ansc 320 complete final exam

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What is puberty?

"Process" of acquiring reproductive competence

What is puberty?

"Process" of acquiring reproductive competence.

In order for SRY to be functional, the ___ must be functional.

"Y"

(male endocrine) Pulsatile LH is vital:

(High levels of testosterone is need for spermatogenesis) -Must be restricted to the testes -Blood is 500 times lower -Avoid negative feedback on GnRH/LH & FSH ------ Leydig cells become refactory(don't respond enough because something else is doing the work for it) from constant exposure (-Results in reduced testosterone) (-Major cause with implant exposure)

After puberty....

*Estrous Cycle -Continue throughout the female life. -Pregnancy, lactation, season (only some animals), nutrition, disease, anestrus, or menopause (humans). *After the pubertal transition females -Exhibit the cycle of estrus & reproductive receptivity. -Potential chance for pregnancy. *Copulation -generally occurs early in estrus before ovulation.

Describe equine PGF protocol

*Mare must be cycling* -Give 2 injections 14-18 days apart -Appointment breeding at day 5, 7, 9, and 11 (lower fertility, more convenience) -Most mares in heat within 6 days and ovulate in 7 to 10 days, but wide variation -Acceptable pregnancy rate with teasing (?) -Inexpensive

When is puberty in the female determined? (hint: 3 different criteria) Which one is the most applicable from a practical standpoint?

- Age of first ovulation (when 1st oocyte is released) - Age of first estrus (easier to see and first time sexually receptive) - Age at which the female can support pregnancy without deleterious effects)

When is puberty in the male determined? (hint: 5 different criteria) Which one is the most valid criterion?

- Age when behavioral traits are expressed - Age of first ejaculation (complex process) - Age when sperm first appear in the ejaculation - Age when sperm first appear in the urine - Age when the ejaculate contains a threshold of sperm

What are the changing features in peripuberal bulls?

- Body conformation - Increased aggressiveness and sexual desire -Rapid growth of the penis and testicles - Separation of the penis from prepuce so extension is possible

Puberty is Associated with Changes in Feedback Sensitivity of Hypothalamus to ______.

- Estradiol

What are the four periods of the estrous cycle?

- Estrus (in heat) - Metestrus (ovulation) - Diestrus - Proestrus

What factors affect age at puberty?

- Genetics - Metabolic/Nutritional Status (extremely influential) - Environmental (seasonal breeders) - Social cues (group housing)

What happens during metestrus?

- Ovulation - CH ---> CL formation (increase in progesterone) - Metestrus bleeding -----> Noticed 35-45 h after estrus capillary breakage (decreasing estrogen) present in 90% of heifers (never given birth) present in 45% of cows (birthed at least one calf)

What happens during proestrus?

- Progesterone declines - Recruitment and rapid follicle growth - Estradiol increases -----> Prepare for estrus, mating

Sertoli Cells

-"Nurse cells" -Nourish developing sperm -Somatic cells (IN THE TESTIS) -Essential for testis and spermatogenesis -Activated by FSH & Testosterone

What is the pregnancy percentages for cows and heifers using the co-sync with CIDR for timed AI program?

-60% cows -50% heifers

Describe what a CIDR is/does

-A plastic rod impregnated with progesterone -Acts like corpus luteum; jump starts estrous cyclicity; acts as a jumper cable to anestrous animals

GnRH

-Activated from Anterior Pituitary gonadotroph cells -Release of gonadotropins (LH & FSH)

(male endocrine) Endocrine requirements

-Adequate GnRH -FSH and LH form the anterior pituitary -Steroid hormones from the testes

Estrous

-Adjective. -Estrous Cycle.

(male endocrine) Male has tonic/pulse secretion that is constantly occurring:

-Almost instantly stimulate an LH release -Can happen from 4 to 8+ per 24 hours -Last for about 10 minutes -Constant inhibin production helps with the longer half-life of FSH

Describe equine altrenogest protocol

-Altrenogest (regumate) is an oral progestogen, which is given in the feed daily at some expense -Altrenogest for 10 days and PGF on day 10 for cycling mares -Altrenogest for longer may be used to speed onset of normal cycling -Mares are usually in heat by day 5 after regumate ends -Breed every other day while in heat -Acts like corpus luteum

Thermoregulation of scrotum

-Androgen controlled -Smooth muscle -Thinner skin (low insulation) -(-6) degrees Celsius lower than core body temperature -When outside temperatures are cooler testes are closer to the body/ lower in warmer temperatures

What is the definition of detrimental factor in terms of puberty age? What are examples of some of these?

-Any factor that slows growth rate and reduces mature size of an animal *Nutritional stress *Heat stress *Poor sanitation *Poor health

Lactational Anestrus

-Any type of nursing -At least 2 nursing sessions a day are needed for this state to be maintained. *Threshold effect not continuum -Not total responsible for anestrus and the LH suppression seen with suckling. *Visual *Olfactory *Auditory *Not just suckling or milking

Follicular

-Before ovulation -Increase estrogen, progesterone, follicle growth -FSH controls emergence

Proestrus

-Begins when progesterone declines with luteolysis. -2 to 5 days in length -Characterized by major endocrine transition (Controlled by FSH and LH) Developing follicles are present

Estrous

-Begins/ends with estrus -Short follicular phase -Ovulation begin and end -Long luteal phase -Luteolysis: uterine

Menstruation

-Begins/ends with menses -Long follicular phase -Ovulation at middle -Luteal phase 50% -Luteolysis: ovarian

Metestrus

-Between ovulation and formation

Fatty Acid Hormones

-Biologically active lipids -Not produced by endocrine gland -Act at production site -Rapidly degraded in mammals

What are the dopamine protocols used in canines?

-Bromocriptine: (20ug/g BW; 2x/day; orally; 21 days) -Cabergoline: (5ug/kg BW; 1x/day; orally; 7-10 days)

PGF2alpha Functions

-CL regression (apoptosis) -Inhibits P4 -Luteolysis promotes uterine tone/contractions/ovulation -Affects metabolic activity of sperm -Causes epididymal contractions

Types of Cyclicity

-Categorized based on frequency of occurrence in a year. -Polyestrous. -Seasonally polyestrous. -Monoestrus.

Oocyte

-Cell in ovary that undergoes meiotic division -2 degrees of maturation: cytoplasmic and nuclear

Hormones

-Chemical substances produced by endocrine glands or tissue that is carried through the blood to elicit change in a cellular activity -Catalyst -Can act on same that produced it

Steroid Hormones

-Cholesterol is a precursor -Soluble in organic solvents -Not water soluble -Can be given orally (E, P, T)

Vagina

-Copulatory organ -Site of semen depostization in most species -Pheromone production -Birth canal -Site of expulsion of urine -Consists of vestibules and cranial vagina

Progesterone Sources

-Corpus Luteum (large and small luteal cells) -Placenta

Seasonally polyestrous

-Cycle continuously but only during a give time of the year. -Short-day vs long-day breeders. -Horses, sheep, goats, deer, and elk.

Polyestrous

-Cycle continuously throughout the year until pregnant. -Cattle, swine, rodents.

Describe the EAZI-breed CIDR program

-Day 0-Day 6 or 7: Give CIDR -Day 6: Give PG -After day 7: Heat detect/breed AI -After heat detect: insert bull**

Describe MGA + Prostaglandins

-Day 0: Feed MGA (0.5 mg/hd/day) -Day 14: End MGA -Day 14-31 to 33: DO NOT BREED -Day 31-33: Inject PG -Between day 31-33 and last interval: Heat detect/breed AI -After last interval: insert bull**

Describe the modified select sync program

-Day 0: GIve GnRH -Day 7: Give PG -Between day 7 and day 10: Heat detect/breed AI -Day 10: Breed AI with GnRH those not showing heat -After last interval: insert bull**

Describe the co-sync with CIDR for timed AI program

-Day 0: Give GnRH -Day 7: Give PG -Between day 0 and day 7: Give CIDR -Day 9: Give GnRH; Time breed @ injection (52-60h); take CIDR out -After day 9: Insert bull** -No heat detection

Describe the Select Sync program

-Day 0: Give GnRH -Day 7: Give PG -Between day 7 and last interval: Heat detect/breed AI -After last interval: Insert bull**

Describe the co-sync program

-Day 0: Give GnRH -Day 7: Give PG -Day 9: Give GnRH -Day 9: Time breed @ injection (52-60h)

Describe the Ov-Sync program

-Day 0: Give GnRH -Day 7: Give PG -Day 9: Give GnRH -Time breed 16 hrs after GnRH -Works on a Monday, Monday, Wednesday schedule

Describe the prostaglandin Two Shot Method

-Day 0: Give PG -Day 11-14: Give PG -After day 14: Heat detect/breed AI -After 3rd interval: insert bull *Insert bull only after cows fail to show signs of estrus after heat detection*

With the onset of puberty in males and females, there's a ______ hypothalamic sensitivity to ______ feedback to testosterone/estrogen

-Decreased -Negative

Endocrine glands

-Ductless -Secrete into bloodstream, lymph system, or other directly -Travel to target to regulate

Blastocyst

-Early development

Time frame for fertilization

-Embryonic genome activation (EGA): 2-3 DAYS -Compacitation: 4-5 days -Blastocyst: 7-9 days

Hormones produced by the ovaries

-Estrogen -Progesterone -Prostaglandin E2

Ovarian Steroid Hormones

-Estrogen -Progesterone -Testosterone

What is the success and failure of estrous synchronization dependent on?

-Estrous synchronization protocols -Management systems (pastures, facilities) -Animal variation *Management is the biggest*

AP Hormones

-FSH -LH -Prolactin -ACTH

Describe the importance of FSH in terms of male endocrinology

-FSH: receptors on sertoli cells; response to FSH; sertoli cells will produce ABP -Important for producing tight junctions -Important for aromatase function; converts testosterone to estradiol -Promotes production of inhibin; via actions on sertoli cells

Clitoris

-Female homologue of the penis -Contains erectile tissue -Well supplied with sensory nerves

Isthmus Junction

-Fertilization takes place -The stretch of fallopian tube between the isthmus and ampulla

Epididymis: Head & Body

-Finishing shops

Phases of the Cycle

-Follicular phase -Luteal phase

How do estrous synchronization protocols work?

-For non-cycling cattle -Postpartum anestrus cows and prepuberal heifers

CRH

-From AP -Release of ACTH

Describe the modified two shot method

-Give PG on day 0 and day 11-14 -Day 11: Give PG if cow isn't in heat after 1st PG -In between giving PG, heat detect/breed AI -After last interval, insert bull *Same info on bull as earlier flashcards*

Estrogen Sources

-Granulosa cells- antral follicles -Placenta -Sertoli cells

Cortical reaction

-Hardening of ZP -Prevents the binding of multiple sperm

Testis

-High speed manufacturing

Low progesterone

-Higher estrogen -Positive feedback to hypothalamus and AP -Massive amount of GnRH and LH

Placental Hormones

-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HcG) -EcG (equine) -Placental Lactogen -Steroids (E/P) -Relaxin

Progesterone Functions

-Inhibition of mating behavior --inhibits estrogen, oxytocin/ oxytocin receptor --reduces PGF2alpha -Maintenance of pregnancy -Mammary Growth

Menstrual cycle

-Is the events that occur between two successive menstrual periods -Ranges from 24 to 35 days usually 28 -Menses is the sloughing of the endometrium to the exterior "menstrual period" -Follicular phase and luteal phase are equal -Changes in endometrial thickness in response to estradiol and progesterone

What are some other key things to note about being careful with nutrition?

-Keep good body condition (not too thin, not too fat) -Good protein/energy ratio -Minerals

(male endocrine) LH influences the Leydig cells:

-Leydig comparable to the thece interna -Produce progesterone which is convert to testosterone -Occurs less than 30 min post LH secretion

LLC

-Long light cycle (seasonal polyestrus-spring) -Hypertrophy -Granulosa cells -Oxytocin not stimulated by FSH

Diestrous

-Longest stage of estrus -Fully functional CL and high levels of progesterone -Last 10 to 14 days in polyestrous females -No sexual receptivity Disease, pregnancy, and nutrition causes this to go longer.

Uterus

-Luteolysis and control of cyclicity -Sperm transport -Retains and nourishes reattachment embryo development -Maternal contribution to placenta -Retains/nourishes fetus during gestation -Expulsion of fetus/placenta

Gestational Anestrus

-Major clue that pregnancy has occurred -Elevated progesterone from CL and placenta inhibit system. *Prevents GnRH and thus LH and FSH *No preovulatory surges *Can be induced by injection of GnRH -Progesterone declines rapidly at parturition -Remains anestrus during involution (return of repro tract to pre-preg state)

Testosterone Functions

-Male mating behavior -Anabolic growtH -Spermatogenesis -Maintenance of male duct system -Accessory Sex gland function

Estrogen Functions

-Mating behavior -Cyclic changes -Secondary sex characteristics -Mammary Growth

Epididymis

-Maturation of sperm (motility/fertility) -Sperm storage -Head = Caput -Body = Corpus -Tail = Cauda

Oxytocin Functions

-Milk ejection -Parturition -PGF2alpha synthesis -Pre-ejaculatory movement of sperm -Facilitates CL regression

Describe the One Shot Method for prostaglandins

-Most common protocol for dairy in heat -Between day 0 and day 5: heat detect/breed AI -Day 5: Give PG -After day 5: heat detect/breed AI -After day 10: insert bull *Only insert bull if there are cows/heifers left over that are not showing signs of estrus yet after heat detection; use as a back-up, last try type thing*

Seasonal Anestrus

-Most likely developed as away to prevent offspring birth during harsh times of the year *Increase survival -Similar to puberty transition -Controlled by photoperiod. *photoperiod is the amount of light exposure that takes place during a given day ( a lot of silent ovulation) -Silent ovulations generally occur before complete resumption of cyclicity. *Progesterone primes the brain for full estrous cycle.

Nutritional Anestrus

-Negative energy balance (Dairy cattle is an example) -Young or primiparous(animal that has its first offspring) animals are more susceptible (because they are still growing they are more susceptible) -Milk production can impact

How does the menstrual cycle differ from the estrus cycle?

-No defined period of sexual receptivity -Period of endometrial sloughing "menses" -Begins and ends with menses not ovulation

Estrus

-Noun. -Behavioral segment of the cycle. -Sexual reproductivity. -Heat. -Some species will use the term "season" for an entire mating season.

Monoestrus

-Once cycle per year. -Receptivity usually is longer to increase the chance of pregnancy. -Dogs, wolves, foxes, and bears. -Domestic dogs usually have 3 cycles ever 2 years but classified here.

Trophoblast

-Outside membrane covering blastocyst -prevents CL destruction

Anestrus

-Ovarian activity is minimal -Insufficient GnRH- (revert back to pre-pubertal state if in anestrus.) -True Anestrus *Insufficient hormonal stimuli. *Improve nutrition, remove offspring, or eliminate stress and disease. -Apparent anestrus Failure to detect estrus

PGE2 Sources

-Ovary -Uterus -Embryonic membranes

PGE2 Functions

-Ovulation -Stimulates CL to produce progesterone

Describe ES protocols used in sheep and goats

-PGF protocols don't usually work as well in ewes (shorter cycle, 14-16 days), but do work well in does -Progestin protocols (intravaginal CIDR or progestin impregnated sponges) work well in both ewes and does -People/practices have moved away from sponges

Fatty Acid Hormones

-PGF2alpha -PGE2

Myometrial Contractions

-PGF2alpha + Oxytocin -Removal of progesterone block -Ferguson reflex: High estrogen to progesterone

Testis supported by....

-Pampiniform plexus -Cremaster muscle

Metestrus

-Period between ovulation and a functional CL -Also 2 to 5 days in length (proestrus) -Early on both estrogen and progesterone are low -Massive cell remodeling called luteinization

Luteal Phase

-Period from ovulation to corpora luteum regression. -80% of the cycle Ovarian structure (CL) -Progesterone is dominant hormone -metestrus -disestrus- 80 % of estrus cycle in livestock.

What are the different types of reproductive cyclicity?

-Polyestrus (cow, queen, pig, rodents) -Seasonally polyestrus (mare: long day, ewe, doe, elk, nanny: short day) -Monoestrus (dog, wolf, fox, bear) -----> Domestic canids have ~3 estrous cycles every two years; Estrus lasts several days

Causes of anestrus

-Pregnancy -Lactation -Presence of offspring -Season- sheep and horses have big season impact. -Stress -Pathology

When can anestrus occur?

-Pregnancy -Parturition -Uterine involution (uterus shrinks back to normal size) -Lactation -Offspring present -Season of the year -Stress -Pathological conditions -----> uterine infections, persistent corpora lutea, mummified fetus

Diestrus

-Preparing uterus for pregnancy

State how the dog is different

-Proestrus, Estrus, Diestrus, and Anestrus -Begins with proestrus -Wild canines have one per year (Feb to May) -Domestic canines have 2-4 per year -Ovulate a primary oocyte -anestrus usually occurs for 20 weeks in non-pregnant female

Cat stages

-Proestrus, Estrus, Postestrus, Diestrus, and Anestrus -induced ovulators Copulation is required for ovulation -Postestrus is the period between estruses in a cat that was not induced to ovulation

What are other testosterone effects?

-Promotes sertoli cell function -Direct effect on germ cells

Describe what prostaglandin based protocols do/how they work

-Prostaglandin F2-alpha regresses the corpus luteum -Protocols DO NOT have ANY induction capabilities

Who tends to use the prostaglandin One Shot Method?

