ANS 104 MT 1
environmental component in dressage example
-Takes years to train dressage horse -changes over life-time of animal-subject to improvement and refinement, adaptable and modifiable -Involves learning -Involves systematic development/training, in response to stimuli from trainer -Communication between horse and rider -animal understands outcome
improve animal care
a reason for studying animal behavior -create a physical and social environment that allows for animal to display natural behaviors -improve training techniques -enhance human-animal bond
gene
a segmant of protein encoding DNA ex: eye color
crepuscular
active at dawn and dusk, inactive in day and night ex: swine, wolves, domestic cat/dog, deer, rabbits
nocturnal
active in night, inactive in day ex: large cats, raccoons, owls, bats, mouse
dinurnal
active in the day, inactive at night ex: humans, cattle, goats, sheep, poultry
effects of the moon
Moon orbits the earth once per 27.3 days • Moon's gravitational pull affects tides on Earth • Twice-daily ocean tides • Tidal levels vary during moon's phases (spring and neap tides) • Changes in illumination (light) at night some animals rely on the tide for their biological rhythm
enviro rhythms and domestic animal behavior
Most daily and annual animal rhythms are linked to cyclical environmental changes caused by Earth's rhythms • Includes periods of activity/sleep, feeding, breeding, fluctuations in body temp, and hormone levels -LIGHT IS MOST IMPORTANT
light in commerical broiler chicken farms
Poultry have photoreceptors in eyes AND in their pineal gland (in the brain!) • Commercial poultry industry raises meat birds (broilers and turkeys) under constant dim lighting to discourage activity (promote rapid growth) in high brightness they would have low and then high periods of activities but in dim they just have constant inactivity which is better for production since it promotes growth
short day breeders
ewe, nanny, doe when there is less day light like during the fall these animals will breed so that they will gestate so that during the springtime so that they have enough food
discrimination in sight
ex: goat painted on different parts with black to see if mother accepted the goat or rejected it when goats all black 10/10 , with a black head 10/10 all the other parts that were painted had less aggression shows that goats distinguish the face the most and thats how they recognize their offspring
contrafreeloading
is the behavior where an animal chooses to work for food even when identical food can be obtained without any effort ex: jungle fowl that engaged more in contrafreeloading than the domestic leghorn
optimal parental/maternal investment
it is more optimal for a mother to stop taking care of their young at a certain time and start investing in new offspring --> leads to weaning
events of reproduction
puberty --> age at which reproductive organs become functional estrous cycle --> repetitive cycle occurring when not pregnancy -estrus: heat or receptivity to mating -fertilization: egg and sperm unite there is a changing in hormones
domestication changes the
quanity (thresholds/amounts) of a behavior, not the quality (motor patterns) of a behavior --> no new behaviors created, there have been new ones added but they still keep the behaviors from the wild ancestors
environmental protection
reason for studying domestic animal behavior animal behavior provides early warning signs of environmnetal issues, guide future ecological monitoring
primary sexual characteristics
reproductive organs
altricial
requires nourishment --> less developed deaf, blind, nude and are deficient in motor control and temperature regulation
given an example of a monogamous relationship due to predator avoidance
rhinoceros honrbill ex: creates nest sin hollowed out areas in trees so that when the female lays her eggs they are far away from jaguars, they can cover up the hole with their own feces so that she is protected, the mother stays inside and the father will go and get food and feed through the hole this partnership that evolved for the survival of their baby. the man is dedicated to this one woman ---> basically a unique predator avoidance strategy
example of circadian rhythm experiment
rooster at dawn study two groups of rooster, one in dim light/bright light and the other in just dim light the rooster would crow 2 hours before bright light even though the cycle outside was different they could match to the other one the other group didnt have fake sunrise or sunset so even without external clock they would base it on internal circadian clock and crowed every 23.7 hours
circadian rhythm
roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living being cycles in: sleep/wakefulness cycle • body temperature • patterns of hormone secretion • blood pressure • digestive secretions • levels of alertness
assessing the role of environment vs genetics on animal behavior
selective breeding, hybridization, knock-out, QTL
sexual monogamy
sexual behavior restricted exclusively to the pair purely sexual and are restricted to their partner
direct benefits as a female choice
the male will provide necessary and essential resources like food and water, shelter (nest/denning sites), protection like predators and other males and offspring care
phenotype
the observable characteristics or traits of an organism red or blue
how important is smell in the discrimination of young (maternal behavior)
very important, mother can't distinguish her child if anosmic anosmic: can't smell did a study to determine how smell works with discrimination intact acceptance rate vs anosmic acceptance rate own kids: 8/8 9/9 similar looking alien: 0/4 7/9 different looking alien: 0/8 6/9 anosmic could detect that a different child wasnt her own
curiosity as a factor of why we learn about domestic animal behavior
want to know more about: animal communication -animal cognition --> perception --> attention ---> learning ---> memory
why do we care about sexual reproduction
want to know their rituals for species conservation great for ethologists to understand due to the fact that we have a large investment in making adequate offspring
knockouts
way of assessing if genetic or environmental behavior ex: normal male mouse sniffs female and gets sexually ready vs smelling other male mouse makes them fight study: take out TRP2 protein in male mice which is suppose to process pheromones expressed in esturs detection and sex the male with the knockout will sniff the female and still get sexual, but when he sniffs the male he gets sexually ready also (unlike before when they would fight) o the TRP2 is important in determining the sex because they can still have sexual relations but it will be with both a male and a female mouse, this is something they have GENETICALLY it is NOT learned
behavior threshold
what does it take to make an animal do soemthing ex: make a dog bark there is a different threshold for each pet and also in breeds basenji-african hunting dog is bred for stealth so it will take a lot longer for the dog to park but still has the ability --> the threshold to bark has changed
entrainment
when the internal rhythm 're-sets' to match external stimuli ex: jet lag --> going from NY to SF, once in one place for enough time you will change your body to match the external ques they use external zeitgebers to synchronize internal clock
Seasonal cycles of mating activity is affected by
where on Earth the animal is located • Estrus and ovulation in ewes • Season change in day length not as great in southern USA ex: in Texas there are ewes that get 10 hrs in summer and 8 hrs in winter so they arent always in estrus sine the cues are not as big in comparison to ewes in Idaho who have exaggerated seasons and are ready to breed during the summer
ultimate vs proximate questions
why does your pet cat rub against you leg? proximate: what causes the behavior do kittens perform behavior in the same way as adults? ultimate: what benefit does the cat get from rubbing your leg? does this behavior exist in non-domestic felines? What causes the behavior? Did the behavior change over time? What benefit does the action cause the animal? Does this behavior exist in non-domestic species?
selective pressure of wild animal vs domestic animal
wild: auroch --> extinct ancestor of cattle domestic: modern day dairy cow the surviving/reproducing pressures from natural selection are present in both but the cow has an additional pressure or providing milk for humans which is artificial selection the cow has a more relaxed selection for finding mates, providing for young, finding food/shelter and avioiding being killed
relaxed selection as problem in captivity
will hinder their need for libido ex: horses that are bred for being multimillion dollar racers but lack the ability to mount and fertilize because they are so used to just having humans artificially inseminate them so they dont rely on their own courting material
why is polygyny beneficial?
with one male and many females there is faster reproduction and unlimited offspring there is relaxed pressure and reduces the need for courtship displays with no need for individual identification
allele
variant of a gene ex: blue, green or brown eye color
how do jungle fowls and domestic leghorns differ?
