ANS 104 MT 1

environmental component in dressage example

-Takes years to train dressage horse -changes over life-time of animal-subject to improvement and refinement, adaptable and modifiable -Involves learning -Involves systematic development/training, in response to stimuli from trainer -Communication between horse and rider -animal understands outcome

improve animal care

a reason for studying animal behavior -create a physical and social environment that allows for animal to display natural behaviors -improve training techniques -enhance human-animal bond

gene

a segmant of protein encoding DNA ex: eye color

crepuscular

active at dawn and dusk, inactive in day and night ex: swine, wolves, domestic cat/dog, deer, rabbits

nocturnal

active in night, inactive in day ex: large cats, raccoons, owls, bats, mouse

dinurnal

active in the day, inactive at night ex: humans, cattle, goats, sheep, poultry

effects of the moon

Moon orbits the earth once per 27.3 days • Moon's gravitational pull affects tides on Earth • Twice-daily ocean tides • Tidal levels vary during moon's phases (spring and neap tides) • Changes in illumination (light) at night some animals rely on the tide for their biological rhythm

enviro rhythms and domestic animal behavior

Most daily and annual animal rhythms are linked to cyclical environmental changes caused by Earth's rhythms • Includes periods of activity/sleep, feeding, breeding, fluctuations in body temp, and hormone levels -LIGHT IS MOST IMPORTANT

light in commerical broiler chicken farms

Poultry have photoreceptors in eyes AND in their pineal gland (in the brain!) • Commercial poultry industry raises meat birds (broilers and turkeys) under constant dim lighting to discourage activity (promote rapid growth) in high brightness they would have low and then high periods of activities but in dim they just have constant inactivity which is better for production since it promotes growth

short day breeders

ewe, nanny, doe when there is less day light like during the fall these animals will breed so that they will gestate so that during the springtime so that they have enough food

discrimination in sight

ex: goat painted on different parts with black to see if mother accepted the goat or rejected it when goats all black 10/10 , with a black head 10/10 all the other parts that were painted had less aggression shows that goats distinguish the face the most and thats how they recognize their offspring

contrafreeloading

is the behavior where an animal chooses to work for food even when identical food can be obtained without any effort ex: jungle fowl that engaged more in contrafreeloading than the domestic leghorn

optimal parental/maternal investment

it is more optimal for a mother to stop taking care of their young at a certain time and start investing in new offspring --> leads to weaning

events of reproduction

puberty --> age at which reproductive organs become functional estrous cycle --> repetitive cycle occurring when not pregnancy -estrus: heat or receptivity to mating -fertilization: egg and sperm unite there is a changing in hormones

domestication changes the

quanity (thresholds/amounts) of a behavior, not the quality (motor patterns) of a behavior --> no new behaviors created, there have been new ones added but they still keep the behaviors from the wild ancestors

environmental protection

reason for studying domestic animal behavior animal behavior provides early warning signs of environmnetal issues, guide future ecological monitoring

primary sexual characteristics

reproductive organs

altricial

requires nourishment --> less developed deaf, blind, nude and are deficient in motor control and temperature regulation

given an example of a monogamous relationship due to predator avoidance

rhinoceros honrbill ex: creates nest sin hollowed out areas in trees so that when the female lays her eggs they are far away from jaguars, they can cover up the hole with their own feces so that she is protected, the mother stays inside and the father will go and get food and feed through the hole this partnership that evolved for the survival of their baby. the man is dedicated to this one woman ---> basically a unique predator avoidance strategy

example of circadian rhythm experiment

rooster at dawn study two groups of rooster, one in dim light/bright light and the other in just dim light the rooster would crow 2 hours before bright light even though the cycle outside was different they could match to the other one the other group didnt have fake sunrise or sunset so even without external clock they would base it on internal circadian clock and crowed every 23.7 hours

circadian rhythm

roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living being cycles in: sleep/wakefulness cycle • body temperature • patterns of hormone secretion • blood pressure • digestive secretions • levels of alertness