-Purebred producers (a few commercial producers -Dairy producers

Who tends to use the modified select sync program?

-Purebred producers (a few commercial producers) -Dairy producers

Who tends to use the modified two shot method?

-Purebred producers (a few commercial producers) -Dairy producers

Who tends to use the select sync program?

-Purebred producers (a few commercial producers) -Dairy producers

Nuclear Maturation

-Reduces maternal copies of chromosomes from 4 to 2

Follicular phase

-Relatively short, 20% of cycle. -Ovarian structure (developing follicles) -Estrogen (Estradiol) is dominant hormone. -Proestrus -Estrus

Dilation

-Relaxin -PGE2

Photoperiod

-Retina up the suprachiasmatic nucleus -Second nerve superior cervical ganglion -Pineal gland receives these signals and secretes melatonin. -Melatonin is only synthesized at night where these signal inhibit this secretion (control resumption or ending estrus) high level in sheep, low in horse.

What are the management practices used in swine protocols?

-Riding in truck (gilts) -Put next to a boar (gilts) -Weaning of piglets (sows): sows will come back into heat in 5-6 days

Oviduct

-Salpinx -Transport of ovum and sperm -Environment for fertilization (isthmus junction) and early embryo development

What are the fundamental requirements for onset of puberty?

-Secretion of GnRH at appropriate frequency and quantities to stimulate gonadotropin release from AP - Promote gametogenesis, steroidogenesis & development of reproductive tissues

Cervix

-Secrets mucus during estrus (lubrication, prevent microbial contamination) -Site of semen deposition during natural mating in sows -"sperm filter" -Birth canal

Accessory Sex Glands

-Seminal vesicles, prostate, cowper's gland (bulbourethral gland) -Final alterations and packaging -Secretes fluid to urethra

Parenchyma

-Seminiferous tubules -A gland or organ supported by a connective tissue network

Estrus

-Sexual receptivity -Increase in LH, E, and PGF2alpha

SLC

-Short light cycle(seasonal polyestrus-fall) -Hyperplasia -Increasing number -Stimulated by LH to produce progesterone

Testes Production

-Spermatozoa -Fluids -Testicular capsule -LH/FSH

Alpha-fetoprotein

-Steroid-binding -Osmoregulation -Binds to estridiol

Estrogen in PLACENTAL HORMONES

-Stimulates endo, myo, and mammary growth -ER & OTR formation -Uterine tract motility -Maternal behavior -Mucus -Motility, transport, birth

Testosterone Functions

-Substrate for estrogen production

Describe ES protocols used in canines

-Successful protocols utilize dopamine agonists. A few use a GnRH scheme. Neither are common.

Describe the notes mentioned on figure 10-4

-Sum of all cellular transformations in developing germ cells in seminiferous tubules -All happening in seminiferous tubules -Start with immature cells along membrane and mature as they get closer to lumen

Nurse Cells

-Support for germ cells -Intiate meiosis

Cremaster muscle

-Supports testes -Courses length of spermatic cord -Aids in temperature control -Contracts/relaxes -Non-sustainable contractions

Broad ligament

-Supports the tract -Connective tissue: 1.Mesovarian 2.Mesosalpinx 3.Mesometrium

Spermatic cord

-Suspends/supports testis -Pathway to lymphatics, nerves and vasculature to/from testis -Houses vas defrens -Testis Temperature control

Oxytocin Sources

-Synthesized in hypothalamus in supraoptic and PVN, stored in PP -Synthesized in CL

Pampiniform plexus

-Testicular vein surround testicular artery forming PP -Contains many small veins -Counter current exchange forms single vein; which runs through epididymis -Vas defrens -Suspensory ligament

Manufacturing Complex

-Testis -Epididymis (head/body/tail) -Accessory sex glands -Penis

Hormones produced by testes

-Testosterone

Testes Hormones

-Testosterone -Inhibin -Activin

What are the FSH effects on sertoli cells?

-Testosterone to Estradiol conversion -Inhibin -ABP (androgen binding protein) -Tight junctions

Describe protocols used in swine

-The resistance of the CL to regression by PGF until day 12 post ovulation eliminates the possibility of a 2 injection protocol as used in the cow

Testosterone Sources

-Theca cells of follicle

Factors influencing Fetal Growth

-Thyroid (bone&muscle) -Insulin, IGF (energy substrate/placental growth) -GH, IGF (fetal growth)

FSH effects on Sertoli cells

-Transduce signal of FSH and Testosterone to produce factors essential for germ cells to mature into spermatozoa -Inhibin -ABP -Tight junctions

Testicular Capsule

-Tunica vaginalis (parietal/visceral) -Tunica Dartos (albuginea) -Tunica vasculosa

PGF2alpha Source

-Uterine endometrium -Vesicular glands

Estrus

-Visible behavior symptoms "sexual receptivity". -Controlled by estradiol. -Approaching sexual receptivity (Increased locomotion, vocalization, nervousness, and mounting attempts) -standing estrus (Actual receptive period. Not the entire time) -Lordosis (Mating posture)

Vestibule

-Vulva -Secretory activity changes with endocrine status -Thickens at estrus -Protection and prevention of microorganism

External Genitalia

-Vulva, labia, anus --External opening to reproductive tract --Forms closures to prevent foreign material entry

Epididymis: Tail

-Warehouse and Shipping

Peptide/Protein Hormones

-Water soluble -Denatured by strong acids, bases, and heat -Cannot be given orally (FSH, LH, PR, OT) (Inhibin, Activin, Relaxin, HCG)

How many days out of the year do you have to get a beef cow pregnant, and what does it mean in terms of breeding?

-We have 35 days to breed, and we need to breed in the 1st or 2nd heat.

What is something important to note about nutrition?

-You can change hormones in a heart beat -Do NOT change nutrition, keep it the same; allow it to be the constant. -Change hormones, not nutrition

Lack of cyclicity, acyclicity, or menses is called

-amenorrhea -Similar to anestrus

How long does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take in mares?

1 hour

Normal Fertilization of ICSI

1 polar body and 1 male and female pronuclei

How long does Stage 2 (Expulsion of the Fetus) take in polytocous [producing many young at a time] animals?

1-3 hours

What is the average length of Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) in mares?

1-4 hours

How long does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take in swine? Why?

1-4 hours; due to the diffuse placentation

What is the body condition score range for dairy cattle?

1-5

What is the body condition score range for beef cattle?

1-9

What are the two GnRH products we discussed?

1. Cystorelin 2. Fertagyl (more expensive, Dr. Schrick likes more)

Two types of "Hand" made clones

1. Embryo Splitting 2. Nuclear Transfer

What are the two types of synchronization?

1. Estrus (heat) sync 2. Ovulation sync

What are the two methods of synchronization?

1. Hormonal induced 2. Management induced

What is something important to note about the diagram that shows all the different factors influencing reproductive success?

1. It doesn't always work 2. There is nothing in the diagram about sperm in terms of issues and mishandling

What are the two prostaglandin products we discussed?

1. Lutalyse 2. Estrumate

What are the 3 anestrous issues?

1. Prepuberal 2. Postpartum 3. Other... nutritional

What are the three estrous synchronization protocols?

1. Progestin based protocol 2. Prostaglandin based protocol 3. GnRH based protocol

What are the three phases of spermatogenesis?

1. Proliferation 2. Meiosis 3. Differentiation

What are the progestin products?

1. Sponges 2. Melegestrol Acetate (MGA) 3. PRID (Progestin Releasing Intravaginal Device) 4. CIDR (Controlled Intravaginal Drug Release)

IVF Cycle goals

1. Suppress LH Surge 2. Stimulate follicle growth 3. Trigger Oocyte Maturation 4. Retrieve MANY mature oocytes -10-20

What are the two sources of prostaglandin F2-alpha in the female?

1. Uterus 2. Iris of eye

Route to produce GnRH...

1.Daylight 2.Retina 3.SCN 4.Hypothalamus via optic nerve 5.SCG 6.Pineal gland 7.Melatonin 8.GnRH

Positive Feedback

1.During menstruation, before ovulation, estrogen in secreted from the ovary 2.Estrogen stimulates GnRH from the hypothalamus and LH from the AP 3.GnRH stimulates LH from the AP 4.LH causes the ovary to release more estrogen- This causes an increase in GnRH/LH levels in the blood

Phases of Estrous

1.Estrus 2.Metestrus 3.Diestrus 4.Proestrus

Movement of Sperm

1.Seminiferous tubules 2.Rete testis 3.Vas efferntia 4.Caput 5.Corpus 6.Cauda 7.Vas defrens

Negative Feedback

1.The ovary (during menstruation) secretes progesterone in response to LH 2.Progesterone inhibits the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus and LH from the AP 3.Decreased GnRH reduces LH secreted from the AP

What percentage of clones will be transgenic?

100%

Fluid volume in hydroallantoic pregnancy

116 L

If embryo transfer occurs after Day ____, then the outcome was not successful (no MRP).

12

How long does estrus last in the cow?

12-18 hours

When does placentation occur in a sow?

12-20 days

When does placentation occur in an ewe?

18-20 days

Assessing fertilization after ICSI

18-20 hours after

What is the success rate of breeding a cow during the first and second signs of heat?

1st: 50% 2nd: 70%

2 cell theory

2 cell 2 gonadotropin

What is the average length of Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) in swine?

2-12 hours

What is the average length of Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) in sheep & cattle?

2-6 hours

Combined infertility percent

20%

The human ovum contains ____ autosomal chromosomes and ____ X sex chromosome.

22, 1

A fertilized egg contains ____ pairs (2 x 22 = 44) of autosomal chromosomes & one pair of sex chromosomes (__ or __)

22, XX or XY

The human sperm contains ____ autosomal chromosomes & _____ X or Y chromosome.

22,1

When does ovulation occur?

27-30 hours after LH surge

Average Menstruation

28 days

Abnormal Fertilization of ICSI

3 or 4 pronuclei or no pronuclei

When does placentation occur in a cow?

30-35 days

Mammary Development

32 days

How many layers are present in the hemochorial placentation and why?

3; the fetal side has invaded the maternal side.

How many cotyledons do you typically see in a deer?

4-6

Female Infertility percent

40%

Male infertility percent

40%

How much do OT receptors increase in a women at term?

40-100x

How long does normal postpartum last for beef cattle?

45 days +/- 25 days

PCG (Primordial Germ Cell) migration begins by the _____ week of gestation in the cow & human to genital (gonadal) ridge.

4th

How long does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take in sheep [Cotylendonary placenta]?

5-8 hours

When does placentation occur in a mare?

50-60 days

How many layers are present in epitheliochorial placentation?

6

In 1975, there were approximately 125 M babies born worldwide; of these, ______ had chromosomal or biochemical disorders or major birth defects.

6 M

How many cotyledons do you typically see in a.cow?

70-120 (each 5-6 cm. across at the end of pregnancy)

What is the average length of Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) in women?

8-14 hours

How many cotyledons do you typically see in a sheep?

90-100

>90%

>_____% of fatty acid hormones will be deactivated when they pass through the lungs. (This is why fatty acid hormones must act immediately)

What is leptin?

A 16-kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite/hunger and metabolism. Most important adipose-derived hormones.

The Differences Between Zonary, Cotyledonary, Discoid and Diffuse Placentas

A = Diffuse B = Discoid C = Cotyledonary D = Zonary

Progesterone

A CL produces what hormone in order to maintain pregnancy?

Heart

A boar's prostate is shaped like what?

Progesterone

A corpus luteum must form in order to produce/release what hormone?

What is a Freemartin?

A female born twin to a bull (fraternal or dizygotic)

Estrogen & inhibin

A follicle needs LH & FSH in order to produce what 2 hormones?

The "Ferguson Reflex" is facilitated by what?

A high E:P ratio

Sperm

A high number of sertoli cells usually indicate a high number of what?

Receptor; Response

A hormone travels to find its specific __________, then there is a __________.

Large

A large volume of the ejaculate with lower concentration of sperm is indicative of __________ accessory glands.

FSH

A negative feedback loop for inhibin allows what also to decrease?

GnRH & LH

A negative feedback loop for testosterone allows what two hormones also to decrease?

GnRH

A negative feedback loop of estrogen leads to a negative feedback loop for what?

GnRH

A negative feedback loop of progesterone leads to a negative feedback loop for what?

What is diffuse placentation?

A placenta made up of villi that spread over almost the whole surface of the corion (compare to Cotylendonary)

GnRH, LH, FSH

A positive feedback loop of estrogen allows what three other hormones to increase?

What purpose does the amnion serve?

A protective cushion

What is the conclusion drawn from the sheep embryo ruminant MRP study?

A signal protein produced by conceptus around day 12 signals the uterus and this interaction maintains the CL of pregnancy.

Monotocous

A single large dominant ovulatory follicles.

What is the difference between a cow and a sow female reproductive tract?

A sow has more well-developed uterine horns. This is because they are a litter-bearing species.

What is a cotyledon?

A specialized area on fetal placental membrane (the chorion)

Muscular vascular

A stallion has what type of penis?

H

A stallion's prostate is shaped like what?

Hexagons, pentagon

A typical steroid has three __________ & one __________.

Mitotic divisions

A-spermatogonia: A1 A2 A3 A4 Stem cells divide continually for a constant source

What main hormones that we study for reproductive success are in the protein chemical class?

ACTH, Prolactin

Resort abortion

Abortion occurs but farmer won't notice until next heat cycle

What is the estimated cost of the One Shot Method for PG?

About $3.00

3 inches

About how long is the female human reproductive tract?

In males, the LH surge center is _________.

Absent

What hormone stimulates the fetal adrenal gland to release fetal cortisol?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What does ACTH stand for? What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and the principal function of ACTH and others?

Adrenocorticotropin Chemical class = protein Target: Adrenal cortex Function: Glucocorticoid release Milk synthesis

When does attachment occur?

After a 2-3 week "free living' period

When is puberty in the female determined? Which one is the most applicable from a practical standpoint?

Age of first ovulation (when 1st oocyte is released) Age of first estrus (easier to see and first time sexually receptive) Age at which the female can support pregnancy without deleterious effects)

When is puberty in the male determined? Which one is the most valid criterion?

Age when behavioral traits are expressed Age of first ejaculation (complex process) Age when sperm first appear in the ejaculation Age when the sperm first appear in the urine Age when the ejaculate contains a threshold of sperm

The Jost Paradigm

Alfred Jost, 1947, Sequential Three Step Process Mammalian Sex Development

Interstitial compartment

All cells & materials outside the seminiferous tubules (like blood vessels, connective tissues, lymphatics, nerves, Leydig cells, etc.) are where?

Seldom with deficiencies in the reproductive world is it _____ or ______.

All or none

What is the term for the fused chorion and allantois?

Allantochorion or chorioallantois

Fluid volume in normal pregnancy

Allantoic fluid: 10-15 L Amniotic fluid: 2.5-7.5 L

What placental membrane is a fluid-filled sac that contains blood vessels connecting fetal and placental circulation?

Allantois

In females, E2 is bound to ______________ and cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.

Alpha fetal protein (AFP)

small luteal cells

Also called thecal-lutein cells Contain lipid droplets No secretory granules Small luteal cells increase in number -Contribute to size (5x)

large luteal cells

Also granulosal-lutein cells From granulosa cells Contain secretory granules full of hormones -Oxytocin in CL for the cycle -Relaxin in CL for pregnancy Large luteal cells rarely multiple -CL size based on increase in volume (3x)

Peptide/Protein Hormones

Amino acids Mr determines classification Peptide = smaller than 50 amino acids Protein = greater than 50 amino acids (H2O soluble) Denatured by strong acids, bases and heat (effectiveness depends on administration [IV, IM or SC]

What is transferred across the placenta to the fetus to make proteins and fat in farm animals ?

Amino acids and fatty acids

If the oocyte is fertilized by an x-sperm, what do we have?

An XX configuration ; female

If the oocyte is fertilized by a y-sperm, what do we have?

An XY configuration ; male

ZP2

Anchor -Contact between egg and sperm

When normal estrous cycles do not occur

Anestrus

LH and FSH come from where?

Anterior pituitary

What structure releases LH and FSH?

Anterior pituitary

What unique characteristic does the amnion have in reference to the fetus?

Anti-adhesion properties (fluid contained within -- fetus cannot stick to things inside)

In farm animals, ____________ do not cross the placenta; the newborn gets these from the first milk (colostrum).

Antibodies

Stigma

Apex of the ovary

Peptides

Are peptides or proteins released in the hypothalamus?

No

Are steroid hormones soluble in inorganic solvents?

What is the estimated cost of the EAZI-breed CIDR program?

Around $11

What is the estimated cost of using the co-sync program?

Around $13

What is the estimated cost of using the ov-sync program?

Around $13

What is the estimated cost for co-sync with CIDR for timed AI program?

Around $21

What is the estimated cost of MGA + Prostaglandins?

Around $5.00

What is the estimated cost for the modified two shot method?

Around $6.00

What is the estimated drug cost for the PG Two Shot Method?

Around $6.00

What is the estimated cost of the modified select sync program?

Around $8-13

What is the estimated cost of the select sync program?

Around $8.00

How long is the human female reproductive tract?

Around 3 inches

Decreases

As ejaculate number in a day increases, the relative number of sperm per ejaculate does what?

When does the amnion rupture?