---> in predatory response jungle fowl will be alert, freeze and sound alarm when hawk overhead leghorn: continue to move and feed ---> open field exploration (in soical isolation of open field what does bird do) fowl: alert, freeze due t orginal habitat of branches and shrbus leghonr: walked around more ---> social interaction fowl: spend more time being active by scratching and walk around, more social interaction and fighting leghorn: less active and less social interaction no difference in amount of time they spent grooming themselves ---> feeding behavior leghorn: mostly wanted free food but some wanted mixed fowl: mostly wanted to get mixed food
evidence of genetic component in litterbox example
-Begin doing this behavior early in life, and has important anti-predator and anti-competitor function(Orphan/abandoned kittens only partially cover) -Behavioral sequence is very similar across cats, and over time -Most cats readily use litter; generally attracted to dirt/sand -Has important anti-predator and anti-competitor function (essential for survival, but animal doesn'tanticipate this outcome)
evidence of environmental compenent in litterbox example
-Orphan/abandoned kittens only partially cover feces or leave uncovered altogether(early learning from mother) -Changes in behavior of dominant and subordinate individuals depending on whether they are alone or together(dependency on social status) -Imprinting on particular textures in different environments/attraction to soft dirt/sand -Importance of appropriate environment for good litter-box acceptance, i.e. clean, roomy, private
four question approaches of Ethology
-Proximate (short term) cause and development? -Ultimate (long term) function and evolve?
genetic component in beak-pecking example
-Rigid timeline; happens immediately after hatching -Performed in the same way each time (constant form across individuals and in same way every time in response to stimulus) -Essential for survival(but animal doesn't anticipate this) -Inflexible -triggered by a specific stimulus
solutions to reproductive problems
-artificial selection --> sexual performance is often heritable - heritability coefficients (h2) -manipulate rearing environment -->duration and timing ex: male guinea pigs are sexually mature from 90-120 --> 17 days no effect but up to 60 days is time to mount affected, after 77 days the sequence of mountin behavior is disrupted THEY NEED TO BE ISOLATED -restore libido -->coolidge effect (give the male another mate) novel copulation , spectator effect in bulls and goats but not sheep
practical applications of learning domestic animal behavior
-environmental conservation -agriculture -medicine -animal care
reasons for why there is an imbalance between sexes in the animal kingdom
-females provide most or all of parental care due to evolutionary imbalance -females invest more in conception, gestation, parturition -males provide cheap sperm, take no part in gestation and parturition exceptions: stickleback and sea horse
learning about human behavior as a reason for studying domestic animal behavior
-helps learn about human behavuor bc we share neurological structure and animals seve as models for understanding the psychological processing ex: causes and treatment of impaired memory
breeding systems in domestic animals
-multi-sire --> group of males placed with group of females -single sire --> one male placed with group of females -hand controlled --> one male given access to one female -artificial insemination --> multi- or single sire semen
components of maternal behavior
-nesting: prepaturient behavior (restlessness, nest seeking/building, wandering/isolation) -maternal responsiveness -maternal discrimination -maternal care by provisioning and protection -termination of maternal care --> weaning, parent-offspring conflict
what would predispose an animal to domestication?
-polygamy -social hierachy -comfortable around humans -no pair bonding, promiscious -shorter gestation period -short maturity
what problems could occur in captivity?