assessing the role of environment vs genetics on animal behavior

selective breeding, hybridization, knock-out, QTL

sexual monogamy

sexual behavior restricted exclusively to the pair purely sexual and are restricted to their partner

direct benefits as a female choice

the male will provide necessary and essential resources like food and water, shelter (nest/denning sites), protection like predators and other males and offspring care

phenotype

the observable characteristics or traits of an organism red or blue

how important is smell in the discrimination of young (maternal behavior)

very important, mother can't distinguish her child if anosmic anosmic: can't smell did a study to determine how smell works with discrimination intact acceptance rate vs anosmic acceptance rate own kids: 8/8 9/9 similar looking alien: 0/4 7/9 different looking alien: 0/8 6/9 anosmic could detect that a different child wasnt her own

curiosity as a factor of why we learn about domestic animal behavior

want to know more about: animal communication -animal cognition --> perception --> attention ---> learning ---> memory

why do we care about sexual reproduction

want to know their rituals for species conservation great for ethologists to understand due to the fact that we have a large investment in making adequate offspring

knockouts

way of assessing if genetic or environmental behavior ex: normal male mouse sniffs female and gets sexually ready vs smelling other male mouse makes them fight study: take out TRP2 protein in male mice which is suppose to process pheromones expressed in esturs detection and sex the male with the knockout will sniff the female and still get sexual, but when he sniffs the male he gets sexually ready also (unlike before when they would fight) o the TRP2 is important in determining the sex because they can still have sexual relations but it will be with both a male and a female mouse, this is something they have GENETICALLY it is NOT learned

behavior threshold

what does it take to make an animal do soemthing ex: make a dog bark there is a different threshold for each pet and also in breeds basenji-african hunting dog is bred for stealth so it will take a lot longer for the dog to park but still has the ability --> the threshold to bark has changed

entrainment

when the internal rhythm 're-sets' to match external stimuli ex: jet lag --> going from NY to SF, once in one place for enough time you will change your body to match the external ques they use external zeitgebers to synchronize internal clock

Seasonal cycles of mating activity is affected by

where on Earth the animal is located • Estrus and ovulation in ewes • Season change in day length not as great in southern USA ex: in Texas there are ewes that get 10 hrs in summer and 8 hrs in winter so they arent always in estrus sine the cues are not as big in comparison to ewes in Idaho who have exaggerated seasons and are ready to breed during the summer

ultimate vs proximate questions

why does your pet cat rub against you leg? proximate: what causes the behavior do kittens perform behavior in the same way as adults? ultimate: what benefit does the cat get from rubbing your leg? does this behavior exist in non-domestic felines? What causes the behavior? Did the behavior change over time? What benefit does the action cause the animal? Does this behavior exist in non-domestic species?

selective pressure of wild animal vs domestic animal

wild: auroch --> extinct ancestor of cattle domestic: modern day dairy cow the surviving/reproducing pressures from natural selection are present in both but the cow has an additional pressure or providing milk for humans which is artificial selection the cow has a more relaxed selection for finding mates, providing for young, finding food/shelter and avioiding being killed

relaxed selection as problem in captivity

will hinder their need for libido ex: horses that are bred for being multimillion dollar racers but lack the ability to mount and fertilize because they are so used to just having humans artificially inseminate them so they dont rely on their own courting material

why is polygyny beneficial?

with one male and many females there is faster reproduction and unlimited offspring there is relaxed pressure and reduces the need for courtship displays with no need for individual identification

allele

variant of a gene ex: blue, green or brown eye color

how do jungle fowls and domestic leghorns differ?