At birth (This is NOT "breaking of water")

Vestibule

At estrus, what vaginal structure thickens to protect the vagina during copulation & prevents microorganisms from getting into vasculature?

Consider noninvasive placentation an _______________.

Attachment

In what species does the left side of the reproductive tract develop but the right side atrophies?

Avian

Organ donor goal and example

Avoid issues with tissue rejection example: alter carbohydrate molecules on pig cells so human antibodies don't recognize them as foreign

Why does hastening the onset of puberty in females network as well as it does in males??

B/c physiological demand of pregnancy/parturition/lactation limit the benefits.

What are the patterns of hormone concentrations?

Basal, Episodic and Sustained

CL "vigor"

Based on the follicle prior to ovulation Number of luteal cells Vascularization

In what species do we see obligatory delayed implantation?

Bat, bear, seal, armadillo, badger and weasel

Differentiation

Becoming spermatozoon after metamorphosis; become sperm we expect to be there

Maternal recognition of pregnancy in farm animals occurs __________ attachment.

Before

Testicular descent typically occurs _______ parturition.

Before

When to retrieve oocytes?

Before ovulation 34-36 hours after trigger shot of hCG

Luteal Phase

Begins at ovulation -Formation of CL or luteinization -Begins with hemorrhagicum Production of progesterone Lasts until luteolysis Includes diestrus and metestrus

What is proestrus?

Begins w/ CL destruction and terminates at the beginning of estrus, lasts ~2-5 days

Describe the PGF response in the mare

Better if you know when the last estrous cycle occurred, but there can be wide variation in response time

Vitrification

Better survivability Most used Plunge into liquid nitrogen Don't lose anything after thawing (quality remains the same)

Where does the contact between mother and conceptus occur for metabolic exchange?

Between the chorion and endometrium

ZP3

Binds sperm

Fatty Acid Hormones

Biologically active lipids Do not fit classical hormone definition Typically act at production site Few cases where site of action is another tissue/organ Rapidly degraded in mammals

Testicular Sperm Extraction

Biopsy to remove sperm from testes if there is no sperm in the ejaculate

Which species are bicornuate and have highly developed uterine horns?

Bitch, queen and sow

Maternal recognition of pregnancy in farm animals is coincident with what?

Blastocyst elongation

What stage does the oocyte need to be in for embryo splitting?

Blastocyst or Morula Stage

Due to the common blood supply in Freemartin, the female is exposed to the males testosterone and AMH. What does this AMH do?

Blocks the Mullerin duct development in the male AND the female

Anterior Pituitary

Both GnRH & CRH (as well as others) target organ/tissue is where?

CHANGES WITH A DOMINANT FOLLICLE

Both LH and FSH basal levels increase due to GnRH inhibition removal. Begins the hormonal changes -Recruitment -Selection -Dominance

What is an example of obligatory delayed implantation?

Breeding in the fall with implantation in the spring

What could happen if a cow is too fat?

Breeding issues

Cowper's glands

Bulbourethral glands are also known as what?

Fibroelastic

Bulls, boars, & rams have what kind of penis?

How does IFN-t prevent destruction of the CL?

By binding to uterine IFN-t receptors and diminishing or inhibiting pulsatile uterine PGF2a secretion.

What is the most common progestin product?

CIDR's (Controlled Intravaginal Drug Release)

To achieve myometrial contractions what must change?

CL environment

How is the CL of pregnancy maintained in cats and dogs?

CL maintained whether or not pregnancy occurs (pseudopregnancy)

What must happen in order for cyclicity to carry on?

CL must be destroyed as long as pregnancy does not occur

There is no ______ gland in birds. What does this lead to?

CL-endocrine; No progesterone --> no pregnancy --> lays egg

ACTH

CRH's principle function is the release of what (that is important for parturition?)

What is an advantage/disadvantage of calving early in terms of estrous synchronization?

Calves are older when weaned

Yes

Can peptides/proteins be denatured by strong acids, bases & heat?

What is the hypophyseal portal system and what does it do?

Carries RH to AP without dilution in systemic circulation Peptide hormones have a short half-life Allows rapid response

The maternal ________ has a very different presentation in the gravid state than in the non gravid state.

Caruncle

In what species does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take the longest?

Cattle (6-12 hours)

What is the general function of releasing hormones of the hypothalamus?

Cause release of trophic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

What are adipocytes?

Cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat 2 types- White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue

What organs are associated with the germ layer Ectoderm?

Central nervous system, sense organs, mammary glands, sweat glands, skin, hair and hooves

What must occur simultaneously with myometrial contractions?

Cervical dilation

Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis

Checks for genes associated with specific conditions Classified as affected, unaffected or carrier

What are oxytocin sources? What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and the principal function of oxytocin?

Chemical class = Neuropeptide (octapeptide) Target: Mammary gland - myoepothelial cells Uterus -- myometrium & endometrium Testes -- Smooth muscle of epididymal tail, vas Deferens and Ampulla Function: 1. Milk ejection 2. Parturition 3. PGF2a synthesis 4. Pre-ejaculatory movement of sperm

What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and the principal function of Prolactin?

Chemical class = protein Target: Mammary cells Corpus lute Testes Brain Function: Lactation Maternal behavior Corpus luteum function

What is the chemical class, source and the principal function of the Ovarian Hormone progesterone?

Chemical class = steroid Source: Corpus luteum (large and small luteal cells) Placenta Function: Inhibition of mating behavior Maintenance of pregnancy Mammary growth

What is the chemical class, source and the principal function of the Ovarian Hormone estrogen?

Chemical class = steroid Source: Granuloma cells -- Antral Follicles Placenta Sertoli cells Function: Mating behavior Cyclic changes Secondary sex characteristics Mammary growth

What is a pheromone?

Chemical factor either secreted or excreted that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Various types exist (i.e., alarm pheromones, sex pheromones)

What are hormones?

Chemical substances produced by endocrine glands or tissues that are carried in the blood to a target organ/tissue which elicits a change in cellular activity (i.e., physiological response) after finding receptors. Messenger. Acts as a catalyst. Can act on same cell/tissue that produced it. Paracrine and autocrine. Works through specific receptors.

Men and fertility preservation

Chemo or other treatments affecting sperm

Get pregnant

Chickens do not need a corpus luteum because they don't need to do what?

What is the precursor for steroid hormones?

Cholesterol

What is cloning genetically superior animals dependent on?

Choosing traits that are highly heritable

Superficial Implantation (Placental Attachment)

Chorion lies opposed to the uterine wall

What are the four placental membranes?

Chorion, yolk sac, amnion and allantois

What are the three steps of the Jost Paradigm?

Chromosomal (genetic) sex : The presence or absence of a Y chromosome Gonadal sex : Presence or absence of testis determining factor (TDF) [XY = testis, XX = ovaries] Phenotypic sex (secondary sex differentiation) : Determined by hormonal products of gonads

What organs are associated with the germ layer Mesoderm?

Circulatory system, skeletal system, muscle, reproductive systems, kidney, urinary ducts

What are the pieces and parts of the female Avian reproductive tract from the outside in?

Cloaca, Vagina, Uterus (aka Shell Gland), Isthmus, Magnum, Infundibulum, Oviduct, Ovary (follicles = egg yolks)

Who is Snuppy?

Cloned dog 1:1000

Who is Ralph?

Cloned rat

Which protocol should be used? -Commercial, semen is inexpensive, can NOT heat check

Co-sync with CIDR for timed AI

Recruitment

Cohort of small follicles grow and begin producing estrogen

Who tends to use MGA + Prostaglandins?

Commercial producers with replacement beef heifers

A ________ blood supply is present at the time of testis formation and before ovarian formation in a Freemartin.

Common

Maternal recognition of pregnancy in farm animals is signaled by ___________ product(s).

Conceptus

How is the CL of pregnancy maintained in primates?

Conceptus signal act directly on CL

What does the removal of the progesterone block allow for?

Contractility

What is a placentome?

Cotyledon and caruncle together

Rudimentary cotyledons in placenta

Cotyledons tried to form but were unsuccessful

The human ovary is similar to a ______ but smaller.

Cow

What species have convex cotyledonary attachment?

Cow and giraffe

What species have cotyledonary placentas?

Cow and sheep

What is the average length of estrous cycles in different species?

Cow, Sow, Mare: 21 days Ewe: 17

Which species have 2 uterine horns, 1 uterine body, 1 cervix and 1 vagina?

Cow, mare, bitch, queen, sow

Boar

Cowper's gland is typically a small & ovoid, dense structure except in what male where It is very large?

3 follicular waves are more common in what species?

Cows

What is diestrus?

Creation of a functional CL, lasts ~13 days

Ethical issue of therapeutic cloning

Creation of embryo that is then destroyed

How do you get high genetic merit in clones?

Crossing your best clonal lines

Spontaneous

Cyclic ovulators woman, cow, ewe, sow, mare

Other Factors (present in luteolysis)

Cytokines: -Immune products -Secreted from macrophages and lymphocytes -Inhibit progesterone (mainly because getting rid of P4 producing cells) -Trigger apoptosis (through activity of macrophages or phagocytosis) Cell death: Necrosis (Death due to damage) Apoptosis (Programmed cell death)

There is a genetic deficiency of 5a-reductase that converts testosterone to _______.

DHT

In terms of GnRH based protocols, which follicles work and which do not?

DO work: big follicles DO NOT work: small follicles

Who tends to use the ov-sync program?

Dairy producers: most common in dairy heifers who want timed sync.

When to transfer embryos

Day 5-6

Facultative breeder

Day length

When is the bitch receptive to the male?

Declining estrogen, rising progesterone

Female fertility issues

Decreased Ovarian Reserve Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Endometriosis Uterine Factors Fertility Preservation

Atresia

Degeneration of follicles in the cohort via loss of the antrum Over 90% of follicles undergo

What determines uterine type?

Degree of fusion

Most embryos implant shortly after entering the uterus, however some undergo what?

Delayed Implantation

When is there a tonic secretion of LH?

Diestrus, CL formation , follicle growth and turnover

What is dystocia?

Difficult birth

What organs are associated with the germ layer Endoderm?

Digestive system, liver, lungs, endocrine glands, pancreas, thyroid gland, most other glands and the primordial germ cells

What stage of labor takes the longest?

Dilation of the Cervix (Stage 1)

Which stage of labor is associated with dystocia ?

Dilation of the Cervix (Stage 1)

What ploidy status is needed to make an embryo?

Diploid

In what type of placenta does the endometrial epithelium grow over the placenta?

Discoid

Spermatogenesis

Disruption of scrotal cooling mechanisms severely compromises what?

Carbohydrates

Do carbohydrates or proteins tend to have a longer half-life and larger % in blood after injected?

Problem with therapeutic cloning

Does not allow cloned embryo to establish pregnancy. Harvest those stem cells and use for regeneration of tissues.

Boar

Does the bull or boar have a higher level of sperm production?

Yes

Does transcription take awhile?

What species have zonary placentas?

Dog, cat and seal

What is the most important thing in Stage 1 (Expulsion of the Fetus)?

Don't mess around, get the fetus OUT

What is an example of Estrogen affecting the development of duct differentiation in females?

Double ER KO results in sex reversal of ovary to testis-like structure and increased SOX-9.

What is the only cost considered with the modified two shot method?

Drug cost

What is the only cost put into consideration for the One Shot Method?

Drug cost

What is the only cost put into consideration for the two shot method?

Drug cost

What is it called when there are two cervices?

Duplex

In males, testosterone enters fetal brain and is converted to ______.

E2

What causes the embryo to implant in facultative delayed implantation?

E2

____ prevents surge center development in males.

E2

What induces an LH surge during estrus?

E2, LH required to induced ovulation which occurs right after estrus

Proliferation

Early spermatogonia cells go through mitosis; go from few to many cells

What are the three germ layers?

Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm

Vasa Efferentia

Efferent Ducts are also known as what?

Uterine Quiescent

Egg arrested in metaphase of the second meiotic division

How are placentas classified?

Either morphologically by distribution of villi on the chorionic surface or by the degree of separation between maternal and fetal blood (microscopically)

Interstitial Implantation (Placental Attachment)

Embryo invades endometrium and develops in the endometrium

Cells that can be used in nuclear transfer

Embryonic, fetal, and/or somatic

The placenta is a __________ organ.

Endocrine

What type of gland is most important for reproduction purposes?

Endocrine

What type of glands are ductless?

Endocrine

What type of glands secrete chemical agents (i.e. hormones) directly into the bloodstream, lymph or other?

Endocrine

What type of glands secrete hormones that travel via blood to target organ/tissue/cells where they regulate specific physiological activities?

Endocrine

What is the most important organ that the endoderm germ layer is associated with?

Endocrine glands and the primordial germ cells

Invasive Placentation

Endometrial epithelium and possibly other endometrial layers are eroded by conceptus [...Fetal tissues erode the maternal tissues and gain a more direct access to the maternal bloodstream...]

Noninvasive Placentation

Endometrial epithelium is retained (or breached only sporadically or transiently)

The exposure of the Freemartin to testosterone results in what?

Enlarged clitoris and brain sex

CRH--ACTH--CORTISOL

Enzymes that metabolize progesterone to estradiol

What does the placental P4 upregulate?

Enzymes the convert P4 into E2.

Androgen

Epididymus function is __________ dependent

What hormone is legal to use in other countries to induce estrous behavior, but illegal in the US?

Estradiol 17

Positive

Estradiol is one of the few examples of what kind of feedback loop?

What receptors does P4 block the formation of?

Estradiol receptor (ER) and Oxytocin receptor (OTR)

Slow

Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, DHT, & cortisol are all examples of a slow or rapid response?

What is the dominant hormone in estrus? What type of changes occur?

Estradiol; behavioral changes and changes in report tract

The mechanism involved with MRP in ruminants involves inhibition of ___________ receptor and oxytocin receptor formation.

Estrogen

αFP

Estrogen is produced in the ovary which binds to __________ where it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Despite the lack of gonadal influence in the duct differentiation of females, several other factors do play a role. What are these factors?

Estrogen produced by fetal ovaries, estrogen receptors (Era and ERb), growth factors & other hormones may play a role in complete development.

(ovarian) Steroid hormones

Estrogen, progesterone, & testosterone are all examples of what kind of hormones?

What are the steroid hormones of the ovary?

Estrogens, progestins and androgens

What two types of cycles do mammals have?

Estrous cycle (b/w periods of estrus) Menstrual cycle (begins and ends with menses)

When is there a surge of FSH?

Estrus, secondary surge during metestrus

How to treat Hydrops

Euthanasia Abort fetus, often causes mother to die too

What does "sexually indifferent" mean in the early embryo?

Even though the chromosomal sex is determined, you cannot visually tell the sex yet.

When is sperm made?

Every 3-4 days

Hydrops

Excessive accumulation of allantoic or amniotic fluid in the uterus during the latter half of gestation

What type of glands have ducts?

Exocrine

What type of glands secrete externally (not into the bloodstream)?

Exocrine

Parturition (Labor)

Expulsion of the fetus and placenta from the uterus

What could happen if a cow is too thin?

Extended anestrus period

If there is no DHT or DHT Rc then there is no what?

External genitalia

Glyco-proteins

FSH & LH are what kinds of proteins?

Estrogen, LH

FSH can upregulate its own receptor to increase __________ synthesis & upregulate _____ receptors to prepare for ovulation.

What type of delayed implantation inhibits FSH and E2?

Facultative delayed implantation

Why IVF?

Failed IUI Infertility Male factor or Female tubal factor

Human Infertility

Failure of a couple to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse

What is cryptorchidism?

Failure of testes to descend, producing T4, but no sperm

True/False Puberty is the same as sexual maturity.

False

True/False Minimizing age at puberty for females is more advantageous than for males.

False Males than females (sperm can be used for AI) -reduces reproductive "down time" -reduces generation interval

True/False The first surges after puberty are associated with estrus.

False ( this is not always the case)

T/F: Most schemes do not need to rely on follicle palpations/ US and behavior to determine when to breed

False, they DO rely on follicle palpations and such

T/F: It is easy to get MGA

False; it is hard to obtain

degraded

Fatty acid hormones typically act at the production site & are rapidly __________ in mammals

What is melegestrol acetate (MGA)

Feed additive

Free Martin (female/male twin)

Female exposed to male testosterone and AMH blocks mullerian duct development

In birds, what are the female and male genotypes?

Females = ZW Males = ZZ

What is the result of extra "X"s within a male?

Feminization and impaired spermatogenesis (deviate from normal)

Hypothalamus --> CRH --> AP --> ACTH --> Adrenal Gland --> Fetal Cortisol

Fetal Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal Axis

What hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Fetal corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

From the innermost region of the fetus to the outermost region of the mother, how do the tissues order?

Fetal endothelium, fetal connective tissue, fetal (chorionic) epithelium, maternal (endometrial) epithelium, maternal connective tissue, maternal endothelium.

Vulva Vestibule Cervix External Uterine Bifurcation Oviduct

Finish labeling the 9 parts of the female anatomy Labia --> __________ --> __________ --> Cranial Vagina --> __________ --> Uterine Horn --> __________ -->Ovaries

Magnum, Uterus, Cloaca

Finish the hen's reproductive system: Ovary --> Infundibulum --> __________ --> Isthmus --> __________ --> Vagina --> __________

Who is Dolly?

First clone of an adult animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer of mammary cell -277 attempts

Who is Dewey?

