ANS 15
Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 the _______ was passed by Congress
light cavalry
After barbarians and the Huns invaded and plundered much of China, a ____ was formed to more effectively defend against invaders
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
1850s
As cities grew in the _____, fire protection machinery became larger and more sophisticated and required teams of horses to quickly arrive to the scenes of fires.
100 acres
Avg American Farm in 1790:
200 acres
Avg American Farm in 1850:
500+ acres
Avg American Farm in 1910:
1200-1500 lbs
Avg horse size in 1900:
John Deere
Before ________ had tractors, the company invented horse/mule-drawn plows, planters, and cultivators.
Belmont Stakes
Belmont Park, Elmont, NY. (1867)
agrarian society, urban centered
Between the Civil War and WWI, the U.S. was moving from an ______ to one that was more ________
7 million, 8 million
By 1867, there were roughly ______ farm workers and ______ horses in the rural United States
100,000, 500, 300
By 1886, ______+ horses and mules were used for ____+ street railways in ___+ American cities
700 AD (T'ang Dynasty)
By ______, emperors had immense holdings of horses and a great amount of land dedicated to pastures for these horses
1450 BC
CHINA: Horse-drawn chariots first used around ____ near the Shang Dynasty (China's first recorded history)
farm wagon
Chariots fell from use and the ____ was utilized
Kentucky Derby
Churchill Downs in Lousville, KY. (1875)
Pleistocene
Equus appeared during ______ epoch (went extinct)
equidae
Horse family
The Renaissance (1450-1650) in Europe
Horse training and its theory became disciplined art. Carriages were created and improved, including light coaches(the equivalent of our use of aluminium alloys today)
cabs, hauled goods
Horses pulled _____ (like our taxis), _____ (like our trucks), were attached to passenger carriages, and ridden by individual riders.
RURAL
If you looked about a town in the 1800s, the horse was a part of ______ life
URBAN
If you looked about a town in the 1800s, the horse was a part of ______ life.
Hitching Posts, Mounting Blocks, Water Troughs, Boarding Stables, Livery Stables, Carriage Houses
If you looked about a town in the 1800s, you would see:
feudal system
In the ______, lords provided peasant farmers with horses to work their fields
Triple Crown
Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes are the three races in the ______
infused
Light horses often ____ with draft horse genetics for such large plots of land
Race Streets
Most colonies had "_______," named after horse races had on the street. The citizens that grew tired of these races worked to pass city ordinances forbidding racing.
60-100
Mules hauled ______ tons of coal daily (120,000-200,000 lbs).
rough terrain, packing
Mules were also important for _____ and _______ (supplies) in the Army
coal mines
Mules were used in _______, where poor working conditions made it too difficult on horses
the scythians
Nomadic people (800 BC) invaded Near East (or Middle East), moved collectively in herd, Survived wars with Persia and Alexander the Great
DELIVERED SETTLERS
Once country was explored, horses _________ to new locations, colonies, and farmsteads.
American Pharoah
Only horse to win all four races:
Morrill Land Grant Act
Opened state agricultural colleges• Opened colleges with veterinary schools• States received land for agriculture, veterinary medicine, engineering, and military training.• Schools were utilized to develop new agricultural techniques.• Schools were utilized for horse and donkey breeding by the military.
cowboys
Original _____ were Native Americans who tended horse herds for Spanish conquerors in Mexico
The Renaissance (1450-1650) in Europe
Period of scientific discovery and technological advancement, The anatomy of the horse was popular for artists, naturalists, and anatomists to study.
Preakness Stakes
Pimlico Race Course, Baltimore, MD. (1873)
65
Przewalski's horses when bred, their offspring have _____ chromosomes (their fertile)
66
Przewalski's number of chromosomes
400 BC, 300 BC
Roman Army: around _____ the army was primarily infantry, by _____ there was a cavalry increase and they were a success
smaller sized
Some believe these chariots were initially used with _______ domesticated horses, and that the first chariots were used by shepherds to help them hunt predators that threatened their flocks, than adapted for warfare
Early 1500s
Spanish Conquistadors brought horses back to New World. The Spaniards knew about the tactical value of the horse so they made the Native Americans cover the ground by walking.
300 BC
The Chinese did not use the horse in great numbers until about ____
Rhode Island
The first colony for (legitimate) horse racing (and only) was actually _____, which dominating horse breeding before Kentucky was ever settled.
oxen, mules, donkeys
The horse was one of the essential beasts of burden for colonization, along with ____, _____, and _____
Kentucky, Tennessee
Then men from _____ and _______ who settled Texas were considered the first American cowboys.
