ANS 15

Morrill Land Grant Act

1862 the _______ was passed by Congress

light cavalry

After barbarians and the Huns invaded and plundered much of China, a ____ was formed to more effectively defend against invaders

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

1850s

As cities grew in the _____, fire protection machinery became larger and more sophisticated and required teams of horses to quickly arrive to the scenes of fires.

100 acres

Avg American Farm in 1790:

200 acres

Avg American Farm in 1850:

500+ acres

Avg American Farm in 1910:

1200-1500 lbs

Avg horse size in 1900:

John Deere

Before ________ had tractors, the company invented horse/mule-drawn plows, planters, and cultivators.

Belmont Stakes

Belmont Park, Elmont, NY. (1867)

agrarian society, urban centered

Between the Civil War and WWI, the U.S. was moving from an ______ to one that was more ________

7 million, 8 million

By 1867, there were roughly ______ farm workers and ______ horses in the rural United States

100,000, 500, 300

By 1886, ______+ horses and mules were used for ____+ street railways in ___+ American cities

700 AD (T'ang Dynasty)

By ______, emperors had immense holdings of horses and a great amount of land dedicated to pastures for these horses

1450 BC

CHINA: Horse-drawn chariots first used around ____ near the Shang Dynasty (China's first recorded history)

farm wagon

Chariots fell from use and the ____ was utilized

Kentucky Derby

Churchill Downs in Lousville, KY. (1875)

Pleistocene

Equus appeared during ______ epoch (went extinct)

equidae

Horse family

The Renaissance (1450-1650) in Europe

Horse training and its theory became disciplined art. Carriages were created and improved, including light coaches(the equivalent of our use of aluminium alloys today)

cabs, hauled goods

Horses pulled _____ (like our taxis), _____ (like our trucks), were attached to passenger carriages, and ridden by individual riders.

RURAL

If you looked about a town in the 1800s, the horse was a part of ______ life

URBAN

If you looked about a town in the 1800s, the horse was a part of ______ life.

Hitching Posts, Mounting Blocks, Water Troughs, Boarding Stables, Livery Stables, Carriage Houses

If you looked about a town in the 1800s, you would see:

feudal system

In the ______, lords provided peasant farmers with horses to work their fields

Triple Crown

Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, Belmont Stakes are the three races in the ______

infused

Light horses often ____ with draft horse genetics for such large plots of land

Race Streets

Most colonies had "_______," named after horse races had on the street. The citizens that grew tired of these races worked to pass city ordinances forbidding racing.

60-100

Mules hauled ______ tons of coal daily (120,000-200,000 lbs).

rough terrain, packing

Mules were also important for _____ and _______ (supplies) in the Army

coal mines

Mules were used in _______, where poor working conditions made it too difficult on horses

the scythians

Nomadic people (800 BC) invaded Near East (or Middle East), moved collectively in herd, Survived wars with Persia and Alexander the Great

DELIVERED SETTLERS

Once country was explored, horses _________ to new locations, colonies, and farmsteads.

American Pharoah

Only horse to win all four races:

Morrill Land Grant Act

Opened state agricultural colleges• Opened colleges with veterinary schools• States received land for agriculture, veterinary medicine, engineering, and military training.• Schools were utilized to develop new agricultural techniques.• Schools were utilized for horse and donkey breeding by the military.

cowboys

Original _____ were Native Americans who tended horse herds for Spanish conquerors in Mexico

The Renaissance (1450-1650) in Europe

Period of scientific discovery and technological advancement, The anatomy of the horse was popular for artists, naturalists, and anatomists to study.

Preakness Stakes

Pimlico Race Course, Baltimore, MD. (1873)

65

Przewalski's horses when bred, their offspring have _____ chromosomes (their fertile)

66

Przewalski's number of chromosomes

400 BC, 300 BC

Roman Army: around _____ the army was primarily infantry, by _____ there was a cavalry increase and they were a success

smaller sized

Some believe these chariots were initially used with _______ domesticated horses, and that the first chariots were used by shepherds to help them hunt predators that threatened their flocks, than adapted for warfare

Early 1500s

Spanish Conquistadors brought horses back to New World. The Spaniards knew about the tactical value of the horse so they made the Native Americans cover the ground by walking.

300 BC

The Chinese did not use the horse in great numbers until about ____

Rhode Island

The first colony for (legitimate) horse racing (and only) was actually _____, which dominating horse breeding before Kentucky was ever settled.

oxen, mules, donkeys

The horse was one of the essential beasts of burden for colonization, along with ____, _____, and _____

Kentucky, Tennessee

Then men from _____ and _______ who settled Texas were considered the first American cowboys.