First clone of deceased white tail buck

Blastocoel

Fluid filled cavity in a blastocyst

What does FSH stand for? What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and the principal function of FSH?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone Chemical class = glycoprotein Target: Ovary = granuloma cells Testes = Sertoli cells Function: 1. Follicle growth 2. Estrogen production 3. Sertoli cell function 4. Spermiogenesis

Estrogen

Follicles produce what hormone in females?

Menstrual cycle- follicular phase

Follicular phase produce estradiol is 14 days long 9 proliferative phase 5 menses

FDA statement on cloning food animals

Food products derived from animals clones are safe for human consumption

Women and fertility preservation

Freezing eggs due to aging

Source of sperm collection

Fresh ejaculate from partner Frozen Frozen testicular biopsy

Selection

From the cohort surviving follicles are selected and may become dominant (Litter baring species a group is select not in mono-ovulatory animals)

The placenta converts glucose to __________, which can be stored in allantoic fluid in farm animals.

Fructose

In a freemartin, the placental membranes of the fetuses ______.

Fuse

How brain and behavioral sexual differentiation proceeds:

Genetic Sex sets stage for gonadal sex which once forms makes a sex steroid production from the gonads which determines the brain structure and behavior (masculine or feminine)

What is Pharming?

Genetically modified farm animals used to benefit human health

Nuclear Maturation

Germinal Vesicle Breakdown Chromatin condenses and segregates Extrusion of 1st polar body Mitosis occurs and arrests in Metaphase 2

The testes descend during _______________.

Gestation

What is the best way to select the best protocol?

Get the protocol that matches the producer

Primates/Humans

Give an example of a female animal with a simplex uterus, where there are no uterine horns

Mare

Give an example of a female animal with high uterine horn fusion (short horns & large body)

Cow

Give an example of a female animal with moderate uterine horn fusion (mod. length horns & small body)

HcG Functions

Glycoprotein -LH like- involved with establishment of pregnancy in women (stimulates egg release) -Supports/maintains CL

FH

Glycoprotein -Target: ovary-granulosa cells/ testes-sertoli cells -Functions: follicle growth, estrogen, sertoli cell function, and spermatogenesis

LH

Glycoprotein -Target: ovary-theca cell and corpus leuteum/ testes-leydig cells -Functions: ovulation, CL formation, progesterone production, testosterone production

Activin

Glycoprotein Source: granulosa follicle Function: stimulate FSH secretion

Inhibin

Glycoprotein Sources: granulosa cells- antral follicle Function: Inhibits FSH secretion

LH

GnRH allows levels of what hormone to change?

receptor, G-protein, phospholipase C (PLC), DAG, & IP3, calcium, endoplasmic reticulum, DAG, PKC, secretory granules, LH

GnRH binds to its _________which recruits __________ and activates __________. The reduction of PLC yields two products _________ & _________. IP3 then binds to its receptor, where _________ is released into the cytoplasm of the __________. Next, __________ & the addition of calcium from outside of the membrane facilitate the activation of __________. Then with the help of __________, there is a fusing with the membrane & _________ is dumped through the plasma membrane.

How do GnRH based protocols work?

GnRH helps induce ovulation/luteinization

Neuropeptide

GnRH is considered what kind of peptide?

Hypothalamus, Anterior pituitary , gonads

GnRH is produced & released by the _________. Then is is released into the _________ where LH & FSH are released to the _________.

In females, duct differentiation occurs without what?

Gonadal influence Ex. Jost experiment -- castrates had female duct development

Positive Loop

Gonadal steroids -estridiol

What does the hormone GnRH stand for?

Gonadotropin releasing hormone Releases LH and FSH

Protein

Greater than 50 amino acids is known as what?

Rapid growth and regression of the ______________ occurs after the testes descend.

Gubernaculum

Hormone potency

Half-life, receptor density, & hormone receptor affinity affect what?

Diffuse Placenta

Has the least invasive attachment, chorionic villi distributed over entire surface of chorionic sac. It is not smooth, it has folds. It sends fingerlike projections out to fit within the folds of the endometrium. "Like a zipper" -- interlocking projetions

What is another common name for estrus?

Heat

What is an environmental stressor that can affect the estrous cycle?

Heat stress: affects the oocytes

2 follicular waves are more common in what species?

Heifers

What type of Estradiol to Progesterone ratio promotes myometrial excitability (contractions)?

High E:P

Problems with Cloned offspring

High mortality Large offspring Hypothermic Lung dysmaturity Metabolic disorders

Livers, progesterone, steroids

High producing dairy cows have larger __________, & lower __________ concentrations. This may lead to them metabolizing __________ at a faster rate which may impair fertility.

What is the average age at puberty for females and males, respectively, in holsteins? Brahman?

Holstein: 8.5 months, 9.0 months Brahman: 19 mo, 17 mo

Endocrine, blood

Hormones are chemical substances that are produced by __________ glands or tissue that is then carried in the __________ to target organ/tissue which elicit a change in cellular activity after binding to its receptor.

Endocrine

Hormones come from what type of gland?

Who is Prometea?

Horse that is genetically identical to surrogate mother.

Vein --> artery

How does testosterone move in the circulatory system?

In what species do we see hemo-chorial placentation?

Human

What species have discoid placentas?

Human, primates, rabbits, rodents and bats

Which species has 2 different types of labia? What are they?

Human; minora and majora

Name a species where antibodies are passed through the placenta.

Humans

Parturition is poorly understood in _____________.

Humans

In what species does Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) take the longest?

Humans (8-14 hours)

Why does the human female reproductive tract have a different orientation than that of a cow?

Humans are bipedal.

What species have a simplex system?

Humans, primates

Hormones

Hypothalamic Nuclei are responsible for releasing what?

GnRH comes from where?

Hypothalamus

What are the two most important structures in the brain that regulate reproduction?

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Why not drain fluid with hydroallantoic pregnancy?

Hypovolemic shock which causes death

Nature's Clones

Identical twins

Proestrus

If pregnancy not maintained... -CL regression -Decrease in progesterone, increase in estrogen -CL terminates at the beginning of estrus

What is one way dystocia can be caused in this stage of parturition?

If the cervix doesn't want to properly dilate; fetus is experiencing strong myometrial contractions and is stuck (MUST GET OUT)

Lumen Spermiation

Immediate transfer into cervix-- travel through uterus-- undergo capacitation-- enter/reside in oviduct-- acrosomal reaction-- fertilize ovum -Essential for meiosis -Induced by FSH

Consider invasive placentation an ______________.

Implantation

Obligatory Delayed Implantation

Implantation is delayed several months; little embryonic growth (embryonic diapause)

Outside to inside

In a general model for receptor structure, is the message delivered inside to outside the cell membrane or outside to inside?

Corpus cavernous

In a penile cross-section, what is the center spongy erectile tissue of the penis known as?

Corpus spongiosum

In a penile cross-section, what is the urethra surrounded by?

Tunica albuginea

In a penile cross-section, what layer surrounds the outer boundary of the penis?

Outside

In animals (other than the mare) where is the cortex of the ovary?

Inside

In animals (other than the mare) where is the medulla of the ovary?

Rectogenital pouch

In animals, what separates the reproductive system & the rectum in females?

Clotting

In humans, the seminal vesicles & prostate are useful in the what of ejaculate?

Perineal Raphe

In humans, what is the area between the vulva & anus known as?

Testis

In males, what structure is responsible for producing spermatozoa, testosterone, inhibin, estrogen, & some proteins?

4-6° C

In most mammals, testes must be how many degrees cooler than body temperature for proper sperm production?

Cowper's gland

In the boar, what is responsible for the gelling of ejaculate?

Cervix

In the cow/ewe there are cilia in what reproductive structure?

Dorsal Erection Canals

In the cross section of the penis, what are the two holes on the opposite side of the urethra called?

Puberty

In the female, it takes ~2 months before pulse frequency of LH is high enough to achieve what?

Testis

In the male reproductive system, what is known as the sperm "manufacturing & assembly plant?"

Estrogen

In the male's brain, testosterone aromatizes to what hormone?

Cowper's glands

In the ram, bull, & stallion, what glands are small & buried under the bulbospongiosus muscle?

How do the sow and mare diffuse placentas vary?

In the sow the projections appear as one finger-like projection into the endometrium while with the mare it appears as several finger-like projections in a cluster.

Seminal vesicles

In the stallion, what is responsible for the gelling of ejaculate?

Mares

In what females, is the ovary inverted where the cortex is on the inside & the medulla is on the outside?

Extracellular

In what receptor domain is the carbohydrate a tangled mess?

Transmembrane

In what receptor domain is the carbohydrate in a snake like pattern?

What does an increase in cervical stimulation do?

Increase Oxytocin

What does an increase in pressure do?

Increase cervical stimulation

Application of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Increase efficiency

Describe what happens to spermatozoa as they go from myoid cells/basement membrane to the lumen

Increase in maturity as they get closer to the lumen

What happens when there is a tonic release of LH

Increase of testosterone

Prolactin Production

Increase rate of casein and alpha-lactation synthesis

When does progesterone increase in the estrous cycle? Decrease?

Increase: During diestrus (formation of functional CL) Decrease: Ovulation and Estrus

How many Embryos should be transferred?

Increased implantation rate with less embryos transferred

Negative feedback

Increased secretion of one hormone inhibits secretion of another hormone (Inhibin on FSH secretion)

Positive feedback

Increased secretion of one hormone stimulates increased secretion of another hormone (Estrogen on GnRH)

As follicular growth increases, Estradiol:

Increases

What happens with gonadotropin during pregnancy?

Increases

What does the increase in mucus secretion in the female reproductive tract do?

Increases lubrication in the cervix vagina

What does E2 do with regards to fetal coritsol?

Increases myometrial contractions and the secretion of mucus by the female reproductive tract.

What does an increase in myometrial contractions do?

Increases pressure.

The early embryo remains sexually ____________.

Indifferent

Facultative Delayed Implantation

Induced by lactation and suckling

What type of ovulators are queens?

Induced ovulators

Risks of Human Cloning

Inefficiency of procedure Cloned fetuses die in late gestation or early birth Death of mother Complication with offspring

Problems with cloning

Inefficient Death of embryos and fetuses throughout pregnancy Large offspring Death of offspring

The vast majority of Freemartin are ________.

Infertile

Granulosa cells

Inhibin & activin primarily come from what portion of the ovary?

Negative

Inhibin, progesterone, estradiol, & testosterone are all examples of what kind of feedback loops?

What does inhibin do?

Inhibits the production of FSH

Artificial Progesterone (change livestock managent) we can give it these ways

Injectable Transdermal Oral Implants

With regards to MRP in ruminants, the conceptus secretes large amount of the protein ___________ from day 13-21 after ovulation.

Interferon-tau (IFN-t)

What type of implantation (placental attachment) do we see in humans?

Interstitial Placentation

What are two types of placentation?

Invasive and noninvasive

Longer

Is a greater potential for biological activity achieved through a shorter or longer half-life?

Males

Is minimizing age at puberty for advantageous for males or females?

No

Is the cremaster muscle capable of sustained contractions?

Yes

Is the tunica dartos capable of sustained contractions?

Who is Millie?

Ist cloned cow in the US -1:95 attempts

Why is the X chromosome larger than the Y?

It allows the larger "x" chromosome to absorb more dye and sort sperm based on fluorescence. This is called sexed sperm and is available in beef cattle and even humans.

What is the purpose of the yolk sac in mammals?

It atrophies but is a source of blood cells and primordial germ cells.

What is the disadvantage of an AI technician, especially in Tennessee, in terms of estrous synchronization?

It can be very hard to find an AI technician here, not as many in the area

What did Jost discover with his experiments with reference to testosterone (injection, pellets, testis graft) into the females before sexual differentiation?

It caused male type development of external genitalia and Wolffian duct system in both sexes.

Why is colostrum so vital?

It contains antibodies.

What is the chorion's purpose?

It encloses the embryo and all other extra-embryonic membranes and provides an attachment to the uterus.

How do you administer MGA?

It goes into the feed; into fat

How is a sow's ovary different?

It has multiple follicles (resembles a bundle of grapes)

Why is the mitochondrial DNA different in nuclear transfer?

It ignores the importance of cytoplasmic inheritance

What is the important takeaway when studying cow cervices?

It is NOT a straight pathway.

In an XX male, what happens to SRY?

It is added to the "X"

During the free living period, how is the blastocyst being nourished?

It is being bathed in uterine secretions

What was the original dogma concerning nuclear transplantation?

It is biologically impossible, and only embryonic cells can be used

What happens to SRY in XY females?

It is deleted or mutated.

Where does the fluid in the amnion come from?

It is produced by the fetus.

In an XY female, what happens to SRY?

It is removed from the "Y"

What is a unique purpose of the amnion very early in gestation?

It is taut -- so much fluid that it cannot be palpated. This is good, because if it was palpated at this stage damage could be caused.

Why is the placenta so vascular?

It needs O2, nutrients and a mechanism to exchange waste

Why is reproductive cyclicity important?

It provides the female with repeated opportunities to get pregnant.

What did Jost discover with his experiments with reference to secondary sexual development?

It was female, irrespective of genetic sex. The Mullerian ducts (F presentation) persisted, external labia and clitoris developed in both sexes.

How does environment play a role in reproduction?

It's the main factor to whether or not reproduction is successful

Third Ventricle

Just above the medulla oblongata lies what?

The __________ ________ has the ability to either lay eggs or give birth to live young.

Komodo dragon

What do you need a lot of to induce ovulation?

LH

What stimulates testosterone production?

LH

What is the summary of the molecular size of hormones largest to smallest?

LH & FSH --> Prolactin --> Inhibin --> Oxytocin --> Estradiol --> Testosterone, Progesterone, PGF2a

corpus luteum

LH + __________ = progesterone

What main hormones that we study for reproductive success are in the glycoprotein chemical class?

LH and FSH

Which hormones are the largest reproductive hormones because they travel from the hypothalamus to reproductive tract.

LH and FSH

G-protein, adenylate cyclase, cAMP, transcription, mRNA, cholesterol, mitochondria, testosterone

LH binds to its receptor where __________ is recruited & __________ is activated. ATP is converted to __________ which then binds to a Protein Kinase A. Phosphorylation events lead to _________ (DNA --> _____.) Via new protein synthesis, __________ is converted to pregnenolone in the __________. Pregnenolone is then converted to the final product of _________ via steroid synthesis.

What three primary reproductive hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

LH, FSH and Prolactin

Dog do not have ______ anestrus

Lactational- because after birth, the dog already goes into anestrus.

When does estradiol increase in the estrous cycle?

Large spike in E2 during estrus and ovulation

What are the follicular waves controlled by?

Length of luteal phase

Paramesonephric

Length of uterine horns is dependent upon the degree of fusion between what ducts in the fetus?

Low CAP-score

Less likely to conceive within 3 IUI cycles -IVF recommended

Peptide

Less than 50 amino acids is known as what?

In the testes, the hormone LH attaches to what type of cells?

Leydig

Testosterone Source

Leydig cells

Testosterone is produced by what type of cells?

Leydig cells

What produces testosterone?

Leydig cells

Dilation of the cervix results from what two things?

Loss of collagen and loosening or separation of collagen fibers

What does the dominant follicle secrete?

Lots of estradiol

Pre Implantation Genetic Selection

Lower chance of incorrect chromosome composition Transfer embryos known to be genetically normal

What does LH stand for? What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and the principal function of LH?

Lutenizing Hormone Chemical class = glyco-protein Target: Ovary = theca interna cell and corpus luteum Testes = Leydig cells Function: 1. Ovulation 2. CL formation and Progesterone production 3. Testosterone production

_________ must be prevented to maintain pregnancy.

Luteolysis

Describe the structure of LH and FSH.

Made of 2 amino acid chains Alpha chains are the same Beta chains differ and give specificity Need both chains for biological activity Also relevant for TSH

Jost concluded that sex was assigned by the presence or absence of a genetic factor(s) that determines the fate of the gonads. How did he refer to these states?

Male = induced state Female = default state

What is the average age of puberty in bovine? humans?

Male and female: 11 mo (7-18 mo range) Male: 13 yrs Female: 12 yrs

What is the average age of puberty in bovine? humans?

Male and female: 11 mo (7-18 mo range) Male : 13 years Female : 12 years

Surge center

Males lack what area in the hypothalamus?

Blastocyst

Mammalian blastula where some cell differentiation has occurred (cell stage)

What is the most important organ that the ectoderm germ layer is associated with?

Mammary glands

Slow Cool

Managed ice crystal formation -mediate formation to keep embryo from being affected -Now used just for sperm

Klinefelter's Syndrome (47 XXY)

Many types of presentations Have an extra "X" chromosome Develop as male with female type development (very feminine) Frontal baldness absent Tendency to grow fewer chest hairs Breast development Female-type pubic hair pattern Small testicle size Wide hips Long arms and legs Narrow shoulders Poor beard growth

Which species has a larger uterine body than others?

Mare

Which species shows an inverted presentation of the ovary?

Mare

Which species are bicornuate and have poorly to moderately developed uterine horns?

Mare and cow

In what species does placentation occur the latest?

Mares

In what species does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take the shortest?

Mares (1 hour) or swine (1-4 hours)

In what species does Stage 1 (Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation) take the shortest?

Mares (1-4 hours)

The End of the Luteal Phase

Marked transition between the luteal phase and follicular phase Luteolysis -Disintegration or decomposition of the corpus luteum Controlled by: CL -Oxytocin -Progesterone Uterus -Prostaglandin-F2α (local) -Except in the dog

_________ have a very short gestation period and do not develop umbilical cords.

Marsupials

Which species have a septum through their vagina?

