ANSC 2050 Exam 1

exerting dominance

using the animal's natural behavior to exert dominance

flock uniformity

(standard deviation / average body weight)x100

restraining young pigs

*if pig is less than 75 lbs, they are restrained by hand

grower feeding program

10-15 days; larger pellet; nutrient content crucial for product yield; 18% protein

finisher feeding program

25 days-slaughter; pellets; 16-18% protein formulated to maximize profitability

incubation (hatchery)

99 Fº, 70% humidity, 19 days, rotated 45º every 2 hours or chicks will stick

temperament

_________________ has a strong genetic influence.

vertically integrated

each poultry company owns every aspect of production from hatch to finished product; helps to reduce production costs

bull-steer syndrome

abnormal behavior trait where certain steers are more effective for mounting, as one mounts, the others do the same. can cause physical injury, reduced weight gain. can be as much as 1-3% of the feedlot steer herd

hatchers

after incubation, from 19-21 days, allow chicks to hatch, chick collection time very specific, keeps genetics uniform

nose lead

cattle restraint; can be very useful to restraint cattle but must be done properly; to insert, grasp the nose with index finger in one nostril and thumb in the other; insert and clamp shut should have rope attached, do not tie off in case animal goes down

vertical integration

agriculture practice where one company owns and controls multiple pages of production like the breeder flocks, hatchery, grow-out flocks, processing plant, feed mill, transportation, and marketing

flight zone

an animal's "safety zone"; when a person enters this zone, the animal moves away

temperament

an animal's _________________________ is one determinant of how it will react during handling; it is determined by an interaction between a substantial genetic effect and environmental factors

instinct

animal behavior present at birth, genetically programmed to get their first meal after birth, etc

maladaptive behavior

animals exhibit this behavior when they cannot adapt to a new environment, or when they exhibit inappropriate behavior; more prevalent with chickens and swine; Ex - tail chewing and cannibalism in swine

novelty

anything new or sudden in an animal's environment; these can be very strong stressors; causes an intense behavioral and physiological reaction when suddenly introduced

halter

cattle restraint; least harsh of all animal restraint methods; several different types: temporary rope, slip, rope and ring

egg laying period

begins at 18 weeks, peaks at 25 weeks, continues until about 70 weeks

starter feeding program

birds must be "taught" to eat; 0-10 days; crumble; nutrient content crucial for development and overall health; 22% protein

broiler breeders

birds that are genetically designed to produce broiler chickens

working chute

cattle restraint; can be used effectively as the only restraint method for several management practices; vaccinations, spraying, and applying pour-on insecticides can be done when animals are head-to-toe in chute, sides should be solid so cattle can't see through and become distracted

capon

castrated male chicken

tail hold

cattle restraint; aids in distraction when another restraint method is used, applying pressure to an animal's tail to prevent it from backing out of a chute

tail twist

cattle restraint; can be used to encourage animal to move through a chute or alley; curl tail into a loop or push tail to form a "lazy s" curve

flanking

cattle restraint; method used on calves up to 300 lbs; grabbing calf's flank and flipping them down with your knee; done when processing newborn calves (ear tagging, treating navel with iodine, tattooing, castration, vitamin injections)

tilt tables

cattle restraint; offer total restraint, control, maximum comfort for animal and handler; front end of animal is restrained against a vertical platform with head gate or rope halter; animal is secured to vertical platform with a wide canvas belt around heart girth and flank; table is tilted and the animal's feet and legs are secured with ropes through holes in the table platform

squeeze chute and head gate

cattle restraint; placed at the end of the working chute; used for dehorning, castration, branding, implanting, ear tagging, stomach tubing, artificial insemination, blood collection, etc. Should contain squeeze mechanism, head gate, removable solid side panels, removable side bars; can be manual or hydraulic

grooming chute

cattle restraint; used for gentle cattle that are halter broke; not constructed to replace squeeze chute or foot-trimming table; used to clip and prepare an animal for a show or sale; usually made of a metal frame made of pipe or square tubing, wood floor, head gate, and removable side bars

nose hold

cattle restraint; used if cattle lie down in chute; grasp nose by placing palm over one nostril with fingers highly clamped over the other nostril; hold until animal gets up

broiler

chicken of either sex produced and used for meat purposes

handling facility layout

design of building can influence on the type and quality of the animal's previous experiences and can influence the ease with which the animal can be handled in the future

smoke test

done in a poultry house, used to visualize air flow, ventilation, air changes, and clearance rates

poultry feed

formulated on digestible amino acids rather than crude protein; saves money, reduces run off; uses crystalline amino acids; main ingredients are corn and soybean meal

five freedoms

freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain injury or disease, freedom to express normal behavior, freedom from fear and distress

stanchion restraint

goat restraint; used for milking, grooming, and foot trimming; milk goats are used to this method of restraint, meat goats do not normally use this

layer

hen in the physiological state of producing eggs regularly

swine restraint

herdsman should know proper techniques so that restraint method is safe for person and animal; pigs become belligerent when taken out of natural surroundings; swine can be difficult to restraint due to their size

