ANSC 2050 Exam 1
exerting dominance
using the animal's natural behavior to exert dominance
flock uniformity
(standard deviation / average body weight)x100
restraining young pigs
*if pig is less than 75 lbs, they are restrained by hand
grower feeding program
10-15 days; larger pellet; nutrient content crucial for product yield; 18% protein
finisher feeding program
25 days-slaughter; pellets; 16-18% protein formulated to maximize profitability
incubation (hatchery)
99 Fº, 70% humidity, 19 days, rotated 45º every 2 hours or chicks will stick
temperament
_________________ has a strong genetic influence.
vertically integrated
each poultry company owns every aspect of production from hatch to finished product; helps to reduce production costs
bull-steer syndrome
abnormal behavior trait where certain steers are more effective for mounting, as one mounts, the others do the same. can cause physical injury, reduced weight gain. can be as much as 1-3% of the feedlot steer herd
hatchers
after incubation, from 19-21 days, allow chicks to hatch, chick collection time very specific, keeps genetics uniform
nose lead
cattle restraint; can be very useful to restraint cattle but must be done properly; to insert, grasp the nose with index finger in one nostril and thumb in the other; insert and clamp shut should have rope attached, do not tie off in case animal goes down
vertical integration
agriculture practice where one company owns and controls multiple pages of production like the breeder flocks, hatchery, grow-out flocks, processing plant, feed mill, transportation, and marketing
flight zone
an animal's "safety zone"; when a person enters this zone, the animal moves away
temperament
an animal's _________________________ is one determinant of how it will react during handling; it is determined by an interaction between a substantial genetic effect and environmental factors
instinct
animal behavior present at birth, genetically programmed to get their first meal after birth, etc
maladaptive behavior
animals exhibit this behavior when they cannot adapt to a new environment, or when they exhibit inappropriate behavior; more prevalent with chickens and swine; Ex - tail chewing and cannibalism in swine
novelty
anything new or sudden in an animal's environment; these can be very strong stressors; causes an intense behavioral and physiological reaction when suddenly introduced
halter
cattle restraint; least harsh of all animal restraint methods; several different types: temporary rope, slip, rope and ring
egg laying period
begins at 18 weeks, peaks at 25 weeks, continues until about 70 weeks
starter feeding program
birds must be "taught" to eat; 0-10 days; crumble; nutrient content crucial for development and overall health; 22% protein
broiler breeders
birds that are genetically designed to produce broiler chickens
working chute
cattle restraint; can be used effectively as the only restraint method for several management practices; vaccinations, spraying, and applying pour-on insecticides can be done when animals are head-to-toe in chute, sides should be solid so cattle can't see through and become distracted
capon
castrated male chicken
tail hold
cattle restraint; aids in distraction when another restraint method is used, applying pressure to an animal's tail to prevent it from backing out of a chute
tail twist
cattle restraint; can be used to encourage animal to move through a chute or alley; curl tail into a loop or push tail to form a "lazy s" curve
flanking
cattle restraint; method used on calves up to 300 lbs; grabbing calf's flank and flipping them down with your knee; done when processing newborn calves (ear tagging, treating navel with iodine, tattooing, castration, vitamin injections)
tilt tables
cattle restraint; offer total restraint, control, maximum comfort for animal and handler; front end of animal is restrained against a vertical platform with head gate or rope halter; animal is secured to vertical platform with a wide canvas belt around heart girth and flank; table is tilted and the animal's feet and legs are secured with ropes through holes in the table platform
squeeze chute and head gate
cattle restraint; placed at the end of the working chute; used for dehorning, castration, branding, implanting, ear tagging, stomach tubing, artificial insemination, blood collection, etc. Should contain squeeze mechanism, head gate, removable solid side panels, removable side bars; can be manual or hydraulic
grooming chute
cattle restraint; used for gentle cattle that are halter broke; not constructed to replace squeeze chute or foot-trimming table; used to clip and prepare an animal for a show or sale; usually made of a metal frame made of pipe or square tubing, wood floor, head gate, and removable side bars
nose hold
cattle restraint; used if cattle lie down in chute; grasp nose by placing palm over one nostril with fingers highly clamped over the other nostril; hold until animal gets up
broiler
chicken of either sex produced and used for meat purposes
handling facility layout
design of building can influence on the type and quality of the animal's previous experiences and can influence the ease with which the animal can be handled in the future
smoke test
done in a poultry house, used to visualize air flow, ventilation, air changes, and clearance rates
poultry feed
formulated on digestible amino acids rather than crude protein; saves money, reduces run off; uses crystalline amino acids; main ingredients are corn and soybean meal
five freedoms
freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain injury or disease, freedom to express normal behavior, freedom from fear and distress
stanchion restraint
goat restraint; used for milking, grooming, and foot trimming; milk goats are used to this method of restraint, meat goats do not normally use this
layer
hen in the physiological state of producing eggs regularly
swine restraint
herdsman should know proper techniques so that restraint method is safe for person and animal; pigs become belligerent when taken out of natural surroundings; swine can be difficult to restraint due to their size