Marsupials, opossum

Which species have two vaginas?

Marsupials, opossum

Which species have two cervices?

Marsupials, opossum, rabbits, mice

How does the dam know she is pregnant?

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy (MRP)

What is a caruncle?

Maternal specialized regions on uterus to which the cotyledons attach

There are similarities in _________ and ________ of onset of parturition between humans and domestic animals.

Mechanisms and timing

What is a modified amino acid hormone?

Melatonin

What does the pineal gland produce?

Melatonin- extremely important for seasonal breeders

Best phase for nuclear transfer?

Metaphase 2

Which species have each horn open to a different cervix?

Mice and rabbits

Which species have two cervices, but one vagina?

Mice, rabbits

Embryo Splitting

Microblade divides embryo

The testes descend in the Bull and Ram _________, Boar and Human __________ and Stallion before or just after birth.

Mid-gestation, last quarter of gestation

Placental membranes start in the horn of initial pregnancy but will eventually do what?

Migrate into the other horn

What does the progestin based protocol do?

Mimics the corpus luteum

Which protocol should be used? -Registered producer, semen is expensive, can heat check

Modified two-shot method

In what species does Stage 2 (Expulsion of the Fetus) take the shortest?

Monotocous species

Concerns with Cloning

Morals Ethics Human Cloning

Pharmaceutical Protein goal and example

More biologically active proteins example: human blood clotting factor as component of milk in sheep

Trophectoderm biopsy

More common More cells to work with and less threat to embryo

Hormonal induced synchronization

More common; similar to what is shown in the estrous cycle

Spermatozoa Production (beginning)

Most immature germ cells located at the periphery of the seminiferous tubules Move toward the lumen Developing germ cells are connected by ntercellular bridges Entire cohorts are connected through spermatid stage

Blood

Most of male accessory sex gland secretions are also found where?

Transgenics and Cloning

Most straightforward way to insert genetic modification

Who is Idaho Gem? And why was this clone important?

Mule from fetal cells. Important because mules are sterile.

Polytocous

Multiple large dominant ovulatory follicles (sheep are classified as this)

What are myoid cells?

Muscle like cells; contract and push things along

Ischiocavernosus muscles

Muscles associated with the pelvic urethra & the penis are known as what?

What influences cervical dilation?

Myometrial contractions

What does expulsion of the fetus require?

Myometrial contractions and cervical dilation

"STEAP" 1. Spermatic cord 2. Testes 3. Epididymus 4. Accessory sex glands 5. Penis

Name the 5 main structures of the male reproductive system

Serosa --> Muscularis --> Submucosa --> Mucosa

Name the four layers of concentric tubes from the outermost to innermost layer

Primordial --> Primary --> Secondary --> Antral

Name the four types of follicles in female animals

Human

Name the male: Seminal Vesicles + Prostate: ++ Body Cowper's +

Ram

Name the male: Seminal Vesicles + Prostate: Disseminate Cowper's ++

Bull

Name the male: Seminal Vesicles ++ Prostate: Body & Disseminate Cowper's +

Stallion

Name the male: Seminal Vesicles +++ Prostate: ++ Body & (+/-) Disseminate Cowper's +

Boar

Name the male: Seminal Vesicles +++ Prostate: Body & Disseminate Cowper's +++

Cat

Name the male: Seminal Vesicles - Prostate: ++ Body Cowper's ++

Dog

Name the male: Seminal Vesicles - Prostate: ++ Body Cowper's -

Ca2+ & cAMP

Name the two "Second messengers" relevant to this class

Lumen -> Endometrium -> Myometrium -> Perimetrium

Name the uterine layers from the lumen (inner) to the perimetric (outer.)

What is something important to note about GnRH based protocols?

Need to be used with other hormones

What type of feedback is it called when LH levels drop?

Negative feedback

Which feedback loop do males use?

Negative feedback loop

High progesterone in the CL (functional CL)

Negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

What are some key things to note about canine protocols?

Neither protocol is super effective; it is better to have them show signs on their own than to interfere

Endocrine glands, hormones, target tissues

Neural/chemical communication that occurs in the body between cells & tissue occurs in what three places?

Episodic

Neuronal control Is an example of what type of hormone concentration?

Oxytocin Target

Neuropeptide -Mammary gland- myoepothelial cells -Uterus- myometrium and endometrium -Testes- smooth muscle of epididymal tail, vas defrens and ampulla

What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and principal function of GnRH?

Neuropeptide (decapeptide) Anterior pituitary (gonadotroph cells) Release of gonadatropins (FSH and LH)

Timeline of Female XX Chromosomal Pair

No TDF --> Ovaries develop --> No AMH --> Mullerian system develops --> Paramesonephric ducts become the oviducts, uterus, cervix and part of the vagina.

Hypoplastic placenta

No cotyledons form which causes development to stop

What are characteristics of the human female reproductive tract?

No horns (in a normal scenario) Body opens to oviducts (no bi-corniate) Fimbria are well developed

What is a fundamental difference in the hypothalamus of the male?

No surge center

Male Endocrine

No surge center (Female has basal level and a preovulatory surge) Endocrine requirements Endocrine regulation of the testis mitotic divisions of spermatogonia meiotic divisions creating haploid spermatids morphological transformation from spermatids to spermatozoa Male has tonic/pulse secretion that is constantly occurring LH influences the Leydig cells: Pulsatile LH is vital (High levels of testosterone is need for spermatogenesis) Estrogen production

Are nuclear transfer clones true clones? Why?

No, Nuclear DNA identical but Mitochondrial DNA is different

Can Freemartin-ism occur in humans?

No, because of the way placentation occurs.

In humans, the uterus is small in the ______________ state.

Non-gravid

What causes XX Males and XY Females?

Nondisjunction while crossing over during meiosis

In what type of placentation do the chorion and endometrium make physical contact via interlocking microvilli?

Noninvasive placentation

This type of placentation should be consider a contact of interlocking villa only.

Noninvasive placentation

Cotyledonary Placenta

Noninvasive, chorionic villi restricted to specialized areas called cotyledons

Cauda (tail)

Normal functioning sperm ready for ejaculation is found where?

What stimulates myometrial contractions?

OT binding OTR or PGF2a release from uterus (which is facilitated by a high E:P ratio)

What are the two types of delayed implantation?

Obligatory and Facultative

British form of estrous/estrus

Oestrus or oestrous

Steroids

Of steroids and proteins/peptides, which can be given orally?

Peptides/proteins

Of steroids and proteins/peptides, which is H2O soluble?

Where is SRY found in birds?

On the "Z" chromosome

Where is SRY located?

On the short arm of the "Y" chromosome

Receptor, cytoplasm, adenylate cyclase, cAMP, kinases

Once a hormone attaches to its __________, it goes through the cell membrane into the __________. Here, __________ is activated which will then convert ATP to __________. Protein __________ are then responsible for new protein synthesis.

Receptors

Once bonded, hormone __________ initiate a series of intracellularly events to bring about a physiological response.

Turner's Syndrome (Monosomy XO) side effects

Only one "X" chromosome -- but not a lethal outcome Short stature Low hairline Shield-shaped thorax Widely-spaced nipples Shortened metacarpal IV Small finger nails Brown spots (nevi) Fold of skin on neck Constriction of aorta Elbow deformity Poor breast development Rudimentary ovaries Gonadal streak (underdeveloped gonadal structures) No menstruation

Embryo

Organism in the early stages of development which has not yet acquired anatomical form making it recognizable as a species

Female Gonads

Ovaries

Which type of synchronization is the most common?

Ovulation

What is different about ovulation in mares vs. cows, sows, ewes and humans?

Ovulation can occur at any point on the ovary in cows, sows, ewes and humans, but in mares, it must occur at the Ovulation Fossa.

Ovulation Fossa

Ovulation only occurs at what one ovarian location in mares?

When is there a GnRH surge?

Ovulation, CL formation

Posterior Pituitary Hormone

Oxytocin

Concentrations of what hormone change little during initial stages of labor but increase greatly as labor proceeds and during the expulsion of the fetus?

Oxytocin (OT)

Pressure on the cervix by the fetus triggers the release of what and from where?

Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland

Hypothalamus, PVN & corpus luteum; Posterior-pituitary; Hypothalamic portal system

Oxytocin is produced in the _________, _________ & _________, stored in the _________, & does not go through the _________.

Reproductive

PGE2 & PGF2α are what kind of hormones?

What is a common side effect of PGF protocol in the mare?

PGF will cause bronchioles to close/make breathing difficult; asthma like

What synthesis does P4 block the formation of?

PGF2a

What are myometrial contractions stimulated by?

PGF2a (Prostaglandin F2 alpha) & OT (oxytocin [which also stimulates PGF2a production)

Testicles sometimes stray from the normal path of descent. In humans, they have been found under the skin of the _______ of the penis and in front of the ______

Penis, anus

What is dihydrotestosterone-dependent responsible for?

Penis, scrotum, ASG

What does Dr. Edwards describe the cotyledons as?

Pepperonis

1/2 lives

Peptide hormones have short what?

What type of hormones can not be given orally?

Peptide/protein hormones

What is the chemical class, target organ and tissue, and principal function of CRH and others?

Peptides Anterior pituitary Release of ACTH

In Mares, the medulla is _____________.

Perforated

Acrosin (produced in head of sperm)

Permits penetration through ZP

In embryo removal studies in sheep after d 12 extended CL lifespan the CL did what?

Persisted beyond normal range for non pregnant animal

Ethics behind cloning companion animals

Personality not replicable

Examples of Pharming

Pharmaceutical Proteins Organ donors

Sperm Capacitation

Physiological changes spermatozoa undergo in order to have the ability to penetrate and fertilize an egg (ZP3-1)

What is estrus?

Physiological events occurring b/w successive periods of sexual receptivity.

Fetal-maternal interactions result in changes in maternal ______________ (endocrinology, immunology, metabolism) to maintain pregnancy.

Physiology

What species have diffuse placentas?

Pig, horse, camel, whale and dolphin

In what species do we see epithelial-chorial placentation?

Pig, horse, ruminant (some)

Placenta

Placental lactose, relaxin, and certain steroids are hormones known to be found where?

What are "placental scars"?

Places where the endometrium is undergoing repair; they are not permanent; sites of previous placental attachements; zones of uterine repair

Relaxin

Polypeptide Source: CL Functions: cervical dilation, pelvis expansion --stimulates uterine growth in pigs

In what species does Stage 2 (Expulsion of the Fetus) take the longest?

Polytocous species

Where is oxytocin stored?

Posterior pituitary

Fetus

Potential offspring that is generally recognized as a member of a given species

What is a potential theory for why ACTH stimulates fetal adrenal gland to release fetal cortisol?

Potentially an overcrowding stress signal

Long-term Interruption

Pregnancy- Resumption occurs after parturition, involution, and lactation. Disease- Resumption occurs after inflammation and disease state is eliminated. Nutrition- Resumption when nutrient levels rise.

Oocyte Maturation

Prepares the oocyte for fertilization -Coincides with estrus in the cow Changes focus on the nucleus & cytoplasm Nuclear Maturation -Important to reduce number of maternal copies of chromosomes from 4 to 2 Cytoplasmic Maturation -Redistribution of organelles, cytoskeletal and metabolic alterations, changes in protein synthesis

Requirements for Luteolysis

Presence of oxytocin receptors Presence of a critical level of oxytocin -Threshold PGF2α synthesis by the endometrium -Rapidly metabolized by the lungs -Must have a critical number of pulses (5 per 24 h) Initial oxytocin comes from the brain

Interferon-tau is effective in what?

Preventing destruction of CL

What does the biochemical signal sent do?

Prevents the destruction of the corpus luteum

What does AMH do?

Prevents the formation of the Mullerian duct system

What will affect which prostaglandin product you get?

Price; both products work well

What are the two classifications of reproductive hormones?

Primary and secondary

Zonary Placenta

Primary region of exchange is a band near the middle of the conceptus. There is a transfer zone and a pigmented zone. The pigmented zone is where cells are undergoing necrosis. The transfer zone is where nutrients are being exchanged.

Discoid Placenta

Primary region of exchange is a central disc

Which species have 1 vagina, 1 cervix, 1 uterine body and no uterine horns?

Primates, humans

What are the pros and cons of bulls in terms of estrous synchronization?

Pro: Decrease the number of bulls Con: Need bull power

What are the pros and cons of labor in terms of estrous synchronization?

Pro: Less labor calving Con: Give shots, must monitor/watch

What are the pros and cons of breeding/calving season in terms of estrous synchronization?

Pro: Uniformity Con: things can go wrong during season *Usually an advantage of estrous synchronization*

What are the pros and cons of genetics in terms of estrous synchronization?

Pro: Uniformity, value added Con: Bad weather

What are the pros and cons of the expense in terms of estrous synchronization?

Pro: get good quality for value Con: Drugs cost money, can be pricey

A mutated or deleted SRY gene causes what problems?

Problems with continued differentiation --> no functional TDF --> Presents as female but genetically a male

Spermatozoa Production

Process is called spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis goals: -Continual supply of gametes -Genetic diversity (crossing over) allows for mammels to be highly adaptable -Maximize reproductive efficiency -Provide an immunologically protect site for this process Occurs in the seminiferous epithelium or tubules

Meiosis

Process of achieving haploid state

What is spermatogenesis?

Process of producing spermatozoa

Autocrine

Produced cells that are released & binded to the same cell are known as what?

Paracrine

Produced cells that are released to neighboring cells are known as what?

Cloning

Producing a genetic replica of an existing individual

Conceptus

Products of conception; embryo or fetus and associated membranes

______ is essential for pregnancy maintenance in all placental mammals.

Progesterone

Dominance

Progression and growth increase estradiol production Begin producing inhibin Also stop growth of other follicles via interactions with hormones (Blood supply is very important)

Spermatozoa Production (3 major phases)

Proliferation phase: -Mitotic divisions -Creates a large number of B spermatogonia -Must have stem cell renewal through reversion of some spermatogonia Meiotic phase: -Creation of primary and secondary spermatocytes -Diversity created via DNA replication and crossing over -End result is haploid spermatid Differentiation phase: -No more cell divisions -Commonly called spermiogenesis -Transformation from spherical undifferentiated spermatid to a highly specialized spermatozoon(single)

Mitosis

Prophase I (Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Dictyate) Metaphase I- start to form spindles Anaphase I- pull chromosomes to other side Telophase I- splitting of cells

meosis

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

ACTH

Protein -Target: adrenal cortex -Functions: glucocorticoid release and milk synthesis

Prolactin

Protein -Target: mammary cells, CL, testes, brain -Functions: lactation, maternal behavior, and CL function

Placental Lactogen

Protein Source: Placenta -sommatomammotropin (human placental lactogen) Functions: mammary stimulation of dam

Extracellular, transmembrane, & intracellular

Protein hormones can exist in what three domains in relation to the cell membrane?

Who tends to use the EAZI-breed CIDR program?

Purebred beef and dairy producers

Who tends to use the Two Shot method?

Purebred producers (a few commercial producers)

How do you administer dopamine agonists in canine protocols?

Put in feed/water

In what species do we see hemp-epithelial placentation?

Rat and rabbit

What does an increase in Oxytocin do?

Reach maximum pressure

Cytoplasmic Maturation

Rearrangement of cytoskeleton Spindle formation Translocation of cortical granules Redistribution of mitochondria

Density

Receptor __________ depends on these 5 factors: function of cell type, degree the hormone up/down regulates synthesis of its own receptor, regulated by other hormones, animal condition, & nutritional status.

Cycle

Receptor density may change in a female during her ___________.

Stimulation

Receptor numbers regulate the degree of __________ and cellular response.

ANTRAL FOLLICLE DYNAMICS

Recruitment Selection Dominance Atresia Monotocous Polytocous

HORMONES ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTION

Recruitment-High FSH, Low LH, & no inhibin or estradiol Selection-Low FSH, Moderate LH, & Low inhibin Dominance-Low FSH, High LH, & High inhibin

Progesterone as an Inhibitor

Reduces basal GnRH amplitude and frequency Prevents behavioral estrus Stops the preovulatory LH surge Reduces myometrial tone

What does the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH; also MIS, MIF, MIH) produced by fetal Sertoli cells cause?

Regression of the Mullerian ducts

The cervix ______ during cervical dilation.

Relaxes

What helps the cervix relax so it can dilate?

Relaxin

What stimulates cervical dilation?

Relaxin & Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

Corpus luteum

Relaxin & oxytocin primary come from what portion of the ovary?

What is the most important organ that the mesoderm germ layer is associated with?

Reproductive system

Reflex

Requires stimulation of cervix of vagina felids, rabbits, camelids, and minkLong and frequent copulation periods ensure proper stimuli Camels 1 hr Lions over 100 times

Mediastinum

Rete tubules are found where?

In what species is bidiscoid placenta found in?

Rhesus macaques

In what species do we see facultative delayed implantation?

Rodents and insectivores

Freemartin-ism can result in ___________ reproductive tracts.

Rudimentary

Male Differentiation

SRY-- sertoli cells secrete AMH-- regression of mullerian ducts-- testosterone-- leydig-- wolffian differentiation (male duct system)-- DHT-- sex organs

STUDY FIGURE 10-5

STUDY FIGURE 10-5

Ipsilateral

Same side

_____ _______ possess both ovaries and testes and are capable of self-fertilization.

Sea bass

Obligatory breeder

Seasonal

What are the characteristics of a modified amino acid hormone?