nose twitch

horse restraint; basic tool; wide variety of shapes and sizes; meant to apply pressure on horse's lip; diverts the horse's attention toward the nose and away from the less painful work you are performing elsewhere

chain shank

horse restraint; chain on the end of a lead rope, should never be used to tie a horse; mostly used on stallions; added layer of protection for handlers; can be attached under the jaw, through the mouth, and over the nose

stocks

horse restraint; enclosures made of wood or metal; designed to confine the horse to a small area with restricted movement; side panels or rails usually adjust to allow access to body parts being worked on; very different than cattle chutes, horses can't tolerate tight, rigid confinement

elevating a leg

horse restraint; mild form of restraint intended to discourage a horse from moving around or kicking; horse is less likely to dance around or kick when standing on 3 legs; common procedure for cleaning and examining feet and legs; can be elevated by hand or with the use of a rope

25 hours

how long does it take for a hen to lay an egg

investigative behavior

identified system of animal behavior; an animal's curiosity, common in pigs, horses, dairy goats, and somewhat cattle

allelomimetic behavior

identified system of animal behavior; animals of a species tend to do the same thing at the same time, herding behavior

ingestive behavior

identified system of animal behavior; feeding behavior, eating, grazing behavior

agnostic behavior

identified system of animal behavior; fight or flight, aggressive or passive behavior, includes interaction with other animals

sexual behavior

identified system of animal behavior; involves heat or estrus, pheromones, used to attract the opposite sex; Ex - Flehman response

caregiving behavior

identified system of animal behavior; mostly maternally oriented, stimulation to suckling. protection - animals become very aggressive to outsiders who approach their young

eliminative behavior

identified system of animal behavior; regarding behavior of feces and urine; this is affected by stress

shelter seeking behavior

identified system of animal behavior; shade and rest for rumination, wet areas for cooling, crowding during cold conditions

care soliciting behavior

identified system of animal behavior; when young offspring want attention, they cry out for help when distressed, disturbed, or hungry; vocal sounds

grazing behavior

ingestive behavior regarding rumination, relation to water access, how to manage range/pasture, climate can have an impact on this

habituation

lack of response to a repeated stimulus; conditioning

medular bone

largest bone and largest source of Ca2+ in the body of chicken

herd animals

livestock, likely to become stressed when separated

blind spot

located in front of animal's head

point of balance

located on an animal's shoulders

fearfulness

major component of animal temperament

tom

male turkey

trial and error

regarding animal behavior this is when you try different responses until the correct one is performed, ties to a reward

imprinting

regarding animal behavior, bonding process; mostly for recognition purposes for mother and baby

reasoning

regarding animal behavior, correct responce to a stimulus the first time

stressors that affect livestock behavior

weaning, thermal, feed deprivation, transportation event, social isolation/mixing, restraint

communication

transfer of information through any of the senses

parent stock farm

poultry operation where broiler breeders produce fertile eggs

processing plant

poultry operation where they process birds to final products

hatchery

poultry operation where they produce chicks

broiler farm

poultry operations where birds are raised to slaughter

vision novelty

objects in over 80% of the space around livestock can distract them, sight restriction can lower stress levels, some have depth perception, some don't; lighting can help alleviate these problems

offense, defense, escape, passivity

part of agnostic behavior; 4 ways to establish social dominance

molt

period of laying rest after 70 weeks of laying; two weeks for this to happen and two weeks to bring them back

clutches

period when hens lay eggs consecutively

curved chutes and solid fences

recommended for handling cattle; these prevent the animals from seeing what is at the other end; also takes advantage of the animal's instinct to circle around a handler

stress

reducing this should help improve weight gain, reproductive health, and animal health

rumping

restraint practice that requires you to catch the sheep, hold it, roll it to the ground, and reposition it so that it is sitting upright on its up with its back against your legs; used when there are management practices that take place on the underside of the belly, feet, legs; point the sheep's nose back to its shoulder, it should then roll to the ground

lambing jug

separate pen for mother and newborn lamb to spend time bonding; ensures that lambs get right amount of colostrum

sheep restraint

sheep are managed in a flock and are easily frightened; must recognize behavioral traits of sheep and learn to work with them; handler must minimize excitement, chasing, and wrestling that could harm the animal

holding sheep

sheep can be held by the jaw or chin as well as the leg or flank

sorting/cutting chute

sheep restraint; good for working a large number of animals; foot care, weaning, sorting lambs, routine healthcare

jaw restraint

sheep restraint; place one hand under the jaw and other hand behind the sheep's head; most sheep stop trying to escape once this is done

tilting squeeze chute

sheep restraint; similar to cattle tilt table; great for foot trimming or foot rot treatment, checking ram fertility, etc

leg or flank

sheep restraint; use if you have a rear view of sheep, approach and use your strongest hand to grasp the sheep's leg; keep firm grip and maneuver your body so that you can grasp the jaw or chin with your other hand; once jaw is in hand, release the leg