-relaxed selection -unintentional selection -artificial selection -inappropriate rearing conditions
genetic component in dressage example
-requires physical build/conformation, natural gait, and charisma (attitude/willingness) -Spirit/flashiness -"special presence"-this affects performance, and can't be taught
monogamy
1 male and 1 female can have social or sexual monogamy
social monogamy
1 male and 1 female associate as a pair different from sexual monogamy that is purely sexual
polygyny
1 male and multiple females mate-choice + male-male compeittion NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
when does sensitive period start
1 to 3 days before parutrition
first wave of domestication
8,000 to 15,000 years ago due to change in treatment of plants, animals and movement sheep dogs cats cows horse
process of promiscuous mating
1. advertisement of recptivity: in females she will have a change in posture, males will have changes in testies size with diff behavior and smell 2. courtship behavior: one individual can pick up on the other then there will be a back and forth approach with smell and touching there needs to be libido before 2 can go to 3 3. mating behavior
responses seen with hydbridization
1. intermediate response 2. resembles on parent strain and not the other (trait may be controlled by dominant gene) ex: lab with hip dysplasia bred to golden retriever now has no hip dysplasia (since recessive allele trapped in lab now can be mixed with dominant) 3. show more of the trait than either parent --> hybrid vigor
example of sensitive period (maternal responsiveness and responsiveness to amniotic fluid)
1. mother responsiveness: bond formation between mother and offspring begins with increased responsiveness to all young ends with individual recognition and discrimination of offspring by mother 2. there is a sensitive period with responsiveness to amniotic fluid/placenta --> immediately following parturition amniotic fluid and placenta highly attractive fluids (smell/taste) become repulsive when the sensitive period ends around 30-60 minutes
founding fathers of ethology
Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) --> imprinting in birds Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) --> four questions of ethology, supernormal stimuli (fixed action patterns) -Karl von Frisch (1886-1982) --> sensory perceptions of the honey bee, first to translate round and waggle dance
differences in problems of captive animals are
SPECIES SPECIFIC --> rams and boars have problems but the bull doesnt necessarily have this problem
environmental component in beak-pecking example
Sensitive to changes in the stimulus -nature of environmental cue is important(for example, if presented with red stick with 3 white stripes -would peck more) -but in reality, this would not usually vary
animals can tell if their baby is in distress T or F?
TRUE ex: sows will respond to the runt piglet vocalization because they are needy and the mother wants to make sure all of her offspring survive
behavior (general)
all processes by which an animal senses the external world and internal state of its body, and responds to changes which it perceives it is a fundamental property of all living organisms and it includes a diverse set of activities
behavior adaption for animals to maintain health
animals (including humans) maintain behaviors with adaptive value, such as those that help to -obtain food -avoid predators -care for young -find shelter -attract mates enable reproduction and survival of species!
short day breeders (cycle_)
animals that breed during the time of the year when days are short (fall/winter) ex: sheep have short gestation, the breed in the fall so they can give birth in the spring so that they have food when they are born
long day breeders
animals that breed during the year when hours of the day are long (summer/spring) horses, breed in the spring when there is a lot of sunshine so that their gestation will end up with offspring in the next generation
poly-phasic sleep
animals that only need around 4 hours of sleep ex: ruminants, horses
parental care (or investment)
any behavior towards offspring that increases the chances of the offspring's survival at the cost of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring offspring: survival parent: evolutionary advantage -contributes to reproductive fitness
artificial selection as a problem of captivity
artifical selection for traits that inerfere with sexual performance or lifestyle ex: humans select turkeys for breast size so that we like them but then this makes the turkey too big to mount the female and therefore unintentially reduce sexual behavior
advertisement of receptivity in swine
boar makes soft grunts, and spits/chews saliva --> androstenone in boar urine and salaive smell is very important for detecting mates the female will allow the boar to smell her, touch her andd then she will become a statue to show she is fertile --> boar can then mount her
emperor penguins example
bonded together becuase of their harshi environment --> allows pairs to rear chicks in the cold because one parent stays with the child while the other one goes and gets food for them
what shows that a sow is in heat
by her standing to be mounted by a boar, behavior reflects internal hormonal status can be a human too which makes sows easy to domesticate
specific signs of recpetivity cattle sheep swine horses
c:visually active mounting S:few external signs swine:brace with pressure to back, voacl grunting H: tail raising
monotocous precocial animals example
cattle, sheep, horses ground nesting birds like penguins, domestic poultry, ducks evolutionary adaption so that they can avoid predators