---> in predatory response jungle fowl will be alert, freeze and sound alarm when hawk overhead leghorn: continue to move and feed ---> open field exploration (in soical isolation of open field what does bird do) fowl: alert, freeze due t orginal habitat of branches and shrbus leghonr: walked around more ---> social interaction fowl: spend more time being active by scratching and walk around, more social interaction and fighting leghorn: less active and less social interaction no difference in amount of time they spent grooming themselves ---> feeding behavior leghorn: mostly wanted free food but some wanted mixed fowl: mostly wanted to get mixed food

evidence of genetic component in litterbox example

-Begin doing this behavior early in life, and has important anti-predator and anti-competitor function(Orphan/abandoned kittens only partially cover) -Behavioral sequence is very similar across cats, and over time -Most cats readily use litter; generally attracted to dirt/sand -Has important anti-predator and anti-competitor function (essential for survival, but animal doesn'tanticipate this outcome)

evidence of environmental compenent in litterbox example

-Orphan/abandoned kittens only partially cover feces or leave uncovered altogether(early learning from mother) -Changes in behavior of dominant and subordinate individuals depending on whether they are alone or together(dependency on social status) -Imprinting on particular textures in different environments/attraction to soft dirt/sand -Importance of appropriate environment for good litter-box acceptance, i.e. clean, roomy, private

four question approaches of Ethology

-Proximate (short term) cause and development? -Ultimate (long term) function and evolve?

genetic component in beak-pecking example

-Rigid timeline; happens immediately after hatching -Performed in the same way each time (constant form across individuals and in same way every time in response to stimulus) -Essential for survival(but animal doesn't anticipate this) -Inflexible -triggered by a specific stimulus

solutions to reproductive problems

-artificial selection --> sexual performance is often heritable - heritability coefficients (h2) -manipulate rearing environment -->duration and timing ex: male guinea pigs are sexually mature from 90-120 --> 17 days no effect but up to 60 days is time to mount affected, after 77 days the sequence of mountin behavior is disrupted THEY NEED TO BE ISOLATED -restore libido -->coolidge effect (give the male another mate) novel copulation , spectator effect in bulls and goats but not sheep

practical applications of learning domestic animal behavior

-environmental conservation -agriculture -medicine -animal care

reasons for why there is an imbalance between sexes in the animal kingdom

-females provide most or all of parental care due to evolutionary imbalance -females invest more in conception, gestation, parturition -males provide cheap sperm, take no part in gestation and parturition exceptions: stickleback and sea horse

learning about human behavior as a reason for studying domestic animal behavior

-helps learn about human behavuor bc we share neurological structure and animals seve as models for understanding the psychological processing ex: causes and treatment of impaired memory

breeding systems in domestic animals

-multi-sire --> group of males placed with group of females -single sire --> one male placed with group of females -hand controlled --> one male given access to one female -artificial insemination --> multi- or single sire semen

components of maternal behavior

-nesting: prepaturient behavior (restlessness, nest seeking/building, wandering/isolation) -maternal responsiveness -maternal discrimination -maternal care by provisioning and protection -termination of maternal care --> weaning, parent-offspring conflict

what would predispose an animal to domestication?

-polygamy -social hierachy -comfortable around humans -no pair bonding, promiscious -shorter gestation period -short maturity

what problems could occur in captivity?

-relaxed selection -unintentional selection -artificial selection -inappropriate rearing conditions

genetic component in dressage example

-requires physical build/conformation, natural gait, and charisma (attitude/willingness) -Spirit/flashiness -"special presence"-this affects performance, and can't be taught

monogamy

1 male and 1 female can have social or sexual monogamy

social monogamy

1 male and 1 female associate as a pair different from sexual monogamy that is purely sexual

polygyny

1 male and multiple females mate-choice + male-male compeittion NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE

when does sensitive period start

1 to 3 days before parutrition

first wave of domestication

8,000 to 15,000 years ago due to change in treatment of plants, animals and movement sheep dogs cats cows horse

process of promiscuous mating

1. advertisement of recptivity: in females she will have a change in posture, males will have changes in testies size with diff behavior and smell 2. courtship behavior: one individual can pick up on the other then there will be a back and forth approach with smell and touching there needs to be libido before 2 can go to 3 3. mating behavior

responses seen with hydbridization

1. intermediate response 2. resembles on parent strain and not the other (trait may be controlled by dominant gene) ex: lab with hip dysplasia bred to golden retriever now has no hip dysplasia (since recessive allele trapped in lab now can be mixed with dominant) 3. show more of the trait than either parent --> hybrid vigor

example of sensitive period (maternal responsiveness and responsiveness to amniotic fluid)