Secreted from the pineal gland Integrates effect of light on reproductive processes Seasonal breeders

Gonadotropin

Secretion of GnRH at appropriate frequency & quantities to stimulate __________ release from the anterior pituitary.

Cervix

Semen deposits where in sows?

Basic semen analysis

Semen volume Sperm concentration Motility Morphology Agglutination WBC count Viscosity Debris

______ can also be used to induce ovulation

Seminal Plasma

In the testes, the hormone FSH attaches to what type of cells?

Sertoli

Granulosa

Sertoli cells are analogous to what kind of cells of ovarian follicles?

FSH & testosterone

Sertoli cells contain receptors for what what two things?

(male endocrine) Estrogen production

Sertoli cells convert testosterone to estrogens (Similar to granulosa cells) Equine and swine males have higher urinary estrogen than pregnant females (Not highly active) Role not well understood but negative feedback does occur (Sertoli cells produce inhibin)

What is SRY?

Sex related to Y gene

Oxytocin

Sexual preparation stimulates release of what from the posterior pituitary which causes contractions?

What species have concave cotyledonary attachment?

Sheep and goats

What is the structure of releasing hormones of the hypothalamus?

Short chain peptides (3-44 amino acids)

How is the CL of pregnancy maintained in ruminants?

Signal aleters PGF2a (prostaglandin) secretion or transport by the uterus

What is it called when there are no uterine horns?

Simplex

Embryo Biopsy for PGS and PGD

Single Blastomere Trophectoderm Biopsy

How many tissue layers separate fetal and maternal blood?

Six

______ of the sex chromosome does not matter when it comes to sex determination.

Size

What is Guevedoces? -

Slang for "huevos a los doce" or eggs (testicles) at twelve

2 Forms of Cryopreservation

Slow cool Vitrification

What factor increases puberty time/rate?

Social cues (i.e. group housing, male exposure)

What occurs during dilation of the cervix?

Softening, ripening or expansion

Steroid Hormones

Soluble in organic solvents Not H2O soluble May be absorbed by GI tract

EcG

Source: Chorionic girdle cells Functions: FSH like- some LH activity, formation of accessory CLs

Steroids (E/P)

Source: Placenta Functions: regulate placental blood flow & maintenance of pregnancy -E/P rise at end of pregnancy

In what species does placentation occur the earliest?

Sow or Ewe

Ampulla

Sperm & ova meet where in the female?

Fertilized Egg

Sperm + Ovum

Male fertility issues

Sperm abnormalities Incorrect 'plumbing' Testicular Sperm Extraction Fertility Preservation

Head (caput)

Sperm are not motile or fertile when they are in what portion of the epididymis?

Body (caput)

Sperm are partially fertile & motile, & can bind to ova when they are in what portion of the epididymis?

Rete fluid

Sperm is diluted in what?

Ductus deferens --> pelvic urethra

Sperm is shipped from cauda --> __________ --> __________

What needs to happen while the eggs are being retrieved?

Sperm needs to be collected

What does testes size equate to?

Sperm production

What stage of parturition takes the longest?

Stage 1 -- Myometrial Contractions and Cervical Dilation

What are the three stages of parturition?

Stage 1 = Myometrial Contractions & Cervical Dilation Stage 2 = Expulsion of Fetus Stage 3 = Expulsion of Placenta

What is lordosis?

Standing heat

What type of hormone can be given orally?

Steroid

What would happen if gonads were removed?

Still crank out GnRH

Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI)

Stimulates the production of 2-3 follicles -Oral meds or injectable gonadotrophins Use catheter to place sperm in uterus

ZP1

Structural integrity of zona plucida

What type of implantation (placental attachment) do we see in farm animals?

Superficial

What are the two types of implantation (placental attachment)?

Superficial and insterstitial

Testes produce substances that _________ female organ development (Mullerian ducts).

Suppress

What are the two centers in the hypothalamic nuclei?

Surge and tonic center

What were Jost's experiments?

Surgical castration of fetal rabbits at the "indifferent" stage

Storage of Cryopreserved Gametes and Embryos

Suspended in liquid nitrogen

Management induced synchronization

Synchronization induced by travel/movement; used mostly in pigs

Estrumate

Synthetic form of progesterone

Long, orally, affinity

Synthetic hormones have a __________ half life, and don't degrade as quickly. They may be given _________ or as an implant and have a strong receptor _________.

T/F Chickens only develop the left side of the reproductive tract

TRUE

In some reptiles, sex is determined environmentally by _______________ around oocyte after fertilization.

Temperature

Most species, conceptus must emit a biochemical signal otherwise pregnancy ______________.

Terminates

CAP-Score Test

Test for sperm capacitation

Male Gonads

Testes

The _______ produce hormonal factors to promote secondary development of internal and external male structures.

Testes

In this situation (deficiency of 5a-reducatase), we have testosterone, just nothing to convert it to DHT. What results from this?

Testes and Wolffian Ducts are present. AMH is present, so no Mullerian Ducts develop. External genitalia female and pseudovagina present. At puberty, high testosterone (some DHT) may cause testes descent and development of male secondary sex characteristics (penis).

In an XY = male, the "Y" will cause testis formation, regardless of how many "X"s are present. What are examples of this?

Testes present and genitalia are of male type; even XXXXY

XY Females (Genetic Male)

Testicular feminization XY individuals lack androgen receptors DHT does NOT cause the Wolffian Duct formation and male external genitalia development. AMH is present, so Mullerian Ducts regress. External genitalia develops as female due to no androgen response. Testes are present but do not descend and there is no obvious penis or scrotum.

Pampiniform plexus

Testicular veins surround the testicular artery & form what?

Timeline of Male XY Chromosomal Pair

Testis Determining Factor (TDF) --> Testes develop --> Sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) --> AMH causes leydig cells to differentiate and the degeneration of paramesonephric duct --> Testosterone --> Development of male duct system --> Testosterone --> Dihydrotestosterone --> Development of penis scrotum and accessory sex glands

What did gypsies in Transylvania believe about the placenta and meconium?

That if they were not burned the child could be turned into a vampire.

What are some of the beliefs that cultures around the world have about the placenta?

That it is an older sibling, guardian spirit, magical charm (useful for exorcisms), or medicinal cure (particularly for epilepsy).

Describe the development of extra-embryonic membranes in a Day 16 embryo.

The Chorion is present, the yolk sac is large, the amnion has not yet completely surrounded the embryo and the allantois is just a small cavity.

Describe the development of extra-embryonic membranes in a Day 18 embryo.

The Chorion is present, the yolk sac is reduced in size, the amnion is going to enclose and the allantois cavity has expanded. We also have the presence of the allantochorion (the allantois and chorion fused together) Things are becoming more clear.

Progesterone

The Corpus luteum produces what main hormone?

Retractor Penis Muscle

The Sigmoid flexure is maintained by what?

Ductus deferens, cremaster muscle, & pampiniform plexus

The Spermatic Cord houses what three important features?

What is the conclusion one can draw from the fact that in an XY male, the "Y" will cause testis formation regardless of the number of "X"s but in the XX female, their must be exactly two "X"s and no "Y"s?

The TDF gene is on the Y chromosome in mammals

In birds, what determines sex?

The W chromosome

Which chromosome is largest, X or Y?

The X chromosome is much larger than the Y chromosome

Hormone, receptor

The __________ (primary messenger) is released into the blood stream to search for its specific _________.

Pituitary, Hypophyseal

The __________ stalk & __________ portal system are important for neuronal control of reproductive hormones.

What is amenorrhoea?

The absence of a menstrual cycle in a female of reproductive age. Present during pregnancy and lactation

Puberty

The age at which the female can support pregnancy without deleterious effects is a practical definition of what?

Puberty

The age when the ejaculate contains a threshold number of sperm is a practical definition of what?

What does the allantois do for the chorion when they fuse?

The allantois brings blood vessels to the chorion

What placental membrane has no direct blood supply (non-vascular) and is a fluid-filled sac?

The amnion

FSH, LH, & prolactin

The anterior pituitary gland produces what three primary reproductive hormones?

LH & FSH

The anterior pituitary is responsible for the release of what two follicle stimulating hormones?

Seminiferous tubule

The basal compartment & adluminal compartment make of the two regions of what part of the parenchyma?

Ischial arch

The base/root of penis is attached to what?

Theca interna & granulosa

The basement membrane of the ovary lies between what two layers?

Which species has a smooth surface cervix?

The bitch

What is the difference between a cow and a bitch female reproductive tract?

The bitch tract is much smaller

39°C --> 33°C

The blood from the body enters the pampiniform plexus at _____°C and reaches the testes at _____°C.

Corpus

The body of the Epididymus is known as what?

Which species has the largest oviduct and why?

The chicken, it has the largest follicles the catch (eggs)

At what level does fetal gas exchange occur in farm animals?

The chorion

What placental membrane is outermost?

The chorion

What placental membrane does the allantois eventually fuse with?

The chorion (outermost membrane)

How are antibodies passed to the neonate in animals with superficial placentation?

The colostrum

Fibroelastic

The corpus cavernous is known to be hard in what type of penis?

Muscular-vascular

The corpus cavernous is known to be soft in what type of penis?

What is the location of the cortex and medulla of the ovary in the Mare?

The cortex is on the inside and the medulla is on the outside. Ovulation can only occur at the Ovulation Fossa.

What is the location of the cortex and medulla of the ovary in Cow, Sow, Ewe and Human?

The cortex is on the outside and the medulla in on the inside. Ovulation can occur at any point of the ovary.

Which species has a cervix with external Os?

The cow

Which species have cervical-annular rings?

The cow and the ewe

Abdominal

The cremaster muscle is continuos with the __________ oblique.

Mediastinum

The dense connective tissue of the __________ helps prevent collapse of rete tubules so sperm can move freely out of testis?

What major events occur in both the first and second trimester with regards to the development of the reproductive system?

The development of male ducts and testes OR female ducts and ovaries

Urethral gland

The disseminate prostate is also known as what?

Prostate

The dog has a prominent __________, whereas the bull does not.

Testis

The dog's orientation of what is different than that of a bulls?

Ampulla

The enlargement of the ductus/vas deferens that opens directly into the pelvic urethra where there is a dramatic increase in mucosa is known as what?

The delivery of the fetus relies on the maturation of what?

The fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

Cotyledons

The fetal side of caruncles are known as what?

What "triggers" the onset of parturition?

The fetus

Ferguson Reflex

The fetus is applying pressure on the cervix. This sends a signal through the myometrium to the afferent neurons. The afferent neurons send the signal up the spinal cord to the PVN of the hypothalamus. The PVN of the hypothalamus inserts Oxytocin into the blood flow which stimulates myometrial contractions.

Where does the fetal cortisol come from?

The fetus' adrenal gland

What is colostrum?

The first milk

Hormone

The following are sites of __________ production: Pineal, Hypothalamus, Adrenal Cortex, Ovaries, Placenta, Uterus, Pituitary, & Testes

What major events occur in the second trimester with regards to the development of the reproductive system?

The formation of the broad ligament (which is necessary to suspend reproductive tract) and testicular descent in the bull and ram

What is placentation?

The formation or structural organization of the placenta

Excurrent Duct System

The function of what structure is to allow for final maturation, storage, & delivery of sperm to pelvic urethra?

Cowper's glands

The gel fraction of ejaculate comes from what gland?

Seconds, days

The half-life of PGF2 is __________, while the half-life of eCG is __________.

Caput

The head of the Epididymus is known as what?

Upright

The human female reproductive tract sits in what position?

What is the difference between a cow and a human female reproductive tract?

The humans' uterus projects up instead of laying on the pelvic floor, has no horns

Rapid

The hypophyseal portal system allows what kind of response?

Nerve cell bodies

The hypothalamic nuclei are groups of what?

LH

The hypothalamus loses. sensitivity to estradiol over time, which allows what hormone levels to increase?

Oxytocin

The hypothalamus produces _________ & releases it into the posterior pituitary.

Anterior pituitary gland

The hypothalamus' main function is the cause release of trophic hormones form where?

Medulla Oblongata

The hypothalamus, pituitary stalk & anterior/posterior pituitaries lie just in front of what in the brain?

*Perpetuation of species *Provide food *Genetic improvement

The importance of reproduction: *__________ of species *Provide __________ * __________ improvement

Ampulla

The infundibulum leads directly to a thick portion of the oviduct (which occupies ~1/2) called what?

Uterine horns

The intercornual ligament lies between what two important female reproductive structures?

Constrictor vulva muscles

The labia consists of adipose tissue into which are embedded small bundles of smooth muscle known as what?

Plasma membrane

The lipid bilayer makes up what?

Seminal plasma

The liquid, noncellular portion of semen is called what?

Prostate

The male alpaca is known to have a very prominent __________ body in relation to the bull.

What is the difference between a cow and a mare female reproductive tract?

The mare has a larger body of the uterus and the two horns present differently.

Which species has longitudinal folds? What is the benefit of these?

The mare; they are easy to dilate; very pliable so that when mated, the semen makes it to the uterine body

What major events occur in the first trimester with regards to the development of the reproductive system?

The migration of primordial germ cells from the yolk sac. Sex cords develop in gonad, paramesonephric ducts develop (these are relevant for the male and the female) Sex evident from structures.

In drosophila, sex is dependent on what?

The number of "X" chromosomes X or XY or XO = Male XX or XXX or XXY = Female

If the exposure to the male hormones in a Freemartin is high enough, it can result in what?

The ovaries developing as Ovotestis from SRY, AMH and testosterone

Uterotubulal junction

The oviduct/isthmus is connected to the uterus where, which is important for sperm transport?

Caudal vena cava

The pampiniform plexus eventually forms a single vein which runs into what?

Leydig

The parenchyma of males produces testosterone via what cells?

"PEE" Protrusion Erection Ejaculation

The penis & muscles are responsible for what three important functions?

What is metestrus?

The period b/w ovulation and formation of a functional corpus luteum, lasts ~5 days

What is the "Free Living" period?

The period of time that the fetus is not actually attached and can be nourished by uterine secretions.

What is the zone of highly vascular contact between mother and conceptus?

The placenta

Testosterone

The principle function of what hormone in the ovary is to act as a substrate for estrogen production?

Prostaglandin F2α

The principle functions of what fatty acid hormone include luteolysis; promoting uterine tone/contractions/ovulation; affecting the metabolic activity of sperm; & causing epididymal contractions?

Prostaglandin E2

The principle functions of what fatty acid hormone include ovulation & stimulating the corpus luteum to produce progesterone?

FSH

The principle functions of what hormone are to induce follicle growth, estrogen production, Sertoli cell function, & spermioogenesis?

Prolactin

The principle functions of what hormone are to induce lactation, maternal behavior, CL function?

LH

The principle functions of what hormone are to induce ovulation, CL formation, & testosterone/progesterone production?

Estrogen

The principle functions of what hormone in the ovary is *mating behavior*, cyclic changes, secondary sex characteristics, & mammary growth?

Progesterone

The principle functions of what hormone in the ovary is to *inhibit mating behavior*, maintain a pregnancy, & growth of the mammary system?

luteolysis

The process where luteal tissue undergoes regression and cell death. Disintegration or decomposition of the corpus luteum Stop progesterone Regression of CL to form corpus albicans (connective tissue) Follicular development and starts new follicular phase Ischemia: reduced blood flow -Influential in follicle inhibition Not in luteolysis

Oogenesis

The process whereby oocytes develop and eventually become competent to contribute to formation of a zygote after fertilization

Folliculogenesis

The process whereby ovarian follicles develop and eventually become eligible for ovulation

What must be removed for myometrial contractions to occur?

The progesterone block

What is the environmental change that must occur in the CL to achieve myometrial contractions?

The progesterone block must be removed

Half life

The removal of polysaccharide side chains reduce what?

Peritoneum

The reproductive tract is surrounded by the __________ that is continuos with the broad ligament.

Testosterone

The source of what hormone is theca cells of follicles in the ovary?

Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin

The source of what placental hormone (specifically in mares) is chorionic girdle cells & the functions are to act like LH and form accessory CLs.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

The source of what placental hormone (specifically in women) is trophoblasts & the principles functions are to establish pregnancy in women, & maintain corpus luteum?

Prostaglandin E2

The sources of this fatty acid hormone include the ovary, uterus, & embryonic membranes.

Prostaglandin F2α

The sources of this fatty acid hormone include the uterine endometrium, & vesicular glands.

Progesterone

The sources of what hormone are the placenta & corpus luteum in the ovary?

Estrogen

The sources of what hormone in the ovary are granulosa cells (antral follicles), the placenta, & Sertoli cells?

Which species has a cervix with interdigitated prominences?

The sow

Which species has no fornix vagina?

The sow

Pendulous

The spermatic cord is more highly developed in what kind of scrotum?

Hilus

The stem of the ovary that essentially opens up to the ovary is known as what?

However, some XX males show no evidence of an SRY gene at all. What does this lead to?

The suggestion that SRY acts as a negative regulator of the hypothetical Z gene

Cauda

The tail of the Epididymus is known as what?

Far Away

The tail of the epididymus needs to be _______ from the body in order to optimize sperm temperature.

Scrotal temperature

The temperature of what structure in makes can affect respiratory rate in males if it is hot enough?

