SB Ch4-5

Which of the following statements regarding cultures that score high on the Individualism/Collectivism Index is true? -Individuals from these cultures seldom know how to work in groups. -Personal ambition and free will are valued and encouraged in these cultures. -Individuals from these cultures integrate well into cohesive groups and reflect a "we" mentality. -The individual is less valuable than the group in these cultures.

Personal ambition and free will are valued and encouraged in these cultures.

Whether an action respects the rights of the individuals involved -Utilitarian ethics -Rights of the parties -Justice or fairness

Rights of the parties

The ______ Index denotes an inclination toward behavior that advances a person's self-interest. -Uncertainty Avoidance -Power Distance -Masculinity/Femininity -Individualism/Collectivism

Individualism/Collectivism

In what way is culture changing in most countries? -Isolation is now preferred to socialization. -Birth rates have increased. -Birth control technologies are now not approved. -Smaller families are now favored.

Smaller families are now favored.

Marketers must be aware that their own cultures affect how they perceive other cultures. -True -False

True

One research study across 41 countries shows that the ethics of methods to influence managers are similar in all countries. -True -False

True

The Chinese practice of _____ refers to a connection between people and the universe to the energy that supports life and promotes balance and peace in a person's surroundings. -guanxi -feng shui -tai chi -taegeuk

feng shui

Innovations most easily incorporated into a culture are those that -create the most jobs for women. -generate the most interest within society. -cause the most drastic change. -create domestic competition in the market.

generate the most interest within society.

American business relationships, in comparison to business relationships in other cultures, are generally considered to be -lacking in commitment. -informal and casual. -formal and patient. -verbally offensive.

informal and casual.

Mainland Inc., an American investment firm, encourages its employees to address their colleagues and seniors by their first names. This scenario describes the American characteristic of -high power distance. -autocratic leadership. -informality. -impatience.

informality.

One broad area in which a company faces challenges in normal business operations is -involvement in a country's political affairs. -the degree of social involvement in a country. -controlling the host country's legal authority. -international consumer demand.

involvement in a country's political affairs.

Patterns of cultural behavior and interaction that are learned and repeated are known as -beliefs. -consumer behavior. -habits. -rituals.

rituals.

the context of thought processes, Asians -are more inclined to take risks than are Westerners. -focus on the central figures in a situation and perceive very little in the background. -tend to see the entire picture rather than just the foreground when evaluating a situation. -prefer to deal with situations as individuals rather than as cohesive groups.

tend to see the entire picture rather than just the foreground when evaluating a situation.

________ is essential to international marketing. -A tariff agreement -Adaptation -Product homogeneity -Bribery

Adaptation

It focuses on risk orientation. -The Masculinity/Femininity Index -The Uncertainty Avoidance Index -The Power Distance Index -The Individualism/Collective Index

The Uncertainty Avoidance Index

Which of the following types of governance competed for world dominance for most of the 20th century? Multiple select question. -Monarchy -Communism -Fascism -Democracy -Colonialism

-Communism -Fascism -Democracy -Colonialism

In which of the following ways do social institutions affect cultural values? Multiple select question. -They place emphasis on setting of roles and status positions in society. -They influence people to live in peace together. -They teach each new generation how to act in an acceptable way. -They focus on individual family members rather than close-knit family units.

-They influence people to live in peace together. -They teach each new generation how to act in an acceptable way.

Which of the following are characteristic of global marketers who understand cultural differences that affect their business operations? Multiple select question. -They expect consumers to have flexible cultural demands that adapt to market conditions. -They pay attention to cultural differences in markets they are attempting to enter. -They anticipate changes in markets where they are presently doing business. -They have limited influence on a country's culture and cannot bring about change.

-They pay attention to cultural differences in markets they are attempting to enter. -They anticipate changes in markets where they are presently doing business.

Which of the following is true of the similar-but-different aspect of culture? -Nationalities of similar heritage usually react in the same way to promotional messages. -A common language guarantees an identical interpretation of words. -It can lead people to think that cultures have more in common than they actually do. -Nationalities of similar race want the same features in products.

It can lead people to think that cultures have more in common than they actually do.

Which statement is true of culture? -It affects all marketing activities except pricing. -It does not affect the expansion and contraction of markets. -It does not influence people's consumption habits. -It exists in the mind of each person.

It exists in the mind of each person.

Whether an action respects the canon of equality to all parties involved -Utilitarian ethics -Rights of the parties -Justice or fairness

Justice or fairness

Subordinates often contradict bosses. -High-PDI -Low-PDI

Low-PDI

Which of the following best describes how birth control techniques have affected the lives of women in the past 50 years? -Birth control improves women's job performance. -Women have more time to spend on their careers. -Birth control reduces women's job satisfaction. -Women can spend more time with their children.