POWERED EXPLORATION
They ________ by carrying people across the country.
horse uses for rural life
They helped pull plows, They brought goods and produce to and from the market, They delivered passengers, "Pleaurewagons" transported 1 or 2 people
Carriage makers, Harness makers, Wheelwrights, Farriers and Blacksmiths, Feed merchants
This meant many new businesses (even in the middle of the city when horses became urban life):
stagecoaches, horse car lines
To accommodate larger numbers of people, mass transit was necessary. This would be _____ and ______ (some looked like trolleys, some looked like carriages)
saddles
Ultimately those in China adapted the use of ______ because of continued battles with the Huns (who already used ______)
war, agriculture, and hunting
With the Fall of the Roman Empire (start ca. 476 AD), horses were used for ____, ______, and ______ throughout Europe
horse riding
____ not popular before 1000 BC, generally for messengers or grooms, most likely with a hackamore (bitless)
Plesippus, equus simplicidens
____ sometimes called _______
Ponies
____ were used to haul coal
breast collar
_____ harness used 500 BC, the harness only wrapped around the chest of the horse and did not give any support when going down hill and was inefficient
horse collar
______ harness used 200 AD til now, horses became more efficient, Horse could use shoulders as well for pulling. Great for heavy loads
26 billion
______ lbs of beef in US alone in 2009
National Horse Show
_______ (Madison Square Garden, NYC) began in 1883. This show includes international team jumping, national hunters and jumpers, saddle seat equitation, and harness competition
Mules, mowing, reaping, threshing machines
_______ were also in high demand. In the 1830s, they were used to pull ______,_______, and ________.
Dinohippus, equus
________ later turned into _______
1.5 billion
amount of ponds of horse eaten worldwide
Mesohippus
during the Oligocene, An ancestor of the horse that had three toes (no pads), flat teeth for grazing, and was larger in size than first two types of horses
Eohippus (Hyracotherium) Dawn Horse
earliest ancestor horse, size of fox, four functional toes for front and three for each back foot (with pads), teeth suggest more of a browser
Evolution of a horse
fewer toes, larger cheek teeth, longer face, larger body size
cliffs
first humans used strategies to drive horses off _____
throat-girth
first was ______ harness for oxen
Orohippus "Mountain Horse"
fossils found 2 mil. years after eohippus, size of fox (same as eohippus), slimmer bodyand elongated head, slimmer fore limbs and longer hind legs (good for jumping), teeth suggest fed on tougher plants, 4 functional toes on each front and 3 toes on each back foot (with pads)
P-Horse
held in captivity now, current ______ are now theorized to be feral after domestication attempts
mammalia
horse class: mammary glands
4000-3000 BC
horse domestication began _______ north of the black sea
eutheria
horse infraclass: placenta animal
Animalia
horse kingdom: eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile
Perrisodactyla
horse order: odd-toed ungulates; hing-gut fermenters with simple stomachs
chordata
horse phylum: notochord, dorsal neural tube, pharyngeal, post-anal tail
equus
horse, donkey, and zebra genus
Asian, European Countries
horses are served today in ____ and ________
food
horses were first used as _____
Pliohippus
in pliocene, given rise to genera of equids that thrived in South America,
Grand Slam of Thoroughbred Racing
informal name for the Triple Crown and the Breeders' Cup Classic, the four most prominent races in American horse racing
Olympic Games
jumping, dressage, vaulting, endurance
62
number of donkey chromosomes
64
number of horse chromosomes
63
number of mule/hinny chromosomes
Merychippus (ruminant horse)
occurred about 20 mil years ago, beginning of todays grazing horse, believed to live in herds, enlarged single hoof on central toes, lateral toes no longer touching the ground, walked on hoof (no pads)
Przewalski's horse
oldest species of horses still in existence, native to mongolia, endangered, 12-14 hands, short upstanding mane, dun color
Heterotroph
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
Plesippus
roughly same size as Arabian, like a cross between zebra and todays horse
gelding
scythians had first records of horse _______
backward
scythians mobile archers shot ______
grave
scythians took horses with them to the _______
horses
scythians wealth measured in ______
Equus ferus caballus
subspecies horse: domestic horse
sterno-cephalicus, trachea
throat-girth harness pressed against ______ muscle and ______ restricted breathing and reduced pulling power
1984
when was Breeders' Cup made
Horse's rapid decline
• Heavy industry and improvements in gasoline-powered alternatives• Public health (manure) became a concern• Real estate was a premium. Too expensive for horses?
Rodeo
• Once informal amusement for cowboys after a cattle drive.• Now an organized event.• First organized event: July 4th, 1886, in Prescott, Arizona• Wagon races, bull riding, steer wrestling