1. mother responsiveness: bond formation between mother and offspring begins with increased responsiveness to all young ends with individual recognition and discrimination of offspring by mother 2. there is a sensitive period with responsiveness to amniotic fluid/placenta --> immediately following parturition amniotic fluid and placenta highly attractive fluids (smell/taste) become repulsive when the sensitive period ends around 30-60 minutes

founding fathers of ethology

Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) --> imprinting in birds Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) --> four questions of ethology, supernormal stimuli (fixed action patterns) -Karl von Frisch (1886-1982) --> sensory perceptions of the honey bee, first to translate round and waggle dance

differences in problems of captive animals are

SPECIES SPECIFIC --> rams and boars have problems but the bull doesnt necessarily have this problem

environmental component in beak-pecking example

Sensitive to changes in the stimulus -nature of environmental cue is important(for example, if presented with red stick with 3 white stripes -would peck more) -but in reality, this would not usually vary

animals can tell if their baby is in distress T or F?

TRUE ex: sows will respond to the runt piglet vocalization because they are needy and the mother wants to make sure all of her offspring survive

behavior (general)

all processes by which an animal senses the external world and internal state of its body, and responds to changes which it perceives it is a fundamental property of all living organisms and it includes a diverse set of activities

behavior adaption for animals to maintain health

animals (including humans) maintain behaviors with adaptive value, such as those that help to -obtain food -avoid predators -care for young -find shelter -attract mates enable reproduction and survival of species!

short day breeders (cycle_)

animals that breed during the time of the year when days are short (fall/winter) ex: sheep have short gestation, the breed in the fall so they can give birth in the spring so that they have food when they are born

long day breeders

animals that breed during the year when hours of the day are long (summer/spring) horses, breed in the spring when there is a lot of sunshine so that their gestation will end up with offspring in the next generation

poly-phasic sleep

animals that only need around 4 hours of sleep ex: ruminants, horses

parental care (or investment)

any behavior towards offspring that increases the chances of the offspring's survival at the cost of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring offspring: survival parent: evolutionary advantage -contributes to reproductive fitness

artificial selection as a problem of captivity

artifical selection for traits that inerfere with sexual performance or lifestyle ex: humans select turkeys for breast size so that we like them but then this makes the turkey too big to mount the female and therefore unintentially reduce sexual behavior

advertisement of receptivity in swine

boar makes soft grunts, and spits/chews saliva --> androstenone in boar urine and salaive smell is very important for detecting mates the female will allow the boar to smell her, touch her andd then she will become a statue to show she is fertile --> boar can then mount her

emperor penguins example

bonded together becuase of their harshi environment --> allows pairs to rear chicks in the cold because one parent stays with the child while the other one goes and gets food for them

what shows that a sow is in heat

by her standing to be mounted by a boar, behavior reflects internal hormonal status can be a human too which makes sows easy to domesticate

specific signs of recpetivity cattle sheep swine horses

c:visually active mounting S:few external signs swine:brace with pressure to back, voacl grunting H: tail raising

monotocous precocial animals example

cattle, sheep, horses ground nesting birds like penguins, domestic poultry, ducks evolutionary adaption so that they can avoid predators

daily rhythms cause (circadian)

caused by daily rotation of earth on its axis Produces alternating light and dark periods • Length of day depends on latitude and season • Sun also affects daily rhythms in temp, humidity, wind --> depends where you are on earth

history of ethology

cave painting; petroglyphs --> animals as sources of feed and fear aristotle (4th century BC) --> brood parasitism behavior of cuckoo birds charles darwin (1809-1882) ---> the expression of the emotions in man and animals Formalized into a distinct field of science in the 1930s --> konrad lorenz, niko tinbergen, karl von frisch