daily rhythms cause (circadian)
caused by daily rotation of earth on its axis Produces alternating light and dark periods • Length of day depends on latitude and season • Sun also affects daily rhythms in temp, humidity, wind --> depends where you are on earth
history of ethology
cave painting; petroglyphs --> animals as sources of feed and fear aristotle (4th century BC) --> brood parasitism behavior of cuckoo birds charles darwin (1809-1882) ---> the expression of the emotions in man and animals Formalized into a distinct field of science in the 1930s --> konrad lorenz, niko tinbergen, karl von frisch
mean age of first esturs
changes based on size and breed of the animal
polyestrus cycle
continuous breeders ex: primates, cow, sow, rat females will contine going between anestrus and maximal receptivity
external (exogenous)
controlled by synchronizing internal cycles iwth external stimuli (zeitgeber: time giver) ex: light, temperature, humidity
internal (endogenous)
controlled by the internal biological clock ex: body temperature cycle, circadian (24 hrs) • "free running"
domesticated vs nondomestiated
d: reproduction under human control shows common outcomes as result of breeding nd: animals captured from wild, is tame as a result of training, no common outcomes
weaning in livestock
dairy cows: wean short than what would naturally occur bc we want their milk overall weaning is completed in a shorter amount of time than normal because we want the mother to continue breeding but there has to be a balance between too early and too late
different types of circadian daily rhythms
dinural, nocturnal,, crepuscular
maternal costs post-partum
direct: immediately helps offspring provisioning: lactation and nursing, feeding, huddling indirect: help offspring survive protection --> defending nest sites, food -keeping predators away
sensitive period
discrete window of time during which a specific behavior is acquired ex: song aquisition have to hear in the egg the parents song and then when they hatch they can sing the sma esong but if the egg is incubated in isolation when they hatch they can still sing but its an off tune song --> sensitive period is when the chick is in the egg varies in length depending on species
long day breeder
ex: horse, quail breed in march to june qual gestation only 20 days so they will mate and give birth within a single season horses have a year gestation so they will start in spring/summer and gestate until next year but it is synchronized with the enviro so its better for the offsrping --> more food, light etc
discrimination in sound
ex: study done on ewes with two speakers on either side with one playing noises of her own offspring and one with another ewe's baby they recorded which speaker the ewe either looked at or moved toward most ews looked at the speaker that had her own child but also an alien lamb (less frequently though) the ewe moved towards the speaker with her own lamb at a greater frequency than the alien lamb
mate choice
females choose males 1. direct benefits like food, resources and shelter 2. good genes so the female can choose what genetics to pass down 3. sensory bias exploitation, the female like the way the male looks 4. runaway selection is based on exaggerated traits
good genes as a female choice
females want offspring to survive, so they will pick the male who has a great dance or behavior that is sexy and therefore the offspring will have this same trait -certain males will produce "sexy" sons -males transmit fitness advantage to offspring --> healthier, stonger, better survival skills ex: birds that have brighter beak are healthier and the female will choose them to have a son with ex: roosters with better combs will have better sperm so female choose them
primiparous
first time having offspring
locus
fixed position of a gene on a chromsome
common physical outcomes of domestication
floppy ears, curly horns in goats different breeds in dogs
what shapes the behavior of an animal?
forces of evolution like random drift, natural selection, mutation, gene flow between populations ex: snails in darker enviro benefit because the lighter snails get picked up random drift: soil content changes and then the shift to white snails is selected but it is random because it happens in only one pop randomly mutation: randomly changed genotype gene flow: fluctutation between different population
QTL as a genetic or enviro affect on behavior
genetic ex: feather pecking in hens is due to chromosome E22C19W28 at position 31 the location of gene PMEL17 is known to control expression of white feathers so feather damage in dark feathered birds is more than white feathered birds because of the position of the gene???
preparturient behavior in domestic sows
gestation= 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days farrowing: sow gives birth sow leaves group (sounder) 2-3 days prior to farrow makes nest with grass and twigs rejoins after 4-5 days
preparturient behavior sheep
group living, sheep will leave the flock prior to parturition --> they get restless (there has been an experiment done on this) and more active than during their gestation/normal time mother stays with her lamb for a day or so then returns this is a sudden change
parity
having borne offspring
multiparous
having borne offspring more than once
hydbridization
helps in assessing the role of environment vs genetics on animal behavior ex: wild turkeys that fear humans bred with with domestic turkeys that tolerate humans the hybrid cross showed intermediate response since fear is a complex trait and is therefore (genetic/environmental?)
