of products and services
What factors affect the costs of stocker/feeder cattle?
Purchase price, gain ability, quality/quantity of forage, health, shrink of cattle
Red hided, polled, small size, maternal, popular in Great Plains
Red Angus
What were the last animals (in this section) to be domesticated?
Reindeer (3000 B.C)
Bovine Respiratory Disease
Respiratory disease, Shipping Fever, most common and costly disease, caused by environmental factors or infectious agents
Horned or polled, dark red, small to medium size, fertility and longevity, bred to perform in unproductive rangeland conditions
Santa Gertrudis
Where did Angus cattle originate?
Scotland
Where did Red Angus originate?
Scotland (r)
Aryshire
Scotland, 1200 lb cows, Red/White, hardy, Vigorous calves, better under pastures than other breeds, 3.9% butterfat, 3.3% total protein, 18000 lbs/ year milk
What is the only segment that doesn't produce animals whose primary use is for meat consumption?
Seedstock
How does one become a freemartin?
Shared placental membranes and mixing of fluids that can cause each animal to share some characteristics resulting in 90% of female twins to males to be completely infertile and reproductively underdeveloped
What were the first animals (in this section) to be domesticated?
Sheep (8000 B.C)
seasonal breeders
Sheep are ______________. Their estrous cycles when daylight hours decrease and stops cycling when daylight hours increase
Red, white, and roan, polled or horned, medium, mild disposition
Shorthorn
Depression, Loss of appetite, drooped head and ears, Nasal discharge and cough, fever
Signs of BRD
Depression, lameness, fever, death within 12-36 hours
Signs of Blackleg
Excitement or agitation, tremor in muscles of the head and limbs, Stagger and go down to a "sitting" position, often with a 'kink' in her neck, finally lie flat on their side before circulatory collapse, coma and death
Signs of Milk Fever
Watery eye, sensitivity to light
Signs of Pinkeye
Aimless walking, muscle twitching, grinding of teeth, blindness, incoordination, coma, death
Signs of Twin lamb disease
low conception rates, abortion, uterine infections
Signs of Vibriosis
Variety of color commonly white faces or red and white spotted, horned or polled, medium-sized, growthy, originally bred for meat, milk, and draft
Simmental
Most popular exotic, growthy, Medium sized
Simmental Traits
Sugars
Simple quick energy, cell contents, Ex: Glucose
Starches
Simple, quick energy, Grains
What is the source of large amounts of industrial and consumer products?
Slaughter by-products
Kentucky agriculture is dominated by what?
Small family farms
Why was the feedlot industry dissatisfied with cattle around the 1970s?
Small statured, slow growing, light weight
Large Operation
Smaller number, Corporation or family based, 500+ head, More specialized
Club Lamb Farm Flocks
Smaller, Typically Crossbred, marketed 4-H or FFA, Exhibited at local, regional, state or national shows, affordable project
Dorper
South African Hair breed, dorset horn x Blackheaded Persian ewe, 1995, polled, black head, can be all white, high growth rate, very muscular, 150-160% lambing
Small amount of brahman to 25-75% Gelbvieh to add heat tolerance
Southern balancer
What kind of cattle were spread throughout the American West as part of the Spanish mission culture?
Spanish Longhorns
What can assist people with visual, hearing, and other disabilities?
Specially trained animals
What are the uses for domestic animals?
Sports/Recrecreation, work, religion, companions, food
The higher the what, the more meat products are consumed?
Standard of living
White Muscle Disease
Stiff lamb disease, muscular dystrophy, selenium and vitamin E deficiency, degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles, most commonly affects lambs of 2-8 weeks of age,
In order to perceive depth, what much grazing animals do?
Stop and lower their heads
Fear memories form a what in the brain that allows an animal to flee quickly if it sees or hears the same frightening stimulus?