mean age of first esturs

changes based on size and breed of the animal

polyestrus cycle

continuous breeders ex: primates, cow, sow, rat females will contine going between anestrus and maximal receptivity

external (exogenous)

controlled by synchronizing internal cycles iwth external stimuli (zeitgeber: time giver) ex: light, temperature, humidity

internal (endogenous)

controlled by the internal biological clock ex: body temperature cycle, circadian (24 hrs) • "free running"

domesticated vs nondomestiated

d: reproduction under human control shows common outcomes as result of breeding nd: animals captured from wild, is tame as a result of training, no common outcomes

weaning in livestock

dairy cows: wean short than what would naturally occur bc we want their milk overall weaning is completed in a shorter amount of time than normal because we want the mother to continue breeding but there has to be a balance between too early and too late

different types of circadian daily rhythms

dinural, nocturnal,, crepuscular

maternal costs post-partum

direct: immediately helps offspring provisioning: lactation and nursing, feeding, huddling indirect: help offspring survive protection --> defending nest sites, food -keeping predators away

sensitive period

discrete window of time during which a specific behavior is acquired ex: song aquisition have to hear in the egg the parents song and then when they hatch they can sing the sma esong but if the egg is incubated in isolation when they hatch they can still sing but its an off tune song --> sensitive period is when the chick is in the egg varies in length depending on species

long day breeder

ex: horse, quail breed in march to june qual gestation only 20 days so they will mate and give birth within a single season horses have a year gestation so they will start in spring/summer and gestate until next year but it is synchronized with the enviro so its better for the offsrping --> more food, light etc

discrimination in sound

ex: study done on ewes with two speakers on either side with one playing noises of her own offspring and one with another ewe's baby they recorded which speaker the ewe either looked at or moved toward most ews looked at the speaker that had her own child but also an alien lamb (less frequently though) the ewe moved towards the speaker with her own lamb at a greater frequency than the alien lamb

mate choice

females choose males 1. direct benefits like food, resources and shelter 2. good genes so the female can choose what genetics to pass down 3. sensory bias exploitation, the female like the way the male looks 4. runaway selection is based on exaggerated traits

good genes as a female choice

females want offspring to survive, so they will pick the male who has a great dance or behavior that is sexy and therefore the offspring will have this same trait -certain males will produce "sexy" sons -males transmit fitness advantage to offspring --> healthier, stonger, better survival skills ex: birds that have brighter beak are healthier and the female will choose them to have a son with ex: roosters with better combs will have better sperm so female choose them

primiparous

first time having offspring

locus

fixed position of a gene on a chromsome

common physical outcomes of domestication

floppy ears, curly horns in goats different breeds in dogs

what shapes the behavior of an animal?

forces of evolution like random drift, natural selection, mutation, gene flow between populations ex: snails in darker enviro benefit because the lighter snails get picked up random drift: soil content changes and then the shift to white snails is selected but it is random because it happens in only one pop randomly mutation: randomly changed genotype gene flow: fluctutation between different population

QTL as a genetic or enviro affect on behavior

genetic ex: feather pecking in hens is due to chromosome E22C19W28 at position 31 the location of gene PMEL17 is known to control expression of white feathers so feather damage in dark feathered birds is more than white feathered birds because of the position of the gene???

preparturient behavior in domestic sows

gestation= 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days farrowing: sow gives birth sow leaves group (sounder) 2-3 days prior to farrow makes nest with grass and twigs rejoins after 4-5 days

preparturient behavior sheep

group living, sheep will leave the flock prior to parturition --> they get restless (there has been an experiment done on this) and more active than during their gestation/normal time mother stays with her lamb for a day or so then returns this is a sudden change

parity

having borne offspring

multiparous

having borne offspring more than once

hydbridization

helps in assessing the role of environment vs genetics on animal behavior ex: wild turkeys that fear humans bred with with domestic turkeys that tolerate humans the hybrid cross showed intermediate response since fear is a complex trait and is therefore (genetic/environmental?)

