ANSC 467 Exam 1

regulators or conformers - don't maintain homeostatic conditions (tolerate)

conformers

what is an adaptate?

animal response

Adaptate? Adaptagent? Adaptate level? SoB? Guinea fowl chicks beaks trimmed using electrocautery, stay sore/sensitive for 10 days, chickens have aversion to eating, FI depressed for a period of time

aversion to eating, sore/sensitive beaks, 1, well

When confronted with environmental changes, what are the three ways to handle the pressure?

avoid, resist, tolerate

What are the four actions of maintenance for energy?

basal metabolism, involuntary activity, heat loss, body heat

Adaptate Category? - harmony with very well or well - coping: easily and readily - response: ordinary physiology, behavioral, psychological and mechanisms - biological cost: none to min

basal regulation 0

4 types of environmental physiology?

behavioral, morphological, functional, immunological

how energy flows through an animal

bioenergetics

homeostasis - physiological processes used to maintain _________ and _________ equilibrium (internal) essential for life, regulate internal environment

bodily, psychic

Adaptagent? Adaptate? Wellness return? Geldings are standing side by side and turn their rumps in direction of windstorm to keep debris/dust out of faces

windstorm, turning of the rumps, yes

What is the most important level for EP and M?

microenvironment

Adaptate category? Dairy cows walk from dry lot to milking parlor, must change single file course to avoid colliding with individual that is observing cows from one side of the lane....

0

Adaptate category? - well - coping: handily - response: some extraordinary (1 or more) - biological cost: min. diversion ME (performance to maintenance)

1

Adaptate category? Complete or incomplete adaptation? Turkey poults are kept in an open-sided shed, temperature drops (cold), in response, to temperature change, poults increase feed intake (FI) and feather density, which results in temporarily increasing metabolic rate (MR) enough to compensate for body heat loss

1

Adaptate category? Complete or incomplete adaptation? Bison cows exposed to heat stress last 3 months of pregnancy, she gives birth to low birth weight calves AND these newborns lack vigor, increase in postnatal morbidity and mortality

1, incomplete

Adaptate category? - well to fair - coping: typically, but some difficulty - low - response: extraordinary esp. equilibrium compromised, minor stress - biological cost - stress ensues, sign, increase energy expend, perf. falls

2

Adaptate category? - fair or ill - coping: CANNOT successfully - may be overload-vulnerable - response: stress response (set of more) - limit of adaptability (intolerable or unsustainable response level) - biological cost: costly = high maintenance req. thus performance cost, even higher, if not remedied

3

Adaptate category? - ill - coping: NOT: suffering extreme pain (very brief) - response: none - abrupt and severe - biological: cost: overwhelms systems - collapse dies (succumbs quickly

4

T or F? All challenges to animal's well-being will affect the animal the same way

F

Endotherm - ___________-blooded animal (e.g. birds, mammals) capable of___________ internal temperature - maintains constant body temperature

warm, regulating

acclimation or acclimatization? laying hen adapting to altered photoperiod

acclimation

acclimation or acclimatization? animals housed outdoors in response to seasonal changes or relocated

acclimatization

Animal welfare should be based on stability through change and capacity to change which is called _________

allostasis

Homeostasis or Allostasis? maintains systems in balance as environment and life history changes

allostasis

Homeostasis or Allostasis? too much can be damaging (cumulative effects of wear and tear)

allostasis

What are the two adaptations achieved by emperor penguins to achieve fitness?

breeding habits and parental duties

ectotherm - ___________-blooded animal (e.g. reptile fish, amphibians) whose body temperature is mostly determined by surrounding ___________ (internal - external)

cold, environment

Parts of negative feedback loop control center, cell/organ (decision maker)

controller

___________ of adaptive mechanism will determine wellness and fitness categories

effectiveness

Parts of negative feedback loop muscle/gland responds and initiates change

effector

basal metabolic rate (BMR) - stable rate of ___________ ___________ measured in mammals/birds under conditions of min. environmental and physiological stress and after fasting

energy metabolism

what is an adaptagent?

environmental stimulus

The SMR of some ectotherms dependent upon previous temperature ___________, owing to metabolic compensation or thermal acclimation

history

What kind of adaptation? genetic adjustments to environmental changes, long-term (many generations)

evolutionary

The goal of physiology is to achieve ________

fitness

Physiology is how an animal ________ via specialized ________ and physiological processes to evade and prolong ________.

functions, anatomical, survival

3 different levels of environment?

habitat, within habitat, microenvironment

spatial variation - multiple ________ put together in a geographic area

habitats

Homeostasis or Allostasis? essential for life; pH, body temp, oxygen

homeostasis

Microenvironment (3rd level) - ________ animal's environment, including all external factors animal experiences

individual

environmental stimulus can ________ adaptation in an animal that has genetic ________ and current ability to successfully adapt

induce, adaptability

Adaptagent? Adaptate? Consequences? SoB? When does wellness return? Group of growing lambs kept on dry-lot, with insufficient feeder-trough space resulting in extreme competition for feeder space every morning, during feeding this competition leads to lambs scattering and trampling oats. There is a reduction in feed-intake resulting in reduced growth rate.

insufficient feeder-trough space, lambs scattering and trampling oats, reduced growth rate, wellness returns, when there is sufficient feeder space

environmental change leads to ________ change these changes involve - raised body temperature - impaired lung function - clear and present danger??

internal

What kind of adaptation? adjustments graded by experience; medium-term or long-term

learning

What level of allostatic load is key to good health and good welfare?

low

_________ design should match _________ demand

structural, functional

acclimatization - adaptation to ________ adaptagents over days or weeks

multiple

how is homeostasis accomplished?

negative feedback loop

response to environmental stimuli represents (genetic/non-genetic) factors BUT consequences on performance is an interactive outcome of ________ and ________.

non-genetic, response, genotype

Why is bioenergetics important? - determines __________ needs - tells us about animal's adaptation - limits - behavior, growth reproduction

nutritional

What kind of adaptation? non-genetic adjustment, short-term (homeokinetic responses)

physiologic

regulators or conformers - maintain or re-establish homeostasis (resist)

regulators

Good welfare is guaranteed if animal's _________ range of allostatic mechanisms meets _________ demand

regulatory, environmental

standard metabolic rate - metabolic rate of a ___________ and ___________ animal at given body temperature - the energy required to maintain basic ___________ functions, independent of activity, digestion, or costs of physiological stressors

resting, fasting,

temporal variation - daily and ________ variations Adjust... - light - energy - temperature - moisture

seasonal, moisture

Parts of negative feedback loop specific receptor within cell/organ

sensor

What kind of adaptation? sensory devices, mechanisms and processes adjust to strength of environmental stimuli

sensory

acclimation - adaptation to ________ adaptagent (usually artificial) with controlled environment over days or weeks

single

Habitat (1st level) - physical ________ (location, choose first)

space

Within habitat (2nd level) - precisely defined ________ specific environment within level 1, includes -physical (________) and living (________) factors

species, abiotic, biotic

adaptagent = environmental ________

stimulus

metabolism - ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ chemical reactions occurring in an organism

sum total in all

Big 3 abiotic variables

temperature, oxygen, water

Individual animal traits affect _________ of response initiated and biological outcome (age, gender social status)

type

metabolic rate (MR) - measure of total energy ___________ by an animal per unit of time

used