Women have more time to spend on their careers.

Countries have been transitioning from agricultural to industrial to service economies. The result has been _______. -people waiting longer to marry -a decline in single-parent families -a drop in birthrates -larger families

a drop in birthrates

Unlike a collectivist society, an individualistic society is one in which people -are integrated into strong cohesive groups. -expect the individual to yield to the group in most circumstances. -are connected to others, but only in a loose way. -embrace a "we" mentality.

are connected to others, but only in a loose way.

In the process of adaptation, business executives must -forsake their own customs. -change to local customs. -reject differences among customs. -be conscious of local customs.

be conscious of local customs.

According to Edward T. Hall, ______ is not only about words. -dedication -communication -motivation -affiliation

communication

A marketer who practices cultural _____ is offering products that are much like what is already being sold, and the new products are offered in a way that fits into the existing culture as much as possible. -adaptation -congruence -diffusion -infiltration

congruence

Mastersource Inc., an electronics manufacturer, introduces products that resemble what is already present in the market in order to reduce cultural resistance. Mastersource Inc. is engaging in cultural -insensitivity. -borrowing. -competence. -congruence.

congruence.

A responsible effort to learn from the cultural ways of others in the quest for a solution to a society's problems is known as -cultural congruence. -cultural borrowing. -social constructionism. -intercultural competence.

cultural borrowing.

Paying attention to the fine distinctions of culture so that it can be studied in an open-minded way, assessed, and admired is known as -ethnocentrism. -cultural sensitivity. -feng shui. -cultural change.

cultural sensitivity.

In U.S. businesses, the power and task of making decisions are handled by lower management, which means decisions are -unimportant. -integrated. -centralized. -decentralized.

decentralized.

The loss of various spoken languages is part of a general -decrease in the political importance of languages. -increase in transaction costs between marketers and consumers. -increase in linguistic distance between marketers and consumers. -decrease in cultural distinctiveness around the world.

decrease in cultural distinctiveness around the world.

International business ethics are complicated by the fact that -domestic marketers clearly define ethical principles. -different cultures have different customs and beliefs. -ethical standards remain common across countries. -language barriers exist across cultures and make communication impossible.

different cultures have different customs and beliefs.

Cultures that score high on the Individualism/Collectivism Index tend to -embrace a "we" mentality. -embrace an "I" mentality. -value the individual lower than they value the group. -disapprove of individual initiative.

embrace an "I" mentality.

When evaluating a situation, a Westerner is more likely to -approach it with a group and evaluate it based on the group's collective opinion. -focus on the central figures and not see much of the background. -report details about the background and the big picture. -avoid all forms of confrontation and seek compromise as the only solution.

focus on the central figures and not see much of the background.

David McClelland's worldwide study of goals and aspirations revealed that some cultures value a _____ more strongly than financial gains or job status. -good personal life -silent language -commitment to corporate life -strong managerial position

good personal life

Relationship-oriented cultures are characterized by -monochromatic time. -high power distance. -individualism. -competition.

high power distance.

Successful business people are aware that in some cultures, forming friendly relations is a critical first step that must be taken before any business negotiations can commence. In other words, establishing friendships is a cultural -exclusive. -exception. -imperative. -elective.

imperative.

The customs that should be adhered to for a business relationship to be successful are known as cultural -exceptions. -exclusives. -imperatives. -electives.

imperatives.

Marketers adapt to changes in their business circumstances through -assimilation. -innovation. -isolation. -coercion.

innovation.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an information-oriented culture? -collectivism -low context -face-to-face communication -linguistic indirectness

low context

Unlike American companies, organizations in many other countries have not demonstrated a rapid acceptance of and adaptation to a ______ orientation. -product -negotiation -marketing -selling

marketing

Profits are directly tied to the success of a company's -level of formality. -monochronic time. -negotiation emphasis. -marketing orientation.

marketing orientation.

To succeed in international business, businesspeople must count on the -firm's marketing orientation. -firm's emphasis on negotiation. -number of employees in a firm. -strong support of the firm.

strong support of the firm.

Cultures that score low on the Individualism/Collectivism Index tend to -reward individual initiative. -embrace an "I" mentality. -subdue the individual and favor the group. -reject a "we" mentality.

subdue the individual and favor the group.