ultimate questions

how does behavior help animals survive? aka functional consequencess how did the behavior evolve over time? what were the selective processes that shape the behavior? aka phylogenetic origins of behavior

unintentional selection as a problem

humans may aviod handling more aggressive males and preferntially breed docile males but this trait is coupled with males being unable to ejaculate properly so huamans that wnat to reduce aggression will also reduce successful mating could accidentally choose against libido like when dogs got floppy ears with increased domestication more about pleitropy of

artifical selection

humans selectively breed plants and animals, causing certain traits to increase in frequency --> only in captive animals dogs have been bred from wolves to highlight size, shape and behavior only want to breed the dogs that have a better fitness but it is not from the environment but from human seletion ONLY ex: one pom that has fluffy tail and one that doesnt, human chooses fluffy tail

selective breeding (artificial selection: )

if frequency of trait (behavior) in a pop can be altered by choosing breeders with or without the trait, this means there is a genetic basis behind the behavior ex: selective breeding of mice that like small nests vs breeding of mice that only like large nests showed that after 15 generations the small nest mice make even smaller nests and big nest mice make even bigger nests --> GENETIC

inappropriate raring conditions as a problem in captivity

if not raised in proper conditions then wont learn certain behaviors in production systems, early weaning results in young individuals kept in same-age and sex grous ex: you raise boars alone then you wont have the chomping and spiting behavior so you have to raise boards together have the older boars teach the younger boars the behavior rams can be reared together but if only in a male group they will be homosexual and have fewer ejaculations

given an example of discrimination

in chicks --> imprinting occurs: newly hatched chicks learn to distinguish the shape and sound of their mother, and follow them but this must occur 1-2 days after hatching -pre-hatching vocalizations -hens maintain their brood away from flock until the chicks are around 5-12 weeks of age

vocalizations during weaning

in cows when we wean the calves there is an increased about of vocalizations right after lots of more walking around after weaning

example of relaxed selection

in pigs: wild sow will make a nest, feed her piglets and stay with them for 4 to 5 days the domesticated sows will do the same thing but the quantity of time is decreased pigs feeding will forage and rummage like the wild ancestor, we havent removed this trait in them we just give them mosto f the food

second wave of domestication

in the last 200 years animals raised for fur and in a lab and for meat (buffalo and ostritch) in 1900 Russia raised silver foxes for fur but selectively bred them to reduce hyper aggression --> became friendly

gestation

in the womb between conception and birth

behavior is selected for if it

increases fitness animals which display behavior are more likely to: -survive, produce offspring animas with high fitness are more likely to pass on genetic material

internal and external reasons for termination

internal factor: the mothers hormones changes external: season changes

behaviorism

learning theory --> psychological roots --> all behaviors are acquired through conditioning/learned associations

what factors affect sexual behavior?

libido --> external stimuli, internal hormonal state, prerformance --> courtship and copulation/intromission

SCN process

light stimulis goes to SCN and this triggers the pneal gland to shut off melatonin production and make you awake darkness stimulus will go the SCN which will promote pineal gland to make melatonin so you go to sleep

flehmen response

lips pull back and breath pulls pheromones to the vomeronasal organ seen in most species and allows males to determine sexual receptivity of females --> they're smeling all the females liquids that are in the air and its an advertisement of receptivity

monoestrus

long periods of anestrus with short estrus cycle ex: wolf, bitch, fox

goose/hawk effect

lorenz ad tinbergen carboard dummy test if the dummy went from right left there was no predatory goose silhouttte so there was no response from the domestic chicks if you fly the dummy from left to right there was a predatory hawk silhouette so the chicks display an escape behavior --> this showed that the chicks had an instinctual response!!