ultimate questions
how does behavior help animals survive? aka functional consequencess how did the behavior evolve over time? what were the selective processes that shape the behavior? aka phylogenetic origins of behavior
unintentional selection as a problem
humans may aviod handling more aggressive males and preferntially breed docile males but this trait is coupled with males being unable to ejaculate properly so huamans that wnat to reduce aggression will also reduce successful mating could accidentally choose against libido like when dogs got floppy ears with increased domestication more about pleitropy of
artifical selection
humans selectively breed plants and animals, causing certain traits to increase in frequency --> only in captive animals dogs have been bred from wolves to highlight size, shape and behavior only want to breed the dogs that have a better fitness but it is not from the environment but from human seletion ONLY ex: one pom that has fluffy tail and one that doesnt, human chooses fluffy tail
selective breeding (artificial selection: )
if frequency of trait (behavior) in a pop can be altered by choosing breeders with or without the trait, this means there is a genetic basis behind the behavior ex: selective breeding of mice that like small nests vs breeding of mice that only like large nests showed that after 15 generations the small nest mice make even smaller nests and big nest mice make even bigger nests --> GENETIC
inappropriate raring conditions as a problem in captivity
if not raised in proper conditions then wont learn certain behaviors in production systems, early weaning results in young individuals kept in same-age and sex grous ex: you raise boars alone then you wont have the chomping and spiting behavior so you have to raise boards together have the older boars teach the younger boars the behavior rams can be reared together but if only in a male group they will be homosexual and have fewer ejaculations
given an example of discrimination
in chicks --> imprinting occurs: newly hatched chicks learn to distinguish the shape and sound of their mother, and follow them but this must occur 1-2 days after hatching -pre-hatching vocalizations -hens maintain their brood away from flock until the chicks are around 5-12 weeks of age
vocalizations during weaning
in cows when we wean the calves there is an increased about of vocalizations right after lots of more walking around after weaning
example of relaxed selection
in pigs: wild sow will make a nest, feed her piglets and stay with them for 4 to 5 days the domesticated sows will do the same thing but the quantity of time is decreased pigs feeding will forage and rummage like the wild ancestor, we havent removed this trait in them we just give them mosto f the food
second wave of domestication
in the last 200 years animals raised for fur and in a lab and for meat (buffalo and ostritch) in 1900 Russia raised silver foxes for fur but selectively bred them to reduce hyper aggression --> became friendly
gestation
in the womb between conception and birth
behavior is selected for if it
increases fitness animals which display behavior are more likely to: -survive, produce offspring animas with high fitness are more likely to pass on genetic material
internal and external reasons for termination
internal factor: the mothers hormones changes external: season changes
behaviorism
learning theory --> psychological roots --> all behaviors are acquired through conditioning/learned associations
what factors affect sexual behavior?
libido --> external stimuli, internal hormonal state, prerformance --> courtship and copulation/intromission
SCN process
light stimulis goes to SCN and this triggers the pneal gland to shut off melatonin production and make you awake darkness stimulus will go the SCN which will promote pineal gland to make melatonin so you go to sleep
flehmen response
lips pull back and breath pulls pheromones to the vomeronasal organ seen in most species and allows males to determine sexual receptivity of females --> they're smeling all the females liquids that are in the air and its an advertisement of receptivity
monoestrus
long periods of anestrus with short estrus cycle ex: wolf, bitch, fox
goose/hawk effect
lorenz ad tinbergen carboard dummy test if the dummy went from right left there was no predatory goose silhouttte so there was no response from the domestic chicks if you fly the dummy from left to right there was a predatory hawk silhouette so the chicks display an escape behavior --> this showed that the chicks had an instinctual response!!