Subcortical circuit
Pig
Sus scrofa domestica
Origin of Simmental
Switzerland
Brown Swiss
Switzerland Alps, 1500 lb cow, 1869 (US arrival), Brown, Darker head and shoulders, Large frame, Docile, Hardy, 19000 lb +/year milk, 4.0% Butterfat, 3.5% total protein
Diarrhea, Calf Pneumonia, Decreased Milk production, Reproductive disorders, increased occurrence of other diseases, death
Symptoms of BVDV
Persistantly infected calf (PI calf) or abortion
Symptoms of BVDV in Pregnant anials
abortion, stillborn, weak calf, retention of fetal membranes, swollen testicles
Symptoms of Brucellosis
Sudden death, nervous disorders, convulsions, grinding teeth
Symptoms of Enterotoxemia
Uncoordinated gait, convulsions, coma, death
Symptoms of Wheat Pasture poisoning
stiffness of hind legs, muscle damage
Symptoms of White muscle disease
British Breeds
Taurine Cattle
Shorthorns are also known as
Teeswater Cattle
Origin of Beefmaster
Texas
What state has the highest number of cattle?
Texas (#)
What state has the most cattle farms?
Texas (f)
Origin of Santa Gertrudis
Texas (sg)
After the Civil War, what breed was sent east?
Texas Longhorns
What condition must the USDA certify from an importing company?
The country's food and regulatory system employs sanitary measures equivalent to US standards
What caused the added attention to the behavior of livestock?
The development of large intensive systems of concentrated livestock production
What did hunter-gatherers use?
The meat, bones, and skins
What will increasingly play a role in food availability and prices?
The world's developing demand for biofuel production
Where's the point of balance on animal?
Their shoulder
Why are meat, eggs, and dairy products important food sources?
They are nutrient dense
In order to provide a better future for livestock production, what needs to happen with agricultural lands?
They will need to be more productive, emphasizing the need for research and subsequent technology development to increase productivity
Late maturing, bigger birth weight, lean and muscular carcasses, below average maternally, poor marbling, large framed
Traits of Charolais
High Calving ease, developed as a dual purpose breed, orginally big BW now moderate, early maturing, good dispositions, excellent fertility and milk production, high cutability carcasses
Traits of Gelbvieh
Below average maternally, produce extremely lean, muscular carcasses, known for nervous and aggressive disposition but have been changing
Traits of Limousin Cattle
Improving reproductive efficiency, maternal ability, fleshing ability; popular for their hair color, Many show winners
Traits of Shorthorn
Antibiotics
Treatment for BRD
Futile
Treatment for Blackleg
Nothing
Treatment for Brucellosis
Antibiotics, fluids, probiotics, Kaopectate
Treatment for Calf scours
Early treatment of antibiotics
Treatment for Pinkeye
Vaccination, run its course
Treatment for Vibriosis
Supportive therapy, cull
Treatment of BVDV
Stomach tube, water and baking soda, mineral oil
Treatment of Bloat
Clean and dry foot, apply antiseptic, give antibiotics
Treatment of Foot Rot
Intravenous calcium and magnesium solution, oral sources of magnesium
Treatment of Grass Tetany
Propylene Glycol daily, C-Section/induced labor
Treatment of Ketosis
Solution of Calcium borogluconate
Treatment of Milk Fever
T/F: All animals have some form of aggressive behavior.
True
T/F: All developed countries have a temperate climate in at least part of their boundary
True
T/F: Animals raised in a variable environment are less likely to be stressed when confronted by novelty.
True
T/F: Animals that are handled gently can be trained to accept restraint voluntarily in a comfortable device
True
T/F: Brahman cattle are very tolerant to heat and resistant to disease.
True
T/F: Facility design can have a strong influence on the animals experiences and can influence the ease with which the animal can be handled in the future.
True
T/F: Timely identification of sick or injured animals can help to minimize unnecessary treatment expenses and production losses.
True
From our charts, which country has the largest amount of beef production and consumption?
US
Where were Brahman cattle bred with cattle from India?
US
What can alleviate some problems with vision in livestock?
Uniform lighting
Urinary Calculi
Urolithiasis, water belly, calculosis, occurs in rams/wethers fed high concentrate diet, stones lodge urethra (high in phosphorus)
Energy, Hormone production, provides essential fatty acids, provides insulation
Use of Lipids
function in regulating certain body processes toward normal health, growth, and reproduction
Vitamin purpose
What demands increase as temperatures rise?
Water
Lubrication, Body temperature regulation, solvent, transporting nutrients and body fluids, necessary in most chemical and metabolic reactions, helps body keep shape
Water Functions
Carbon, Hydrogen,Oxygen
What are carbohydrates made of?
Muscle, enzymes, hormones
What are proteins components of?