sexual dimorphism example

male lions are larger than females and have a mane peacock males have vibrant colored feathers

courtship behaviors: male and female

male: strut, physical contant, vocalization females: investigate male, lordosis (crouching posture, immobile stand)

male-male competition

males compete for access to females general rule: bigger, better, faster = more matings sometimes sneaky males have success in some situations

promiscious: both polyandry and polygny

many females and many males domestication results in promiscuous system wolf: monogamous but dog is promiscuous

polytocous

many offspring ex: rats are born with many offspring

precocial

mature before its time, more motor and sensory development young leave nest after birth/hatching to follow parents young can feed themselves almost immediately developed, doesnt need much care ex: cow is precoccial with eyes open ex: all poultry excpet for pigeons

mating system

monogamy polygamy --> -polyandry -polygyny promiscious: both polyandry and polygny

complex inheritance

most behaviors are affected by multiple genes the more genes that influence a behavioral trait, the more combinations are possible -domestication of fox --> artifically selected for tameness but go change of coat color, droopy ears and wagging tails which is actually pleiotropy

Earth-sun movement

most important for domestic animals because it provides seasons and day/night important light zeitgeber

connection between nesting behavior and sensitive period

moving away from other conspecifics in the nesting phase creates an environment where the bond can be formed with less interruption this happens 1 or 2 days before birth which is a sensitive period

selection pressures

natural selection relaxed selection artificial selection

nulliparous

never having offspring ex: gilt

relaxed selection

occurs when natural selection pressures are relieved traits can: stay the same, be reduced (like the moths in Tahiti) or become more variable both free-living and captive animals this isa cousin to natural selection but is more relaxed ex: when bats hunt for moths they use echolocation so themoths have adapted to listen to the clicking sound of echo location so they wont be eaten --> in Tahiti there are lots of thesemoths but not any of the bats so these moths have a relaxed selection to this trait because the pressure from the bats has become removed (they have a reduced startle response)

polyandry

one female with multiple males ex: honey bees are dominant in the social hierarchy ex: jacanas are guard resources there is sexual dimorphism with demales being larger than males less offspring because there is only one female which limits the reproduction

mono or bi-phasic

one large chunk of sleep ex: primates

proximate questions

one of the four ethology questions what stimuli (internal or external) elicit behavior? ex: proximate mechanisms how did behavior change throughout animal's life? ex: ontogenetic processes

monotoccous

one offspring

heterozygous

one that was inherited from the mother and one from the father they have two different alleles

nurture-nature cross fostering

parneting style in prairie voles "Helicopter-parents" or "free-range" • Difference in time spent licking/grooming • Offspring show the same parenting style as adults - *But* cross-fostering studies show that young voles adopt behaviors they grow up with rather than those of biological parents

P = G+ E

phenotype is the genotype plus the environment

quantitative trait loci (QTL)

phenotypic trait that shows continous variation in the population -height -weight gain location of genetic material that underlies a given trait

natural selection

plant and animals which are better adapted to heir environment have better survival and produce more offspring so they have higher fitness both freeliving and cpative animals increase finches ability to get food in the environment they have evolved to have different beak shape --> one that is good at finding insects, on can crack nuts (BASED ON THE ENVIRO) selection pressure for natural selection is adapting to environment: pass on physical and other traits to offspring because they can survive with it

vomernasal organ (VNO)

plays a role in processing pheromones associated with sex and estrus detection -TRP2 is a protein expressed in VNO nerve cells

reasons for studying domestic animal behavior

practical applications learn about human behavior environmental protection improve animal care curosity

runaway selection as a female choice

sexy son run amok --> female chooses males with the most sexy trait which leads to sons and grandsons with exaggerated traits that do not improve fitness but males balance exaggerated traits with survivability ex: long-tailed widowbird has an EVEN longer tail bc females like it when it keeps getting longer but this doesnt not relate to fitness experiment with the long-tailed widow bird showed that females chose mails with longer tails whereas short tailed birds had no females

uni-hemisphereic

sleep only on the left side and then vice versa ex: dolphins do this so that they can mate and breath but still sleep , chickens: want to have one eye open , ducks

amount of sleep needed in animals

small animals need to sleep more humans are in the middle prey animals sleep the least and sleep standing so easier to get away

examples of polytocous altricial animals

small mammals like rats, cats, dogs tree-nesting birds like hawk, owk, woodpecker

changes between wolves and dogs

snout change in dogs, floppy ears from the wolves, smaller canine teeth, thinner skin change in reproductive cycle due to human manipulation wolf coat is thick wheras dogs are not, adult dogs retain the wild ancestors juvenile traits (neoteny)

where do cows prefer to calve?