halter

sheep restraint; valuable tool once sheep are caught used to tie up sheep

factors that influence flight zone

size of enclosure, approaching animal at tail or head, size of zone slowly diminishes when animals receive frequent, gentle handling

head gate

swine restraint; catches and restrains the pig by the neck between jaws and shoulders; used for ear tagging and collecting blood samples

snare

swine restraint; the animal must be confined to a small pen; the loop is guided into the mouth and over the nose or upper jaw; the loop is pulled tight around the upper jaw

poultry

term that includes a wide variety of domestic birds of several species; refers to them whether alive or dressed

animal rights

the belief that animals have rights similar to humans and should not be used to benefit humans; free from use in research, eliminate human-made causes of animal suffering

brooding

the first 7-10 days of a chick's life and the objective during this period is to provide the optimum conditions for the development of appetite and feeding behavior

animal welfare

the humane care and treatment of animals; requires disease prevention, veterinary treatment, shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling, and humane slaughter

ethology

the study of the behavior of animals in their natural surroundings, with its focus on instinctive or innate behavior

goat restraint

these animals are extremely curious and have strong need to give and receive attention; can be restrained using collar or identification chain, adjustable rope halter, jaw or chin hold, jumping method, flanking

dairy cattle

these cattle are usually not as difficult to handle; may only require stanchion facilities, halters, and pen systems. handled twice a day for milking and usually have very small flight zones

biosecurity

these measures are routinely practiced to minimize the risk of disease transmission from outside sources and between groups of birds on the same farm

have the mechanics of the restraint method well practiced, outsmart instead of outmuscle the animal, have strong appropriately sized equipment and know how to use it

to successfully restrain cattle you must:

training animals

to teach animals to accept restraint voluntarily, the restraint device must be introduced gradually and gently with feed rewards; if an animal resists it must not be released until it stops struggling, otherwise it will be rewarded for resisting

catching sheep

train sheep to come to feed and capitalize on that behavior to restrain them; enclose the feed in a pen to trap animals; once sheep are confined, the handler can approach and restrain; after the technique is completed, each sheep can be marked with chalk

psychological restraint

type of restraint; depends on handler's knowledge of behavior patterns of species needed to be restrained; handler makes use of the animal's natural behavior tendencies; manager must move confidently and quickly, use human voice as a restraint tool

sensory diminishment

type of restraint; involves blindfolding or plugging of ears with cotton; best used as an adjunct restraint to assist you in quieting and controlling domestic animals that are resisting the primary restraint in too violent of a manner

alleys, chutes, barriers

type of restraint; most common method of restraining livestock in large operations

chemical restraint

type of restraint; strongest method of controlling the activity of an animal; possible to totally immobilize an animal when in surgery and other potentially hazardous situations; not to be used for simple management tasks; vet must be present

tools and physical force

type of restraint; tools are used as magnifiers and extenders of the physical force than man can exert on an animal; Ex - ropes, snares, paddles, sorting sticks, prods; should be minimal and only when necessary

low stress restraint

type of restraint; used to minimize fear and anxiety when animals must be restrained; block vision with solid sides to prevent animals from seeing people deep in their flight zone; slow, steady pressure applied by restraining device is calming to animal; use non-slip flooring, device should support the animal in a balanced position

psychological, sensory diminishment, use of confining alleys chutes and barriers, use of tools and physical force, chemical sedation

types of animal restraint

noise novelty

unexpected noise levels can be highly stressful; however, animals readily adapt to reasonably high levels of continuous sound; in livestock facilities, loud noises should be avoided as much as possible

farrowing crate

used for farrowing sows prevents sow from laying on and crushing piglets; easy for handler to assist sow if needed

trimming table

used for trained/halter broke animals; mainly used for show animals; jaw rests in head catch and latched with chain; can be used for goats and sheep

crowd pen design

used to direct animals into a single/double file chute; enclosure should only be 1/2 to 3/4 full, use following behavior, slow steady movements, optimum pressure, provide secure footing

sexual, caregiving, care soliciting, agnostic, ingestive, eliminative, shelter seeking, investigative, allelomimetic

what are the nine identified systems of animal behavior

broilers, eggs, turkeys

what are the three major segments of the poultry industry

limestone

what is a commonly used calcium source for poultry

the poultry industry

what is the largest animal agriculture industry in Louisiana

6-7 weeks

what is the modern marketing age for chickens

14-20 weeks

what is the modern marketing age for turkeys

the poultry industry

what is the second largest sector of animal agriculture?

wide angle vision

what type of vision do livestock have

shrink loss

when cattle are transported, they are affected by stress, which results in a 3% loss of body weight

southern and southeastern US

where is most of the broiler industry located in the US

to safely and correctly perform day to day management techniques necessary for efficient production

why do we restrain cattle?

pullet

young female chicken that has yet to start laying eggs

cockerel

young male chicken

poult

young turkey of either sex