What major events occur in the third trimester with regards to the development of the reproductive system?

The testicular descent of boars and humans and then later the colt.

Androgen

The tom's penile spines are __________ dependent

Ovulate

The tom's penile spines help the female what?

Cerebrum

The top portion of the brain is known as what?

Extragonadal Reserves (EGR)

The total sperm content of the epididymal duct, the ductus deferent & the ampulla is known as what?

Whether or not antibodies are passed through the first milk (colostrum) or the placenta depends on what?

The type of placentation

What encloses allantoic blood vessels and infiltrates the chorion to form the vascular link between mother and fetus?

The umbilical cord

Bulls & boars

The vesicular glands contribute to a large amount of ejaculate volume in what two males?

Oviduct

The zygote remains where for a few days before entering the uterus due to its high moisture content?

LH

There is a massive surge release (positive feedback loop) of what during ovulation?

What does "silent" ovulation mean?

There is no behavioral change

LH

Theres a surge of what hormone after puberty in females?

Ischiocavernosus muscles

These are short, paired muscles in the root of the penis that enclose the crura that insert broadly on the lateral surface of the penis above the sigmoid flexure & connect the penis to the ischial arch.

Uterus

These are the 5 primary functions of what reproductive structure in females? 1. Sperm transport 2. Luteolysis/cycle control 3. Expulsion of fetus/placenta 4. Environment for preattachment of the embryo & fetus throughout gestation 5. Maternal contribution to the placenta

Rectal Palpation

These are the 5 reasons in order to perform what in females? "I CRAP" 1. Identify reproductive abnormalities 2. Check ovaries 3. Recover embryos 4. Artificial Insemination 5. Pregnancy check

Why are myometrial contractions important?

They add force.

What happens to the three germ layers previously present in interstitial implantation (placental attachment)?

They are eroded away.

Why does the sow's ovary have multiple follicles?

They are litter-bearing.

Why do mice provide a good model for human pregnancy?

They both have the same type of placenta.

Oxytocin

This hormone's principle functions are milk ejection, parturition, PGF2α synthesis, & pre-ejaculatory movement of sperm.

Steroids

This type of hormone is used to regulate placental blood flow and maintain a pregnancy

With the expansive growth of the conceptus comes expansive growth of _____ germ layers.

Three

How does the conceptus accumulate organic molecules and ions during the "free living" period?

Through active cellular transport and exchanges of CO2 and O2 via simple diffusion

How are antibodies passed to the neonate in animals with more invade or direct contact types of placentation?

Through the placenta

How do the blood vessels formed through the extra-embryonic membranes connect to the fetus?

Through the umbilical cord

What is estrous?

Time period b/w periods of estrus (i.e., sexually receptive to males)

Negative Loop

To Stop: -gonadal steroids (progesterone) -protein hormones (inhibin)

What is one purpose of the allantois?

To collect liquid waste from the embryo

What is the purpose of the yolk sac in birds?

To nourish the embryo

What are the three germ layers important for?

Towards making placental membranes

Nuclear Transfer

Transfer nucleus from one body cell to bag of egg cytoplasm in another cell

Conventional Insemination

Tray with 4 wells: 500,000 sperm per well containing 2 oocytes

HcG Source

Trophoblast

T/F: Schemes involving the injection of hCG (Chorulon; LH) have been used to more accurately predict ovulation time

True

T/F: There is no difference in fertility among follicular waves

True

True/False Availability of energy changes with growth.

True

True/False Seasonal breeders can influence age of puberty.

True

Lutalyse

True progesterone/prostaglandin

Does an Ovary-Determining Gene Exist on the X-Chromosome?

Two X-chromosomes required for normal ovarian development, so normal female phenotype is NOT a default state resulting from absence of SRY. There is not yet a gene discovered.

Bidiscoid Placenta

Two discs form; not as deep as discoid

In embryo transfer studies in sheep the ET after d 12 was _______________.

Unsuccessful

Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Use inverted microscope to collect sperm and place in egg.

Therapeutic Cloning

Using cloning to reprogram one's own cells to generate replacement tissues -avoid tissue rejection

Cornua

Uterine horns are also known as what?

In humans, there must be a medical reason to remove the _________.

Uterus

What is testosterone-dependent responsible for?

Vas deferens

PGF2α

VasoCONSTRICTION, CL regression, ovulation, parturition, & sperm transport are important functions for what reproductive hormone?

PGE2

VasoDILATION, maintaining the CL, ovulation, & implantation are important functions for what reproductive hormone?

XX Males

Very rare sex chromosome disorder Thought to be a result of the unequal crossing over between X and Y chromosomes, possibly translated SRY XX males are infertile and usually hypgonadol

What does 5-Dihydroteststosterone (DHT) converted from T4 by 5a-reductase cause?

Virilization of external genitalia

Which two vitamins are important in terms of nutrition?

Vitamins A and E

What else can be transferred across the placenta to the fetus besides amino and fatty acids in farm animals?

Vitamins and minerals

Preparation of Sperm collection

Wash sperm in gradient Allow time for "swim up" Get best possible sperm for ICSI

What is the placenta highly permeable to in farm animals?

Water and electrolytes

What type of vitamins cross the placenta easier in farm animals?

Water-soluble vitamins (vs. fat-soluble)

What is a precaution to be aware of when dealing with CIDR's?

Wear gloves; progesterone will affect you if exposed

Follicles

What (on the ovaries) contains ova & are precursors to the early embryo in females?

Prolactin, FSH & LH

What 3 gonadotropins stimulate the function of gonads?

Ampulla, Vesicular glands, Prostate gland, & Cowper's glands

What 4 structures contribute to the production of seminal plasma?

Caput (head)

What absorbs rete fluid & then secretes it into the lumen of the epididymal duct in males?

Sigmoid flexure

What allows the penis to be retracted inside the body in bulls & rams?

α

What amino acid chains are the same?

β

What amino acid chains differ & give specificity?

Rabbit

What animal has a duplex uterus & one vaginal canal where each horn opens to a different cervix?

Opossum

What animal has a duplex uterus & two vaginal canals?

Mare

What animal has a soft cervix during estrous which allows semen to be deposited directly into the uterus?

Sow

What animal has interdigitating prominences in the cervix?

Dog/Cat

What animals are known to have smooth cervices?

Hormone receptors

What are known as hormone recognition units?

1. protective sac 2. swamp cooler 3. thermosensor

What are the 3 main functions of the scrotum?

skin --> tunica dartos --> scrotal fascia --> parietal vaginal tunica

What are the 4 layers of the scrotum?

Inhibin Estrogen Progesterone Oxytocin Activin Relaxin

What are the 6 primary hormones that the ovaries produce?

Dorsal/ventral commissures

What are the boundaries of the vaginal opening called?

Rete tubules

What are the channels where sperm is transported out of the testes called?

Follicles

What are the egg yolks of chickens in reference to the reproductive system?

Ovaries

What are the female gonads known as?

Spermatozoa

What are the male gametes?

Sertoli cells

What are the only somatic cells in seminiferous epithelium that act as cellular governors of spermatogenesis?

Mesovarium, Mesosalpinx, Mesometrium

What are the three components of the broad ligament in females?

LH, FSH, prolactin

What are the three main anterior pituitary hormones?

1. vascular/lymphatic/neural connection to the body 2. heat exchange 3. house the cremaster muscle

What are the three main functions of the spermatic cord?

Base/root, shaft, & glans penis

What are the three parts of the penis?

Duplex, bicornuate, simplex

What are the three types of uteri?

Primary & secondary

What are the two classifications of reproductive hormones?

Visceral vaginal tunic & Tunica albuginea

What are the two layers of the testicular capsule?

HCG, & eCG

What are the two main placental hormones?

Seminiferous tubules

What are tubular components of the parenchyma that form high convoluted loops that join rete tubules called?

Uterotubulal junction

What area in females regulates the movement of the embryo into the uterus & prevents polyspermy in swine?

Tonic center

What area in the male's hypothalamus is responsible for secretion of LH at basal like levels?

Superior hypophyseal artery

What artery is important to the hypothalamus & pituitary?

Testicular Artery

What brings blood to the testes?

Hypophyseal Portal System

What carries RH to AP without dilution in systematic circulation?

Sertoli

What cells in males house developing germ cells & contain receptors for FSH & testosterone?

Sertoli

What cells in males produce ABPs, SGP 1/2, transferrin, & inhibin?

Sertoli cells

What cells is activin primarily found in?

Primary

What classification of reproductive hormone is responsible for regualting reproductive processes?

Secondary

What classification of reproductive hormone is responsible for regulating other physiological systems but also influencing reproductive processes (ex: IGF-I, GH, TSH, etc.?)

Myometrium

What component of the uterus is important for contraction of the uterus, uterine tone, & expulsion of the fetus at parturition?

Endometrium

What component of the uterus is important for secreting PF2α & material into the lumen to enhance embryo development & sperm viability?

Muscularis

What concentric layer has a double layer of smooth muscle, & the ability to contract & expel a fetus in females?

Submucosa

What concentric layer has supportive tissue that varies in thickness; & houses blood vessels, lymphatics, & nerves?

Serosa

What concentric layer is a single layer of squamous (flattened) cells?

Mucosa

What concentric secretory layer is also known as the mucosal epithelium?

Tight junctions

What connects adjacent Sertoli cells?

Intercornual Ligament

What connects the two uterine horns near the External Uterine Bifurcation?

Cremaster muscle

What contracts & relaxes in order to give a "pumping action" on the pampiniform plexus to facilitate blood flow?

Testicular capsule

What covers the testis & is capable of undergoing changes in response to hormones & neurotransmitters?

Size

What determines the classification of amino acids?

Testosterone

What do Leydig cells produce?

"In its normal place"

What does "in situ" mean?

Follicle stimulating hormone

What does FSH stand for?

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

What does GnRH stand for?

Luteinizing hormone

What does LH stand for?

Efferent

What ducts convey newly formed sperm & rete fluid into epididymal ducts?

Corpus spongiosum

What erectile tissue surrounds the penile urethra?

Vestibule

What extends from the external urethral orifice to the labia of the vulva?

Spermatic Cord

What extends from the inguinal ring and suspends the testes in the scrotum?

Mare

What female animal is known to have cervical folds?

Sow

What female does not have a fornix vagina?

Cow

What female has a distinct fornix/crypt?

Oviduct

What female reproductive structure is used as a bi-directional transport of gametes?

Oviduct

What female reproductive structure may also be referred to as the "salpinx?"

Human

What female reproductive tract has a large uterine body, no horns, the body opens to the oviducts, & the fimbria is well developed?

Clitoris

What female structure contains erectile tissue, stratified epithelium & sensory nerves?

Vagina

What female structure has an appropriate mucosal epithelium, but a lacking muscular layer?

Sow

What female, of the ones covered in class, is known for having a grape-like ovary with multiple corpus lutea?

Mare

What female, of the ones covered in class, is known for having a kidney bean shaped ovary?

Cow

What female, of the ones covered in class, is known for having an almond-shaped ovary?

Mare

What female, of the ones covered in class, is known to have a large uterine body?

Sow

What female, of the ones covered in class, is known to have extensively developed uterine horns because it is a litter-bearing species?

Cowper's glands

What gland has high fibrous connective tissue in males?

Cowper's gland

What gland in the male reproductive tract lies just beneath the retractor penis muscle?

Prostate

What gland is near the bladder & pelvic urethra in males?

Cowper's glands

What glands are paired & located on either side of the pelvic urethra near ischial arch?

Vesicular glands

What glands contribute to the milkiness of semen?

Constrictor vulvae

What helps control the closing of the two labia?

Thermosensitive nerves

What helps govern the degree of scrotal sweating & respiratory rate of animal?

Epididymal duct

What highly convoluted duct is surrounded by smooth muscle & is a storage reservoir for sperm?

Prostaglandin F2α

What hormone causes the destruction of a corpus luteum in females?

Estrogen

What hormone has the opportunity to "open the faucet full blast" when progesterone is not present?

Estrogen

What hormone in the males prevents the surge center from developing?

LH

What hormone is primarily found in the corpus luteum of the ovary?

FSH

What hormone is primarily found in the follicle of the ovary?

GnRH

What hormone is produced in the surge center & tonic center of the hypothalamus?

Prostaglandin F2α

What hormone is produced in the uterine endometrium & causes the regression of the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy?

PGF2α

What hormone is responsible for killing the corpus luteum?

Testosterone

What hormone is responsible for male mating behavior, anabolic growth, spermatogenesis, maintenance of the male duct system, & accessory gland function?

Melatonin

What hormone is responsible for the effect of light on reproductive processes (especially seasonal breeders?)

Prostaglandin F2α

What hormone regulates the length of the estrous cycle in most mammalian females?

PGF2α

What hormone triggers apoptosis of cells & inhibition of progesterone synthesis?

Oxytocin

What hormone triggers contractions of smooth muscle?

GnRH

What hormone triggers release of LH in the. anterior pituitary?

Prolactin

What hormone's target tissues are mammary cells, corpus lute, testes & the brain?

FSH

What hormone's target tissues are ovary-granulose cells, & testes-sertoli cells?

LH

What hormone's target tissues are ovary-theca international cells, corpus lute, & testes-leydig cells?

Oxytocin

What hormone's target tissues are the mammary glands, myometrium/endometrium, and testes?

Steroid

What hormones have a slow or rapid response?

Bartholin gland

What human female gland is located in the vagina & useful for producing pheromones?

Tonic center

What hypothalamic center regulates the control & release of GnRH?

Testicular artery

What important male structure branches from the abdominal aorta & becomes convoluted after passing through the inguinal canal which serves as a "pulse pressure eliminator?"

Cervical rings

What interlocking finger-like structures are found in the cervix of cows/ewes to prevent direct entry?

Release of gonadotropins (LH & FSH)

What is GnRH's principle function?

Corpus luteum

What is a "yellow-bodied" endocrine gland on the ovary known as?

Duplex

What is a Uterus called if it has two cervical canals that separate each uterine horn into distinct compartments?

Corpus hemorrhagicum

What is a blood clot that forms after blood vessels rupture (occurring after ovulation) known as?

Pampiniform plexus

What is a complex network of spermatic artery & veins that form a countercurrent heat exchanger?

Broad Ligament

What is a double-layered connective tissue that suspends the reproductive tract in females & houses the vascular supply, the lymphatic drainage & nerves?

Graafian follicle

What is a mature follicle with LH receptors that is capable of ovulating known as?

Radioimmunoassay

What is a measurement of hormones?

Chorion

What is a placental membrane known as?

Parenchyma

What is a specific cellular mass of a gland or organ supported by a connective tissue network that consists of tubular & interstitial compartments (in the male reproductive tract)?

Scrotum

What is a two lobed sac that protects & supports the testes which is necessary for proper temperature regulation?

Fructose

What is a unique secretion that is an energy source for sperm?

Bicornuate

What is a uterus with uterine horns, a uterine body, one vagina, & one cervix known as?

Corpus Albicans

What is a white degenerating corpus luteum called?

Conceptus

What is an embryo in the uterus called?

Ovary

What is an ovoid, dense structure thats primary functions are to produce hormones & gametes in females?

Vestibular glands

What is another name for Bartholin's glands?

Vesicular glands

What is another name for Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive tract?

Fornix

What is composed of columnar epithelial cells that secrete copious quantities of mucus during estrus?

Posterior pituitary

What is considered an extension of the hypothalamus?

Retroperitoneum

What is development behind the peritoneum known as?

Blood testis barrier

What is formed from the peritubular cells surrounding seminiferous tubule & the Sertoli cell junctional complexes which prevents autoimmune destruction of developing germ cells?

Cervix

What is known as a "sperm filter" in some species?

Cervix

What is known as a mucous secreting barrier to prevent microbial contamination in females?

Uterus

What is known as the "shell gland" in the hen?

Vagina

What is mainly responsible for providing lubrication during copulation in females?

Rete fluid

What is produced by the testes that serves as a vehicle for suspension & removal of sperm?

GnRH

What is released in the specialized nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus?

Gubernaculum

What is responsible for testicular descent & important for keeping the testes in the lower portion of the scrotum?

Inhibin

What is specific to inhibiting FSH in males and females?

Puberty

What is the ability to accomplish reproduction successfully or the "process" of acquiring reproductive competence?

Cutaneous bridge/Perineum

What is the area between the vagina & anus called?

Receptor affinity

What is the attraction/strength of a hormone known as?

Medulla Oblongata

What is the brain stem known as?

Andrology

What is the branch of reproductive physiology that deals specifically with the study & treatment of male animals (including humans?)

Vestibular Glands

What is the caudal part in the submucosa of the vestibule that is responsible for secretions during estrus?

Vestibule

What is the caudal vagina also called?

Sella turcica

What is the cavity that houses pituitary called?

Ovarian Medulla

What is the center of the ovary that houses the vasculature, nerves, & lymphatics; & is composed of dense connective tissue?

Mediastinum

What is the central connective tissue core of the testes that houses ducts called rete tubules?

Fatty Acid Phospholipid

What is the chemical class of Prostaglandin F2α & Prostaglandin E2?

External Uterine Bifurcation

What is the connective tissue between the uterine horns known as?

Peritoneum

What is the connective tissue lining of the abdominal cavity that completely surrounds the reproductive tract?

Tunica albuginea

What is the connective tissue that surrounds the testis & send cilia into the parenchyma of the testicle?

Mediastinum

What is the connective tissue-filled center of the testes called that houses rete tubules?