study done to determine if cows prefer shelter or open area to calve they prefer to calve in shelter, more cows gave birth in the shelter than in the open but if calving between day and night more were in the shelter during the day and in the open during the night

gene pool

sum of all allels in the population

sheep seasonal breeding

summer= anovulatory fall = breeding winter= pregnant spring = lamb

signs of receptivity in females

swollen vulva, mucous discharge, restless behavior, female receptivity lordosis: arched back mounting

two stage weaning in cattle

take away milk from cows first then take away the mother this will reduce the stress of weaning with a reduced amount of vocalization and pacing

genotype

the combination of alleles an individual possesses three types: AA, Aa, aa

leghorn pressures

the domestic animal has artificial selection for egg production which has changed the priorities of the animal it has more pressure to bring in energy to make eggs so they need to get more food so the free food is more efficient this is not seen in jungle fowl because they only produce one egg per year -reproduction, growth, and maintenance -we selected big hens to make bigger eggs

sensory bias exploitation as female choice in sexual mating

the female has a bias and will choose a male based on some sensory aspect secondary sexual trait of male matches pre-existing preference of female -certain male traits spread in the population -female bias (preference) existed before male trait evolved at times ex: females like red berries but then male started having red feather which made females like them so this gene got passed down not due to health but because they had something good to offer ex: fruit is rare and so we like ripe and vibrant colors and the female monkeys like the coloration of male noses

pleiotropy

the phenomenon of one gene being responsible for or affecting more than one phenotypic characteristics ex: silver foxes --> wanted them to be tame but got change in coat color, droopy ears and wagging tail with it ex: norway rats (mostly brown) but black ones easier to catch --> 100% of black rats allowed touching/stroking most brown rats jumped when touched showed that coat color goes with tameness --> this a trend present in most domestic animals

weaning

the process of a child eating on its own, independent of the mother

ethology

the scientific study of animal behavior --> specifically biological roots, observations in nature and environmental influence

mating systems differ in

the species and circumstances that the animal lives in! some live in the cold like penguins so need monogomy some live in predator rich enviro so they need to be monogamous

effects of enviro on genetic plieotropy

there will be a mix of enviro and genetics in plieotropy ex: the ability of mice to get through a maze --> bred dull with dull and bright to bright group 1: rats were bred in normal enviro and the bright will make fewer errors than the dull in an enriched environment (group 2) dull rats will do just as well as enriched brights (exposure to novel objects and complexity helped performance of both) and restricted dull and brights will do the same amount of mistakes (due to impaired cognition from barren enviro) NOT GENETICALLY linked --> due to nutrition availability and enviro

why are livestock so easily domesticated?

they are prey, ominvores/herbivores do well in a herd environment become sexually mature very quickly breed many times a year humans have become more sedentary so they decided to keep animals close by need tameness and reduced aggression ex: zebra evolved to flight so couldnt be domesticated

cat domestication

they domesticated themselves --> they would eat the mice that ate human crops, we liked the cats since they were killing rodents --> transition to companionship because we bred the animals that came close to us ancestor: african wild cat

prairie voles as a monogamy example

they form pair bonds because the males guard the females after mating have done experiments where the female will leave if the male isnt guarding her --> did a test with 3 males tethered to an area and showed that 45% females stayed while the other 55% mated with other males males guard the females in order to have better luck at mating, it is beneficial for the male because it can fertilize more females and therefore make more offspring --> provides reproductive advantages to the males

parturition

to give birth/lay eggs

secondary sexual characteristics

traits usually related to sexual dimorphism but not directly involved in reproduction ex: peacock males with vibrant tail feathers