sexual dimorphism example
male lions are larger than females and have a mane peacock males have vibrant colored feathers
courtship behaviors: male and female
male: strut, physical contant, vocalization females: investigate male, lordosis (crouching posture, immobile stand)
male-male competition
males compete for access to females general rule: bigger, better, faster = more matings sometimes sneaky males have success in some situations
promiscious: both polyandry and polygny
many females and many males domestication results in promiscuous system wolf: monogamous but dog is promiscuous
polytocous
many offspring ex: rats are born with many offspring
precocial
mature before its time, more motor and sensory development young leave nest after birth/hatching to follow parents young can feed themselves almost immediately developed, doesnt need much care ex: cow is precoccial with eyes open ex: all poultry excpet for pigeons
mating system
monogamy polygamy --> -polyandry -polygyny promiscious: both polyandry and polygny
complex inheritance
most behaviors are affected by multiple genes the more genes that influence a behavioral trait, the more combinations are possible -domestication of fox --> artifically selected for tameness but go change of coat color, droopy ears and wagging tails which is actually pleiotropy
Earth-sun movement
most important for domestic animals because it provides seasons and day/night important light zeitgeber
connection between nesting behavior and sensitive period
moving away from other conspecifics in the nesting phase creates an environment where the bond can be formed with less interruption this happens 1 or 2 days before birth which is a sensitive period
selection pressures
natural selection relaxed selection artificial selection
nulliparous
never having offspring ex: gilt
relaxed selection
occurs when natural selection pressures are relieved traits can: stay the same, be reduced (like the moths in Tahiti) or become more variable both free-living and captive animals this isa cousin to natural selection but is more relaxed ex: when bats hunt for moths they use echolocation so themoths have adapted to listen to the clicking sound of echo location so they wont be eaten --> in Tahiti there are lots of thesemoths but not any of the bats so these moths have a relaxed selection to this trait because the pressure from the bats has become removed (they have a reduced startle response)
polyandry
one female with multiple males ex: honey bees are dominant in the social hierarchy ex: jacanas are guard resources there is sexual dimorphism with demales being larger than males less offspring because there is only one female which limits the reproduction
mono or bi-phasic
one large chunk of sleep ex: primates
proximate questions
one of the four ethology questions what stimuli (internal or external) elicit behavior? ex: proximate mechanisms how did behavior change throughout animal's life? ex: ontogenetic processes
monotoccous
one offspring
heterozygous
one that was inherited from the mother and one from the father they have two different alleles
nurture-nature cross fostering
parneting style in prairie voles "Helicopter-parents" or "free-range" • Difference in time spent licking/grooming • Offspring show the same parenting style as adults - *But* cross-fostering studies show that young voles adopt behaviors they grow up with rather than those of biological parents
P = G+ E
phenotype is the genotype plus the environment
quantitative trait loci (QTL)
phenotypic trait that shows continous variation in the population -height -weight gain location of genetic material that underlies a given trait
natural selection
plant and animals which are better adapted to heir environment have better survival and produce more offspring so they have higher fitness both freeliving and cpative animals increase finches ability to get food in the environment they have evolved to have different beak shape --> one that is good at finding insects, on can crack nuts (BASED ON THE ENVIRO) selection pressure for natural selection is adapting to environment: pass on physical and other traits to offspring because they can survive with it
vomernasal organ (VNO)
plays a role in processing pheromones associated with sex and estrus detection -TRP2 is a protein expressed in VNO nerve cells
reasons for studying domestic animal behavior
practical applications learn about human behavior environmental protection improve animal care curosity
runaway selection as a female choice
sexy son run amok --> female chooses males with the most sexy trait which leads to sons and grandsons with exaggerated traits that do not improve fitness but males balance exaggerated traits with survivability ex: long-tailed widowbird has an EVEN longer tail bc females like it when it keeps getting longer but this doesnt not relate to fitness experiment with the long-tailed widow bird showed that females chose mails with longer tails whereas short tailed birds had no females
uni-hemisphereic
sleep only on the left side and then vice versa ex: dolphins do this so that they can mate and breath but still sleep , chickens: want to have one eye open , ducks
amount of sleep needed in animals
small animals need to sleep more humans are in the middle prey animals sleep the least and sleep standing so easier to get away
examples of polytocous altricial animals
small mammals like rats, cats, dogs tree-nesting birds like hawk, owk, woodpecker
changes between wolves and dogs
snout change in dogs, floppy ears from the wolves, smaller canine teeth, thinner skin change in reproductive cycle due to human manipulation wolf coat is thick wheras dogs are not, adult dogs retain the wild ancestors juvenile traits (neoteny)
where do cows prefer to calve?