What are the four primary dimensions along which the cultures of nations differ, according to Geert Hofstede? Multiple select question. -Uncertainty Avoidance Index -Power Distance Index -Masculinity/Femininity Index -Holmes-Rahe readjustment scale -Individualism/Collectivism Index -Gudjonsson suggestibility scale

-Uncertainty Avoidance Index -Power Distance Index -Masculinity/Femininity Index -Individualism/Collectivism Index

Which of the following ethical principles can assist a marketer in determining what to do and how to act? Multiple select question. -Utilitarian ethics -Consequentialism -Justice or fairness -Kantian ethics -Rights of the parties

-Utilitarian ethics -Justice or fairness -Rights of the parties

Which of the following are characteristics of information-oriented cultures? Multiple select question. -bribery less common -focus on the background -monochronic time -high power distance -competition -low distance from English

-bribery less common -monochronic time -competition -low distance from English

Which of the following are general business areas in which standard operations such as decision making and policy making present challenges? Multiple select question. -employment practices and policies -basic human rights and fundamental freedoms -involvement in the country's social affairs -environmental protection -consumer protection

-employment practices and policies -basic human rights and fundamental freedoms -environmental protection -consumer protection

Which of the following are characteristics of relationship-oriented cultures? Multiple select question. -high context -focus on the foreground -Internet communications -reduced transaction costs -high distance from English -collectivism

-high context -reduced transaction costs -high distance from English -collectivism

In "The Silent Language of Overseas Business," Edward T. Hall writes about the symbolic meanings, or ______ ______, of such things as time, space, and friendships, and how they differ from culture to culture.

-silent -languages

A culture is most likely to accept something new when _____. Multiple select question. -the innovation is available at an unusually low price -the innovation will create jobs -the innovation will not disrupt existing beliefs and behaviors very much -people have some reason to be quite interested in the innovation

-the innovation will not disrupt existing beliefs and behaviors very much -people have some reason to be quite interested in the innovation

Which of the following statements about cultural change is true? -The most frequent cause of cultural change is war. -Cultural change is rare because culture is inherently static. -Most cultures maintain sanctity by avoiding the practice of cultural borrowing. -A marketer assessing a society should remember that cultures are constantly changing.

A marketer assessing a society should remember that cultures are constantly changing.

Which of the following is true of language? -France is one of the few countries that still cares about preserving its distinctive language. -Marketers need to learn only the basic elements of any given language. -Around the world, the number of spoken languages has been dwindling. -Language cannot be thought of as a social institution or as anything of political importance.

Around the world, the number of spoken languages has been dwindling.

_____ refers to energy that supports life and travels through everyone's body and the environment, including the inside and outside of houses and places of employment. -Taiji -Taegeuk -Ch'i -Sha ch'i

Ch'i

Which of the following types of governance crumbled in the 1990s? -Communism -Colonialism -Monarchy -Fascism

Communism

______ is the sum of the values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned and shared by a group of people, then transmitted from generation to generation.

Culture

Subordinates are not likely to contradict bosses. -High-PDI -Low-PDI

High-PDI

It focuses on self-orientation. -The Masculinity/Femininity Index -The Uncertainty Avoidance Index -The Power Distance Index -The Individualism/Collective Index

The Individualism/Collective Index

It focuses on assertiveness and achievement. -The Masculinity/Femininity Index -The Uncertainty Avoidance Index -The Power Distance Index -The Individualism/Collective Index

The Masculinity/Femininity Index

It focuses on authority orientation. -The Masculinity/Femininity Index -The Uncertainty Avoidance Index -The Power Distance Index -The Individualism/Collective Index

The Power Distance Index

Which of the following statements regarding culture in international marketing is true? -Cultural influences do not affect the expansion and contraction of markets. -Culture is important to all aspects of marketing except pricing. -The marketer's interaction with the local culture determines whether the marketing will fail or succeed. -The way people consume has little to do with their culture.

The marketer's interaction with the local culture determines whether the marketing will fail or succeed.

Which of the following statements about rituals is true? -Rituals cannot be associated with day-to-day activities. -A standard set of business rituals has been established, and it is the same everywhere in the business world. -They are basically the same in every culture. -The most obvious rituals take place when people are experiencing turning points in their lives.

The most obvious rituals take place when people are experiencing turning points in their lives.

Which of the following best explains the effect of birth control techniques on men's lives in the past 50 years? -They gave men more time to spend with their children. -They increased men's professional aspirations. -They improved men's relationships with their spouses. -They increased the number of jobs held by men.

They gave men more time to spend with their children.

Which of the following statements regarding similarities among cultures is true? -Nationalities of similar heritage and race typically respond in the same way to products and promotional messages. -Culture exists from birth and cannot be learned or passed on to succeeding generations. -Two cultures that speak the same language might interpret certain phrases or words in a very different way. -Cultures that engage in cultural borrowing lack uniqueness and diversity.