POWERED EXPLORATION

They ________ by carrying people across the country.

horse uses for rural life

They helped pull plows, They brought goods and produce to and from the market, They delivered passengers, "Pleaurewagons" transported 1 or 2 people

Carriage makers, Harness makers, Wheelwrights, Farriers and Blacksmiths, Feed merchants

This meant many new businesses (even in the middle of the city when horses became urban life):

stagecoaches, horse car lines

To accommodate larger numbers of people, mass transit was necessary. This would be _____ and ______ (some looked like trolleys, some looked like carriages)

saddles

Ultimately those in China adapted the use of ______ because of continued battles with the Huns (who already used ______)

war, agriculture, and hunting

With the Fall of the Roman Empire (start ca. 476 AD), horses were used for ____, ______, and ______ throughout Europe

horse riding

____ not popular before 1000 BC, generally for messengers or grooms, most likely with a hackamore (bitless)

Plesippus, equus simplicidens

____ sometimes called _______

Ponies

____ were used to haul coal

breast collar

_____ harness used 500 BC, the harness only wrapped around the chest of the horse and did not give any support when going down hill and was inefficient

horse collar

______ harness used 200 AD til now, horses became more efficient, Horse could use shoulders as well for pulling. Great for heavy loads

26 billion

______ lbs of beef in US alone in 2009

National Horse Show

_______ (Madison Square Garden, NYC) began in 1883. This show includes international team jumping, national hunters and jumpers, saddle seat equitation, and harness competition

Mules, mowing, reaping, threshing machines

_______ were also in high demand. In the 1830s, they were used to pull ______,_______, and ________.

Dinohippus, equus

________ later turned into _______

1.5 billion

amount of ponds of horse eaten worldwide

Mesohippus

during the Oligocene, An ancestor of the horse that had three toes (no pads), flat teeth for grazing, and was larger in size than first two types of horses

Eohippus (Hyracotherium) Dawn Horse

earliest ancestor horse, size of fox, four functional toes for front and three for each back foot (with pads), teeth suggest more of a browser

Evolution of a horse

fewer toes, larger cheek teeth, longer face, larger body size

cliffs

first humans used strategies to drive horses off _____

throat-girth

first was ______ harness for oxen

Orohippus "Mountain Horse"

fossils found 2 mil. years after eohippus, size of fox (same as eohippus), slimmer bodyand elongated head, slimmer fore limbs and longer hind legs (good for jumping), teeth suggest fed on tougher plants, 4 functional toes on each front and 3 toes on each back foot (with pads)

P-Horse

held in captivity now, current ______ are now theorized to be feral after domestication attempts

mammalia

horse class: mammary glands

4000-3000 BC

horse domestication began _______ north of the black sea

eutheria

horse infraclass: placenta animal

Animalia

horse kingdom: eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile

Perrisodactyla

horse order: odd-toed ungulates; hing-gut fermenters with simple stomachs

chordata

horse phylum: notochord, dorsal neural tube, pharyngeal, post-anal tail

equus

horse, donkey, and zebra genus

Asian, European Countries

horses are served today in ____ and ________

food

horses were first used as _____

Pliohippus

in pliocene, given rise to genera of equids that thrived in South America,

Grand Slam of Thoroughbred Racing

informal name for the Triple Crown and the Breeders' Cup Classic, the four most prominent races in American horse racing

Olympic Games

jumping, dressage, vaulting, endurance

62

number of donkey chromosomes

64

number of horse chromosomes

63

number of mule/hinny chromosomes

Merychippus (ruminant horse)

occurred about 20 mil years ago, beginning of todays grazing horse, believed to live in herds, enlarged single hoof on central toes, lateral toes no longer touching the ground, walked on hoof (no pads)

Przewalski's horse

oldest species of horses still in existence, native to mongolia, endangered, 12-14 hands, short upstanding mane, dun color

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

Plesippus

roughly same size as Arabian, like a cross between zebra and todays horse

gelding

scythians had first records of horse _______

backward

scythians mobile archers shot ______

grave

scythians took horses with them to the _______

horses

scythians wealth measured in ______

Equus ferus caballus

subspecies horse: domestic horse

sterno-cephalicus, trachea

throat-girth harness pressed against ______ muscle and ______ restricted breathing and reduced pulling power

1984

when was Breeders' Cup made

Horse's rapid decline

• Heavy industry and improvements in gasoline-powered alternatives• Public health (manure) became a concern• Real estate was a premium. Too expensive for horses?

Rodeo

• Once informal amusement for cowboys after a cattle drive.• Now an organized event.• First organized event: July 4th, 1886, in Prescott, Arizona• Wagon races, bull riding, steer wrestling