Marking harness, ultrasound, bagging, hormones
What are some ways to test pregnancy in ewes
Water, Minerals, Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein
What are the six nutrients?
Sugars, Starches, and Cellulose
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
microbes and protozoa
What breaks down feed in rumen fluid
Forage, concentrate, protein supplement, minerals, vitamins
What is in a TMR?
Provide energy
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Water
What nutrient will the body die more quickly from the deprivation of when compared to any other nutrient?
Modified Live Vaccine
What should you not use in pregnant animals when trying to control the spread of BVDV in your herd?
Every state
What states are dairy cattle found in US?
88% water, 8.6% solids (protein, lactose, minerals), 3-4% Milk fat
What's in fluid whole milk
45-60 days
When does peak lactation occur?
High quality forages, more dependence on concentrate feeds as supplementation
When feeding dairy animals, it is very similar to feeding beef cattle except
Cortez 1519 Churro
When were what kind of sheep introduced by whom to the United States?
Australia and Middle East
Where are there larger sheep numbers?
Rumen
Where fermentation occurs and allows for digestion of fiber, largest compartment
Ewe Breeds
White faced breeds of fine-wool type or crosses, good mothering ability, hardy, good fleece and good volume of wool, slower growth rates
Less wool demand, lower consumer demand for lamb and higher price, decreased resources, predators, diversification of farmers
Why are sheep decreasing in america?
Produces multiple valuable products, utilizes range lands, has less energy requirements than cattle, high adaptable
Why raise sheep?
Additionally to food, what else do humans use animals for?
Wool, hair, & other fibers Feathers Hides Manure - Fertilizer
Another name for Bos Indicus
Zebu Cattle
total mixed ration
a ration that provides all needed feed ingredients in each mouthful of feed a cow eats
Body Condition Score
a visual assessment of an animal's relative proportions of muscle and fat
What percent of US citizens live on a farm?
about 2%
How much of the feed in the US livestock industry is not suitable for human consumption?
about 2/3
Bloat
accumulation of gas in ruminal fore-stomach
What are some things to manage for low cost cows?
accurate records, pregnancy check, utilize cheaper feeds, synchronize breeding
scrapies
affects nervous system, degenerative disease, related to mad cow disease, older sheep, genetic testing, tags, itching and wool pulling, incoordination, muscle tremors, sensitivity to sound or light, weight loss, deadly, no treatment
production of food, fiber, or other plant or animal product
agriculture
50 years ago, how many farms were in US?
almost 5.5 million
examples of geographical stresses
altitude and the terrain
What is used as models for humans in biomedical research?
animals
Breeds
animals that have been selected for a more uniform set of genetics that their species exhibit consistently
Novelty
anything new or sudden in an animal's environment
Should loud or novel noises be avoided?
as much as possible
male castrated young pig
barrow
male pig
boar
Maternal behavior includes the study of
bonding behavior between the female and her offspring mutual recognition negligence or neglect by the female nest-building nursing weaning Learned behavior
cattle
bovine
Disciplines of Animal science
breeding & genetics, physiology, nutrition, animal health, meat science, dairy science, biotechnology
intact male cattle
bull
young cattle
calf
cattle giving birth
calving
Trichomoniasis
caused by a protozoan that infects the urinary tract or vagina
frothy bloat
caused by diet
genetics, injury, milking techniques, unsanitary conditions,
causes of mastitis
the long-time pattern of meteorological factors
climate
types of stress
climatic, nutritional, internal, geographical, social
under 4 male horse
colt
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
common cause of respiratory and reproductive issues in herd
What three things can we do to minimize the amount of stress on our livestock?
communicate clearly, be efficient with your time, be in a calm environment
female given birth cattle
cow
used to direct animals into a single or double chute
crowd pen
What are recommended in handling cattle?
curved single-file chutes
female parent
dam
An animal in pain or discomfort can fall under what causing it to be vulnerable to weight loss, dehydration, and/or predators?
depression
What is included in the study of sexual behavior in animals?
development & maintenance of good mating behaviors in breeding animals, dealing with the unwanted sexual behaviors, identifying females in heat
The study of sexual behavior involves
development and maintenance of good mating behaviors in breeding animals dealing with the unwanted sexual behaviors Identifying females in heat
Dystocia
difficulty birthing
heterozygous
dissimilar genes for a particular trait
mature female goat
doe
What happens in agriculture?