Two cultures that speak the same language might interpret certain phrases or words in a very different way.

Whether an action optimizes the "common good" or benefits of all constituencies -Utilitarian ethics -Rights of the parties -Justice or fairness

Utilitarian ethics

Which of the following statements regarding cultural borrowing is true? -Societies that engage in cultural borrowing always grow closer after contact. -Societies that borrow from other cultures lack uniqueness in their own culture, because they have nothing unique to offer. -When people are introduced to a belief or practice from another culture and they approve of it, they incorporate it into their own culture. -Societies borrow ideas from one another and incorporate them into their own cultures, but they do not change or adapt those ideas.

When people are introduced to a belief or practice from another culture and they approve of it, they incorporate it into their own culture.

A high score on the Individualism/Collective Index indicates -a "we" mentality. -a culture that subjugates the individual to the group. -an affirmation of communal living. -a culture that encourages individual ambition.

a culture that encourages individual ambition.

Maintaining ethics and social responsibility in an international market can be challenging because -a manager must navigate all the cultural differences. -international law requires bribery and other forms of corruption. -managers are always unaware of what constitutes illegal practices. -businesses are independent of local laws.

a manager must navigate all the cultural differences.

It should be the goal of every businessperson to -maintain the company culture of the home country. -do whatever it takes to get the job done. -act in an ethically and socially responsible manner. -assert its firm's business practices.

act in an ethically and socially responsible manner.

Having empathy regarding another person's way of thinking can result in better cultural understanding, which in turn leads to overcoming cultural barriers and a tendency toward -subordination. -lubrication. -extortion. -adaptation.

adaptation.

In the context of international marketing, culture -affects the way consumer prioritize the things they desire and the things they need. -exists from birth and cannot be changed. -has no effect on the way people choose what products they will purchase. -is irrelevant to the study of international marketing.

affects the way consumer prioritize the things they desire and the things they need.

Unlike individualistic societies, collective societies -embrace an "I" mentality. -display loose ties among individuals. -accept individual ambitions and encourage personal independence. -link people strongly together through close-knit groups.

link people strongly together through close-knit groups.

Western cultures such as North America, Germany, and Scandinavia tend to run on ______ time, or M-time, which emphasizes the completion of tasks and adherence to schedules.

monochronic

The time system specified by Edward T. Hall that treats time as something palpable in that it can be wasted or spent is known as -relationship time. -polychronic time. -monochronic time. -low power time.

monochronic time.

Some ancient cultures that valued decadent lifestyles viewed work as an unwelcome component that interfered with the -search for pleasure or a good personal life. -profitable outcomes of a business. -individual's sense of achievement. -communication channels at the workplace.

search for pleasure or a good personal life.

A fundamental concept in American business culture is _____, which complements the ideas of merit-based promotion and power over one's future. -political ignorance -top-down management -sharing in decision making -subjective analysis

sharing in decision making

Interpersonal relationships are strongly affected by _____ such as family, religion, schools, the media, government, and corporations. -agencies of cultural persuasion -institutions of conditioning -agencies of behavioral conditioning -social institutions

social institutions

The return on _____ is determined partly by the degree of brand equity and the ability to come up with socially responsible and sustainable ideas. -lubrication -a marketing orientation -strategic philanthropy -an agent's fee

strategic philanthropy

Recently, companies have become more involved with helping local communities and sponsoring projects that are aligned with their knowledge areas. These companies are engaging in -subornation. -strategic philanthropy. -lubrication. -a marketing orientation.

strategic philanthropy.

Unlike egalitarian countries, countries that value and emphasize status and position place more importance on _____. -decentralized decision-making techniques -the status of business colleagues and clients -contradicting the authority and status of bosses -lower-level management

the status of business colleagues and clients

Cultures are always changing, and yet -culture is inherently static. -most cultures cannot change much, because they are an accumulation of solutions to innumerable problems. -they also resist change, which is one of their fundamental attributes. -they keep gravitating back to exactly what they were originally.

they also resist change, which is one of their fundamental attributes.

An individual who scores low on the Individualism/Collectivism Index is most likely to -accept individual initiative. -be highly independent. -think in terms of "we" instead of "I." -think in terms of "I" instead of "we."

think in terms of "we" instead of "I."

The respect a businessperson commands in international business depends on -feedback regarding the person's work. -financial benefits accruing to the firm. -training and the backing of the firm. -polychronic time.

training and the backing of the firm.

To ensure adequate adaptation, business executives must be willing to _____. -change to local customs -forsake their ways of conducting business -evaluate behavior in terms of personal familiarity -understand that cultural differences may generate confusion and frustration

understand that cultural differences may generate confusion and frustration