nose twitch
horse restraint; basic tool; wide variety of shapes and sizes; meant to apply pressure on horse's lip; diverts the horse's attention toward the nose and away from the less painful work you are performing elsewhere
chain shank
horse restraint; chain on the end of a lead rope, should never be used to tie a horse; mostly used on stallions; added layer of protection for handlers; can be attached under the jaw, through the mouth, and over the nose
stocks
horse restraint; enclosures made of wood or metal; designed to confine the horse to a small area with restricted movement; side panels or rails usually adjust to allow access to body parts being worked on; very different than cattle chutes, horses can't tolerate tight, rigid confinement
elevating a leg
horse restraint; mild form of restraint intended to discourage a horse from moving around or kicking; horse is less likely to dance around or kick when standing on 3 legs; common procedure for cleaning and examining feet and legs; can be elevated by hand or with the use of a rope
25 hours
how long does it take for a hen to lay an egg
investigative behavior
identified system of animal behavior; an animal's curiosity, common in pigs, horses, dairy goats, and somewhat cattle
allelomimetic behavior
identified system of animal behavior; animals of a species tend to do the same thing at the same time, herding behavior
ingestive behavior
identified system of animal behavior; feeding behavior, eating, grazing behavior
agnostic behavior
identified system of animal behavior; fight or flight, aggressive or passive behavior, includes interaction with other animals
sexual behavior
identified system of animal behavior; involves heat or estrus, pheromones, used to attract the opposite sex; Ex - Flehman response
caregiving behavior
identified system of animal behavior; mostly maternally oriented, stimulation to suckling. protection - animals become very aggressive to outsiders who approach their young
eliminative behavior
identified system of animal behavior; regarding behavior of feces and urine; this is affected by stress
shelter seeking behavior
identified system of animal behavior; shade and rest for rumination, wet areas for cooling, crowding during cold conditions
care soliciting behavior
identified system of animal behavior; when young offspring want attention, they cry out for help when distressed, disturbed, or hungry; vocal sounds
grazing behavior
ingestive behavior regarding rumination, relation to water access, how to manage range/pasture, climate can have an impact on this
habituation
lack of response to a repeated stimulus; conditioning
medular bone
largest bone and largest source of Ca2+ in the body of chicken
herd animals
livestock, likely to become stressed when separated
blind spot
located in front of animal's head
point of balance
located on an animal's shoulders
fearfulness
major component of animal temperament
tom
male turkey
trial and error
regarding animal behavior this is when you try different responses until the correct one is performed, ties to a reward
imprinting
regarding animal behavior, bonding process; mostly for recognition purposes for mother and baby
reasoning
regarding animal behavior, correct responce to a stimulus the first time
stressors that affect livestock behavior
weaning, thermal, feed deprivation, transportation event, social isolation/mixing, restraint
communication
transfer of information through any of the senses
parent stock farm
poultry operation where broiler breeders produce fertile eggs
processing plant
poultry operation where they process birds to final products
hatchery
poultry operation where they produce chicks
broiler farm
poultry operations where birds are raised to slaughter
vision novelty
objects in over 80% of the space around livestock can distract them, sight restriction can lower stress levels, some have depth perception, some don't; lighting can help alleviate these problems
offense, defense, escape, passivity
part of agnostic behavior; 4 ways to establish social dominance
molt
period of laying rest after 70 weeks of laying; two weeks for this to happen and two weeks to bring them back
clutches
period when hens lay eggs consecutively
curved chutes and solid fences
recommended for handling cattle; these prevent the animals from seeing what is at the other end; also takes advantage of the animal's instinct to circle around a handler
stress
reducing this should help improve weight gain, reproductive health, and animal health
rumping
restraint practice that requires you to catch the sheep, hold it, roll it to the ground, and reposition it so that it is sitting upright on its up with its back against your legs; used when there are management practices that take place on the underside of the belly, feet, legs; point the sheep's nose back to its shoulder, it should then roll to the ground
lambing jug
separate pen for mother and newborn lamb to spend time bonding; ensures that lambs get right amount of colostrum
sheep restraint
sheep are managed in a flock and are easily frightened; must recognize behavioral traits of sheep and learn to work with them; handler must minimize excitement, chasing, and wrestling that could harm the animal
holding sheep
sheep can be held by the jaw or chin as well as the leg or flank
sorting/cutting chute
sheep restraint; good for working a large number of animals; foot care, weaning, sorting lambs, routine healthcare
jaw restraint
sheep restraint; place one hand under the jaw and other hand behind the sheep's head; most sheep stop trying to escape once this is done
tilting squeeze chute
sheep restraint; similar to cattle tilt table; great for foot trimming or foot rot treatment, checking ram fertility, etc
leg or flank
sheep restraint; use if you have a rear view of sheep, approach and use your strongest hand to grasp the sheep's leg; keep firm grip and maneuver your body so that you can grasp the jaw or chin with your other hand; once jaw is in hand, release the leg
halter
sheep restraint; valuable tool once sheep are caught used to tie up sheep