Vulva

What is the external opening of the female reproductive tract?

Ovum

What is the female gamete?

Clitoris

What is the female homologue of the penis?

Uterine artery

What is the important blood vessel that supplies the females reproductive tract with blood?

Cerebrum

What is the lower back portion of the brain called?

Ventral Commissure

What is the lowest boundary of the vulva called?

Progesterone

What is the major Progestin?

Estradiol 17-β

What is the major estrogen?

Penis

What is the male homologue of the clitoris?

Tunica dartos

What is the mesh-like smooth muscle layer that lies just below the scrotum?

Endometrium

What is the mucosa + submucosa of the uterus called?

Myometrium

What is the muscularis of the uterus called?

Cremaster muscle

What is the name of the striated muscle that runs the entire length of the spermatic cord?

Ostium

What is the opening to the ampulla of the oviduct known as?

Tunica Albuginea

What is the outer layer of connective tissue on an ovary that is covered by germinal epithelium?

Cholesterol

What is the precursor of steroids?

Liculogenesis

What is the process where immature follicles develop into more advanced follicles & become candidates for ovulation?

Spermatogenesis

What is the production of sperm called?

Half-life

What is the rate at which a hormone is halfway cleared from circulation?

Perimetrium

What is the serosa of the uterus called?

Ampullary-isthmis junction (AIJ)

What is the site of fertilization between the ampulla & the isthmus known as?

Commissure

What is the site of the labia union known as?

Tunica dartos

What is the smooth muscle layer that lies beneath the scrotal skin that is used to cool the scrotum in the summer by increasing surface area?

Glans penis

What is the specialized distal end of the penis known as?

Penis

What is the sperm "delivery system" of the male reproductive system?

Rectus portion

What is the straight portion of seminiferous tubules that joins rete tubules called?

Urethralis

What is the striated muscle that surrounds the pelvic urethra & is responsible for moving sperm & seminal plasma into the penile urethra?

Infundibulum

What is the terminal end of the oviduct with a funnel-shaped opening made for capturing the oocyte?

Oblique

What is the testicular orientation of a boar & dog?

Vertical

What is the testicular orientation of a bull, ram, rabbit, & human?

Horizontal

What is the testicular orientation of a stallion?

Epididymal transit time

What is the time to go from the epididymal head to tail known as?

Dorsal Commissure

What is the uppermost boundary of the vulva called?

Suburethral diverticulum

What is the vaginal structure that is a blind punch with no known functions that protrudes caudally into the bitch's vestibule?

Pampiniform plexus

What is the venous network that acts as a countercurrent heat exchanger in the male reproductive system?

Sertoli cells

What kind of cells are anchored to the basement membrane in seminiferous epithelium & surround developing germ cells?

Stratified Squamous

What kind of epithelium does the caudal vagina (vestibule) have?

Columnar

What kind of epithelium does the cranial vagina have?

Steroids

What kind of hormones do gonads produce?

Disseminate prostate

What kind of prostate is distributed along the dorsal & lateral walls of the pelvic urethra?

Colliculus seminalis

What layer lies between the pelvic urethra & urethralis muscle?

Granulosa cell layer

What layer of the Antral/tertiary follicle has FSH receptors and is also known as membrana granulosa?

Theca externa

What layer of the Antral/tertiary follicle has a loose connective tissue that surrounds the follicle?

Theca interna

What layer of the Antral/tertiary follicle produces androgens via LH?

Mesosalpinx

What layer of the broad ligament encloses the ovary in the bitch?

Mesovarium

What layer of the broad ligament houses the blood, lymphatic vessels, & nerves that supply the ovary & forms the hilus of the ovary?

Mesometrium

What layer of the broad ligament is the largest, most conspicuous part & supports the uterine horns & uterine body?

Vulvo-vaginal sphincter

What loosely defined sphincter separates the cranial vagina & caudal vagina (vestibule) & lies just above the connection of the urethra to the vagina?

Ovarian cortex

What main internal component takes of the majority of the middle of the ovary?

Boar

What male does not have noticeable ampullae?

Alpaca

What male has a glans penis has a stiff spiny appendage?

Human

What male has a large prostate body that can lead to benign prostate hyperplasia?

Ram

What male has a urethral process?

Boar

What male has highly developed accessory sex glands when compared to the bull?

Boar

What male has no ampulla, large vesicular glands & a large Cowper's gland?

Ram

What male has no prostate body, but instead a disseminate prostate?

Boar

What male is known for its corkscrew glans penis?

Ram

What male, that we have covered in class, has testicles that make up ~30% of their body weight?

Boar

What male, that we have covered in class, has the largest testicular weight?

Ischiocavernosus

What muscle connecting the sigmoid flexure and urethras muscles lies near the crus penis & looks similar to that of a steak?

Retractor Penis Muscle

What muscle is responsible for erection & retraction of the penis?

Bulbospongiosus muscle

What muscle overlaps the root of the penis, extends down the caudal/ventral surfaces, covers bubourethral glands, & empties the extra pelvic part of the urethra?

Caruncles

What nongalndular & highly vascularized structures are found in the endometrium of ruminants (cow & ewe) & are used as a site of placental attachment?

Cranial vagina

What originates from paramesonephric ducts, has a high secretory activity with the columnar epithelium & fuses with the caudal vagina?

Relaxin

What ovarian hormone is responsible for cervical dilation & pelvic expansion?

Granulosa

What ovarian layer surrounds the follicular fluid of the antrum?

Ovarian Cortex

What ovarian structure houses the oocytes, follicles, CL, & CA in females (with the exception of mares?)

Corpus luteum

What ovarian structure produces progesterone for maintenance of pregnancy?

Inhibin

What ovarian/testicular hormone inhibits FSH secretion?

Activin

What ovarian/testicular hormone stimulates FSH secretion?

Corpus Luteum

What ovary structure produces oxytocin, relaxin, inhibin, & activin in females?

Vesicular glands

What paired, lobulated glands are dorsocranial to the pelvic urethra who's secretions also empty directly into the pelvic urethra ?

Aristotle

What philosopher thought that the fetus came from menstrual blood, seminal fluid causes the conversion, semen came from all parts of the body, & testes were pendular weights that kept ducts from becoming plugged?

Placental lactogen

What placental hormone's principle function is mammary stimulation of the dam?

Tail

What portion of the epididymis contains the motile & fertile sperm that is capable of binding to the ova?

Head & Body of the epididymus

What portion of the epididymis is considered part of the "finishing shops?"

Isthmus

What portion of the oviduct has a thinner diameter, but a thicker muscular wall than the ampulla?

Isthmus

What portion of the oviduct has fewer mucosal folds & serves as a sperm reservoir?

Ampulla

What portion of the oviduct has mucosal folds with ciliated epithelium?

Seminiferous tubules

What portion of the parenchyma is composed of contractile peritubular cells, a basement membrane, & seminiferous/germinal epithelium?

Mesosalpinx

What pouch-like serous layer of the broad ligament has a supports the oviduct & helps to orient the infundibulum?

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

What problem in male humans leads to a sweeping of the prostate that surrounds the corpus spongiosum that eventually pinches off the urethra?

Tunica dartos

What relaxes in cold weather to allow maximum surface area for cooling in the testes?

Adluminal compartment

What seminiferous tubule region houses primary & secondary spermatocytes & spermatids?

Basal compartment

What seminiferous tubule region houses sperm & early primary spermatocytes?

Tight junctions

What separates germinal epithelium into the two compartments & prevents large molecular weight materials & immune cells from getting into adluminal compartments?

Placental scars

What shows sites of previous placental attachment on the endometrium of the uterus which indicate zones of uterine repair in animals that have previously delivered?

Corpus cavernous

What spongy erectile tissue makes up the majority of penile interior?

Anterior pituitary

What structure controls the function of the gonads?

Infundibulum

What structure in females is covered with Cillia known as "fimbriae" which is used to increase surface area?

Vagina

What structure is responsible for the expulsion of urine in females?

Testes

What structure is responsible for the manufacturing/assembly of sperm?

Tail (cauda) of the epididymus

What structure is responsible for the warehouse & shipping of sperm?

Crus penis

What structure lies in close proximity to the ischiocavernosus muscle in the bull?

Ductus/vas deferens

What structure lies parallel to the body (corpus) of the epididymus?

Cervix

What structure provides a barrier during pregnancy & lubrication that is used as a flushing system?

Epididymus

What structure provides the environment for sperm growth in males?

Utero-ovarian ligament

What structure that is in most species attaches the ovary to the uterus?

Endometrial folds

What structures are found in the endometrium of the sow & mare?

Cremaster muscle

What supports the testis & spermatic cord?

Veins of the Pampiniform Plexus

What takes blood away from the testes?

Tunica albuginea

What testicular structure contracts to provide a pumping action to move sperm into rite tubules & efferent ducts?

Theca externa, theca interna, & granulosas cell layer

What three layers make up the Antral follicle in a female?

Infundibulum, ampulla, & isthmus

What three structures does the oviduct consist of?

Episodic, basal, & sustained

What three types of hormones concentration terms that are relevant to this class?

Oviducts

What tubes are highly responsible for providing the optimal environment for fertilization & early embryo development to occur in females?

Surge & Tonic

What two "centers" are in the hypothalamic nuclei?

Vesicular Glands

What two glands lie just beneath the rectum in male animals?

LH & FSH

What two gonadotropins are made of two amino acid chains?

Tubular & Interstitial

What two parenchyma compartments are there?

Corpus & Disseminate

What two structural forms may a prostate have?

Gametes & Hormones

What two things do ovaries produce?

Pendular & retroperitoneal

What two types of testes are there?

Metabolism (Liver & Kidneys) & Excretions (Urine & Feces)

What two ways allows for excessive hormones to leave the body?

Sertoli

What type of cells in males secrete a fluid that allows sperm to move into rete tubules?

Antral (Tertiary)

What type of follicle has multiple layers of granulosa cells, a fluid-filled cavity known as the antrum, & FSH responsive growth?

Secondary

What type of follicle has no antrum/cavity but is surrounded by a clear thick layer called the zone pellucida?

Primary

What type of follicle is the oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells?

Primordial

What type of follicle is the smallest & most immature where the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flattened squamous cell?

Endocrine

What type of glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?

Exocrine

What type of glands have ducts & secrete externally (sweat glands, mammary glands?)

Fatty Acid

What type of hormones do not fit the classical hormone definition because they are not produced by endocrine glands & instead are produced by cells throughout the body?

Fibroelastic

What type of penis has a Sigmoid flexure?

Fibroelastic

What type of penis has a rapid speed of erection?

Fibroelastic

What type of penis has limited erectile tissue, a tunica albuginea & a sigmoid flexure?

Muscular-vascular

What type of penis has more erectile tissue, larger corpus cavernous sinuses, & no sigmoid flexure?

Vestibule

What vaginal structure has stratified squamous epithelium that is similar to that of skin that has endocrine-dependent secretory activity?

Bicornuate uterus

What was wrong with the uterus of the 47 year old woman who received a hysterectomy who we discussed in class?

Sustained

When a hormone is elevated for longer periods (ex: steroid, & progesterone during ovulation,) the concentration is said to be what?

Basal

When a hormone stays low but fluctuates, the hormone concentration is said to be what?

What is anestrus?

When cyclicity stops

bile duct, conjugated

When excreted in the feces, hormones enter the gut through a __________ in a __________ form.

Fornix

When the cervix protrudes into the anterior vagina & forms a crypt, what is this called?

The exchange that occurs during the "free living" period becomes inadequate when?

When the conceptus reaches a certain size; the fetus then needs a more meaningful attachment because it's demands are increasing.

Erection

When the retractor penis muscle relaxes, blood rushes into the corpus cavernous & corpus spongiosum to achieve what?

Slow

When the steroid receptor is in the nucleus, will it have a slow or rapid response?

Rapid

When the steroid receptor is outside of the membrane, will it have a slow or rapid response?

Progesterone

When there is a functional corpus luteum, there is a high amount of what hormone?

Accessory Sex Glands

Where do "final alterations & packaging" of sperm take place in the male reproductive system?

Epididymal duct

Where do sperm mature & acquire motility & potential fertility?

Tubulus contorts

Where in seminiferous tubules does spermatogenesis take place?

Pineal gland

Where is melatonin secreted?

Fornix

Where is sperm deposited into cows by the bull?

What is epithelial-chorial placentation?

Where the maternal endothelium, conn. tissue and epithelium are present, as well as, the fetal epithelium, conn. tissue and endothelium.

What is hemo-chorial placentation?

Where their is NO maternal tissues present, but all the fetal tissues are present (epithelium, conn. tissue and endothelium)

What is hemp-endothelial placentation?

Where there is NO maternal tissues present, and only the fetal endothelium is present.

What determines chromosomal sex?

Whether or not the oocyte is fertilized by a y-sperm or an x-sperm.

Right

Which "side" of the hens reproductive system atrophies?

Left

Which "side" of the hens reproductive system develops?

Leeuwenhoek

Who created the first microscope & thought that semen contained small particles known as "animalcules?"

Regnier de Graff

Who first described the antral follicle in 1672?

Coiter

Who first described the corpus luteum in 1573?

Fallopius ("Fallopian tubes")

Who first described the oviduct in 1562?

When does most embryonic loss occur?

Within 1st month of pregnancy

In an XX = female, two "X"s _______ a "Y" are required for development of the ovaries.

Without

Abortion

Without the "cervical seal of pregnancy" what is likely to occur?

What does testosterone (T4) produced by fetal Leydig cells cause?

Wolffian Duct differentiation

Female Differentiation

Wolffian ducts degenerate/ mullerian ducts persist to form uterus/ovaries/most parts of the vagina

Who tends to use co-sync with CIDR for timed AI program?

Works especially well in 1st and 2nd calvers and "late" cows

The oocyte is fertilized by either an _-sperm or a _-sperm.

X or Y

HOWEVER, Jost's conclusion about females being the default was later discovered not to be true. What is an example of this?

XO genotype that leads to Turner's Syndrome (you need more than one "X" chromosome to make you female)

SRY is _________ meaning there is no analog on X and it is expressed within testis at the time of testis differentiation.

Y-specific

Are embryo split clones true clones? Why?

Yes, they have identical genetics and identical nuclear and mitochondrial DNA

Cholesterol

You cannot make a steroid without what starting product?

LH

You don't want a lot of what hormone early on in the female because it will cause the female to cycle early?

Cholesterol, progesterone, testosterone

__________ --> Pregnenolone --> __________ --> __________ --> Estradiol

FSH, inhibin

__________ is primarily found in Sertoli cells which goes on to produce __________

LH, testosterone

__________ is primary found in Leydig cells which goes on to produce _________

Estrous Cycle

a series of predictable reproductive events beginning at estrus (heat) and ending at the next estrus.

Nuclear Transfer Procedure

a.oocyte surrounded by polar body (metaphase 2) b.metaphase 2 chromatid present in polar body c.remove chromatid d.get a somatic cell, containing nucleus e.put somatic cell in polar body f.electronic pulses will help them fuse and dump DNA material in cytoplasm (activate)

Menopause is the human version of

anestrus Depletion of follicles within the ovary.

What induces Oocyte maturation

hCG

Pregnancy Monitoring

hCG levels should rise with pregnancy

Post-capacitation

hyperactive motility-- binding to ZP-- acrosomal reaction-- penetration of ZP-- sperm-oocyte membrane fusion-- sperm engulfed-- oocyte activation-- decondensation of sperm nucleus-- formation of female/male pronucleus

Effects of estrogen on the repro tract

increased blood flow Genital swelling Change in tissue electrical conductivity Leukocytosis Increased mucosal secretion Initiation of uterine gland growth Elevated myometrial tone Presence of cornified cells can determine stage (Irregular crusty appearance) Cervix & Vagina -Increase mucus -Lubrication -Flush foreign material -Specific pathways in for sperm Uterus -Glandular development into submucosa Oviduct -Increased cilia beat frequency

Endocrine Feedback Loops

keep hormone levels in check

Spontaneous abortion cause

malformations of placenta -not enough cotyledons to support fetus

Menstrual cycle- Luteal phase

secretory phase 14 days

Luteal Cells

small luteal cells large luteal cells Both are steroidogenic (i.e. progesterone synthesis)

Proliferative Phase

spermatogonia is the most primitive Diploid (just mitosis at this point) Located at the basement compartment Three types A, I, and B

What are the nerves and nuclei in the hypothetical

ventromedial nucleus- is the hypothalamus nucleus located in the medial floor of the hypothalamus that contributes to the tonic GnRH center. Arcuate nucleus- hypothalamic nucleus located directly medial to the ventromedial nucleus that contributes to the tonic GnRH center.

Luteinization

where the ovulatory cells are transformed into luteal tissue granulose cells = Large luteal theca interna = Small luteal Controlled by LH Begins with basement membrane disintegration Follicle walls collapse into folds and interdigitate after ovulation -Humans and primates form islets

How long does Stage 2 (Expulsion of the Fetus) take in monotocous [producing a single offspring at a time] species?

~1 hours or less

How long does it take to achieve an LH pulse frequency that's high enough for puberty in heifers?

~2 months Starts to increase months before puberty and eventually there will be a GnRH /LH surge ~ Every 21 days in a cow

When does ovulation begin?

~27-30 h after the start of estrus or ~12-18 h after the end of estrus.

How long does Stage 3 (Expulsion of the Placenta) take in cattle?

~6-12 hours


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