domestic plants and animals are kept for production for human needs
adaption the behavior of animal sto fit the needs of humans
domestication
What are the categories of aggression?
dominance-related, territorial, pain-induced, fear-induced, maternal, predator aggression
To keep pace with demand, many are predicting we need to _____________ animal product output by 2050.
double
oogenesis
egg or ova production
What caused even more attention to animal behavior?
emphasis on animal welfare issues
Udder stimulation
encourages milk to let down
Ag productivity has increased dramatically with the development of
energy intensive mechanization, fertilizer, pesticides, genetic selection, increased efficiency of production and management, biotechnology
Factors that affect the economic traits in cattle
environment and genetics
Horse term
equine
the scientific and objective study of animal behavior, usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions
ethology
mature female sheep
ewe
Polypay
ewe breed developed at US Sheep Experiment station, in 1960s-1970s, cross of targhee, dorset, rambouillet, and finn sheep, Two lamb crops and one wool crop per year, mixed wool, medium size, Prolific breed, extended breeding season, acceptable growth, high carcass quality
problems with humid tropics
extreme heat stress, diseases & parasites
Free gas bloat
failure to release gas or diet
birthing pigs
farrowing
ADEK
fat soluble vitamins
What is a major component of temperament?
fearfulness
under 4 female horse
filly
Omasum
filter, squeezes out water from feed
Abomasum
final compartment, low pH and enzymes to digest the proteins in feed
group of sheep
flock
group of goats
flock/mob
young horse
foal
birthing horse
foaling
castrated male horse
gelding
homozygous
genes for particular trait are identical or alike
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
non-climatic stresses associated with a particular geographic location
geographical stresses
girl pig no baby
gilt
What is the purpose of the stocker?
growing calves to heavier weights on low-priced forage before going to feedlot
hair breeds
hair, look more like goats, superior fertility, survivability, parasite resistance, plus extended breeding season
When using a crowd pen with cattle or pigs, how full should it be?
half to three-quarters full
Understanding livestock behavior improves what?
handler safety and animal welfare
What are examples of inedible feeds in the livestock industry?
hay, pasture, coarse forages, by-products, garbage, & damaged food
female no baby cattle
heifer
group of cattle
herd
group of horses
herd
Group of pigs
herd, drove
causes erosion in very dry, overgrazed areas and contributing to desertification
high winds
covered in dense rain forests and are only marginally used for agriculture
humid tropics
taught by mother
imprint learning
mastitis
infection of the udder
Polyarthritis
inflammation of joints generally caused by a bacterial infection, joint ill, naval ill, stiff joints, reluctant to move, depression, decreased body weight, fever, treat with broad spectrum antibiotic, maintain clean environment to prevent
stresses that affect an individual animal by gaining entrance into the body
internal stresses
To train animals, what must be done with the restraint device?
introduced gradually and gently
young goat
kid
birthing goats
kidding
young sheep
lamb
birthing lambs
lambing
What percentage of people claim farming as an occupation?
less than 1%
What colors can Brahman cattle be?
light grey, red, and black
What are the factors that influence routines?
light, barometric pressure, the endocrine system, feeding, drugs and stress (negatively)
domestic farm animals kept for productive purposes
livestock
shrink
loss between transportation and sales
Hypocalcemia
low blood calcium
Reproduction
male and female, energy and protein, 3rd trimester most criticala,
female over 4 horse
mare
livestock bred and raised for food consumption
market animal
a study of bonding behavior between the female and her offspring, mutual recognition, negligence or neglect by the female, nest-building, nursing, weaning, & learned behavior
maternal behavior
When did the major shift from largely diversified crop-livestock farms to larger, more specialized farms occur?
mid-1940s and 1950s
How many breeds of cattle are there?
more than 70
Feeding
most important factor in profitability of dairy herds
Grass Tetany
often fatal metabolic disorder characterized by low levels of magnesium in blood serum
volatile fatty acids
one of the main by-products of fermentation, absorbed through rumen wall and used as energy
Dairy Breeds
only recent in US, utilized for specialty markets for cheese production
Wool maggors/Fly Strike
open wounds, urine, feces attracted, sets up in rectum, constant movement of dock, hind legs move in high kicking fashion, cleanliness, dock tails
Responding based on reinforcement
operant or instrumental conditioning
an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity whilst, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, GMOs, and growth hormones
organic farming
sheep term
ovine
examples of internal stresses
pathogens and toxins
Young pig
pig, piglet,shoat
pig terms
porcine, swine, hog
Finding the causes of behavioral disorders allows for what?