study done to determine if cows prefer shelter or open area to calve they prefer to calve in shelter, more cows gave birth in the shelter than in the open but if calving between day and night more were in the shelter during the day and in the open during the night
gene pool
sum of all allels in the population
sheep seasonal breeding
summer= anovulatory fall = breeding winter= pregnant spring = lamb
signs of receptivity in females
swollen vulva, mucous discharge, restless behavior, female receptivity lordosis: arched back mounting
two stage weaning in cattle
take away milk from cows first then take away the mother this will reduce the stress of weaning with a reduced amount of vocalization and pacing
genotype
the combination of alleles an individual possesses three types: AA, Aa, aa
leghorn pressures
the domestic animal has artificial selection for egg production which has changed the priorities of the animal it has more pressure to bring in energy to make eggs so they need to get more food so the free food is more efficient this is not seen in jungle fowl because they only produce one egg per year -reproduction, growth, and maintenance -we selected big hens to make bigger eggs
sensory bias exploitation as female choice in sexual mating
the female has a bias and will choose a male based on some sensory aspect secondary sexual trait of male matches pre-existing preference of female -certain male traits spread in the population -female bias (preference) existed before male trait evolved at times ex: females like red berries but then male started having red feather which made females like them so this gene got passed down not due to health but because they had something good to offer ex: fruit is rare and so we like ripe and vibrant colors and the female monkeys like the coloration of male noses
pleiotropy
the phenomenon of one gene being responsible for or affecting more than one phenotypic characteristics ex: silver foxes --> wanted them to be tame but got change in coat color, droopy ears and wagging tail with it ex: norway rats (mostly brown) but black ones easier to catch --> 100% of black rats allowed touching/stroking most brown rats jumped when touched showed that coat color goes with tameness --> this a trend present in most domestic animals
weaning
the process of a child eating on its own, independent of the mother
ethology
the scientific study of animal behavior --> specifically biological roots, observations in nature and environmental influence
mating systems differ in
the species and circumstances that the animal lives in! some live in the cold like penguins so need monogomy some live in predator rich enviro so they need to be monogamous
effects of enviro on genetic plieotropy
there will be a mix of enviro and genetics in plieotropy ex: the ability of mice to get through a maze --> bred dull with dull and bright to bright group 1: rats were bred in normal enviro and the bright will make fewer errors than the dull in an enriched environment (group 2) dull rats will do just as well as enriched brights (exposure to novel objects and complexity helped performance of both) and restricted dull and brights will do the same amount of mistakes (due to impaired cognition from barren enviro) NOT GENETICALLY linked --> due to nutrition availability and enviro
why are livestock so easily domesticated?
they are prey, ominvores/herbivores do well in a herd environment become sexually mature very quickly breed many times a year humans have become more sedentary so they decided to keep animals close by need tameness and reduced aggression ex: zebra evolved to flight so couldnt be domesticated
cat domestication
they domesticated themselves --> they would eat the mice that ate human crops, we liked the cats since they were killing rodents --> transition to companionship because we bred the animals that came close to us ancestor: african wild cat
prairie voles as a monogamy example
they form pair bonds because the males guard the females after mating have done experiments where the female will leave if the male isnt guarding her --> did a test with 3 males tethered to an area and showed that 45% females stayed while the other 55% mated with other males males guard the females in order to have better luck at mating, it is beneficial for the male because it can fertilize more females and therefore make more offspring --> provides reproductive advantages to the males
parturition
to give birth/lay eggs
secondary sexual characteristics
traits usually related to sexual dimorphism but not directly involved in reproduction ex: peacock males with vibrant tail feathers