factors that influence flight zone
size of enclosure, approaching animal at tail or head, size of zone slowly diminishes when animals receive frequent, gentle handling
head gate
swine restraint; catches and restrains the pig by the neck between jaws and shoulders; used for ear tagging and collecting blood samples
snare
swine restraint; the animal must be confined to a small pen; the loop is guided into the mouth and over the nose or upper jaw; the loop is pulled tight around the upper jaw
poultry
term that includes a wide variety of domestic birds of several species; refers to them whether alive or dressed
animal rights
the belief that animals have rights similar to humans and should not be used to benefit humans; free from use in research, eliminate human-made causes of animal suffering
brooding
the first 7-10 days of a chick's life and the objective during this period is to provide the optimum conditions for the development of appetite and feeding behavior
animal welfare
the humane care and treatment of animals; requires disease prevention, veterinary treatment, shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling, and humane slaughter
ethology
the study of the behavior of animals in their natural surroundings, with its focus on instinctive or innate behavior
goat restraint
these animals are extremely curious and have strong need to give and receive attention; can be restrained using collar or identification chain, adjustable rope halter, jaw or chin hold, jumping method, flanking
dairy cattle
these cattle are usually not as difficult to handle; may only require stanchion facilities, halters, and pen systems. handled twice a day for milking and usually have very small flight zones
biosecurity
these measures are routinely practiced to minimize the risk of disease transmission from outside sources and between groups of birds on the same farm
have the mechanics of the restraint method well practiced, outsmart instead of outmuscle the animal, have strong appropriately sized equipment and know how to use it
to successfully restrain cattle you must:
training animals
to teach animals to accept restraint voluntarily, the restraint device must be introduced gradually and gently with feed rewards; if an animal resists it must not be released until it stops struggling, otherwise it will be rewarded for resisting
catching sheep
train sheep to come to feed and capitalize on that behavior to restrain them; enclose the feed in a pen to trap animals; once sheep are confined, the handler can approach and restrain; after the technique is completed, each sheep can be marked with chalk
psychological restraint
type of restraint; depends on handler's knowledge of behavior patterns of species needed to be restrained; handler makes use of the animal's natural behavior tendencies; manager must move confidently and quickly, use human voice as a restraint tool
sensory diminishment
type of restraint; involves blindfolding or plugging of ears with cotton; best used as an adjunct restraint to assist you in quieting and controlling domestic animals that are resisting the primary restraint in too violent of a manner
alleys, chutes, barriers
type of restraint; most common method of restraining livestock in large operations
chemical restraint
type of restraint; strongest method of controlling the activity of an animal; possible to totally immobilize an animal when in surgery and other potentially hazardous situations; not to be used for simple management tasks; vet must be present
tools and physical force
type of restraint; tools are used as magnifiers and extenders of the physical force than man can exert on an animal; Ex - ropes, snares, paddles, sorting sticks, prods; should be minimal and only when necessary
low stress restraint
type of restraint; used to minimize fear and anxiety when animals must be restrained; block vision with solid sides to prevent animals from seeing people deep in their flight zone; slow, steady pressure applied by restraining device is calming to animal; use non-slip flooring, device should support the animal in a balanced position
psychological, sensory diminishment, use of confining alleys chutes and barriers, use of tools and physical force, chemical sedation
types of animal restraint
noise novelty
unexpected noise levels can be highly stressful; however, animals readily adapt to reasonably high levels of continuous sound; in livestock facilities, loud noises should be avoided as much as possible
farrowing crate
used for farrowing sows prevents sow from laying on and crushing piglets; easy for handler to assist sow if needed
trimming table
used for trained/halter broke animals; mainly used for show animals; jaw rests in head catch and latched with chain; can be used for goats and sheep
crowd pen design
used to direct animals into a single/double file chute; enclosure should only be 1/2 to 3/4 full, use following behavior, slow steady movements, optimum pressure, provide secure footing
sexual, caregiving, care soliciting, agnostic, ingestive, eliminative, shelter seeking, investigative, allelomimetic
what are the nine identified systems of animal behavior
broilers, eggs, turkeys
what are the three major segments of the poultry industry
limestone
what is a commonly used calcium source for poultry
the poultry industry
what is the largest animal agriculture industry in Louisiana
6-7 weeks
what is the modern marketing age for chickens
14-20 weeks
what is the modern marketing age for turkeys
the poultry industry
what is the second largest sector of animal agriculture?
wide angle vision
what type of vision do livestock have
shrink loss
when cattle are transported, they are affected by stress, which results in a 3% loss of body weight
southern and southeastern US
where is most of the broiler industry located in the US
to safely and correctly perform day to day management techniques necessary for efficient production
why do we restrain cattle?
pullet
young female chicken that has yet to start laying eggs
cockerel
young male chicken
poult
young turkey of either sex