prevention
Pasteurization
prevents milk from going rancid as quickly, high temp kills all pathogenic bacteria, 161 for 15 seconds
What are the two reasons a curved chutes are more efficient?
prevents the animal from seeing what is at the other end of the chute takes advantage of animal's natural tendency to circle around a handler
Gametogenesis
process by which gametes are produced by gonads through the combination of meiosis and other maturational changes
Commerical Farm Flocks
produce for Meat markets or ethnic markets, largest of farm flocks, uses crossbreeding programs
intact male sheep
ram
low milk production, bad udder, feet/leg issues, repro failure, disease
reasons to cull dairy cattle
How can you reduce costs for producers?
reduce supplemental feed costs, rotation grazing, right genetics, reduce labor costs, strong herd health program
Advantages to training animals
reduced stress, can be done by 1 person, less likely to have injuries
problems of the arid and semiarid regions in ag
seasonal and limited rainfall, stress caused by the heat, high winds
Ram breeds
selected for growth and meat qualities of their offspring, used as terminal sires, lower quality wool,
Low pregnancy rates, redness of vagina, cervix, and uterus, mucous secretion, discharge, fetus dies, infertile for 2-6 months
signs of Trichomoniasis
male parent
sire
Factors that influence the flight zone:
size of enclosure, approaching an animal at its head, handling
Purebred Farm Flocks
smaller operations, emphasize on breed, hobby farms, exhibit at shows and sell at purebred sales
stresses associated with the interactions of an animals including those within the same species
social stresses
baby momma pig
sow
The area of animal science is too large for one area of focus. Because of this, animal science is divided into what
specialties
spermatogenesis
sperm production
male castrated old pig
stag
older than 4 intact male horse
stallion
male castrated cattle
steer
Usually determined by climatic conditions such as temp and rainfall
stresses related to the quantity and quality of available feedstuffs
What are the major portions of the tropics used for agriculture?
subhumid tropics
production of food, fiber, or other plant or animal products using site-specific application that will last over the long term
sustainable agriculture
What climates are the most productive agricultural regions of the world?
temperate environments
factors affecting animal comfort and performance
temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, wind, humidity
Genetics
the ability to transfer specific traits and characteristics to future generations
The study of ingestive behavior requires the study of what controls feed intake such as
the influence of herd or flock behavior palatability environment hormones meal patterns
What controls feed intake?
the influence of herd or flock behavior, palatability, environment, hormones, meal patterns
The increasing animal production is being referred to as what?
the livestock revolution
What does APHIS assess in imports?
the risks of introducing animal diseases as a result of trade
What is so great about beef cattle?
they utilize resources that would otherwise be wasted by humans
homogenized
this is done to most fluid milk in US, prevents milk from separating from liquid portion, cannot make butter out of this milk because of this process, high pressure
Internal parasites
treat with dewormer, normally oral, follow good deworming practices
antibiotics, remove infection
treatment of mastitis
What is an important part of animal management?
understanding how animals communicate
In other developed countries, by products can also be considered specialty foods called?
variety meats
Phenotype
visible Characteristics
Walk through milking parlor
walk head first then step up to be milked
B and C
water soluble vitamins
under 1 horse
weanling
the immediate condition of these factors in a given area
weather
What is the carcass weight?
weight of animal post-slaughter and removal of most internal organs, head, and skin
castrated male goat
wether
castrated male sheep
wether
Suspension of solids in liquid
what is milk
When do problems with aggression and social structure occur?
when animals and humans are forced to compete for dominance
Fertilization
when egg and sperm unite to form an embryo
What things are included in the study of behavioral disorders?
why it developed, institution of a treatment
Sheep keds
wingless fly, poor growth, unthrifty appearance, poor gain, ectoban, ectri, permectin
The US is the ______________ _______________ producer & consumer of chicken
world's largest
Who do predators pose a threat to?
young, old, injured, anyone separated/vulnerable
How old should parents be when offspring are born?
~2 years
