ANSC 467 Exam 1
regulators or conformers - don't maintain homeostatic conditions (tolerate)
conformers
what is an adaptate?
animal response
Adaptate? Adaptagent? Adaptate level? SoB? Guinea fowl chicks beaks trimmed using electrocautery, stay sore/sensitive for 10 days, chickens have aversion to eating, FI depressed for a period of time
aversion to eating, sore/sensitive beaks, 1, well
When confronted with environmental changes, what are the three ways to handle the pressure?
avoid, resist, tolerate
What are the four actions of maintenance for energy?
basal metabolism, involuntary activity, heat loss, body heat
Adaptate Category? - harmony with very well or well - coping: easily and readily - response: ordinary physiology, behavioral, psychological and mechanisms - biological cost: none to min
basal regulation 0
4 types of environmental physiology?
behavioral, morphological, functional, immunological
how energy flows through an animal
bioenergetics
homeostasis - physiological processes used to maintain _________ and _________ equilibrium (internal) essential for life, regulate internal environment
bodily, psychic
Adaptagent? Adaptate? Wellness return? Geldings are standing side by side and turn their rumps in direction of windstorm to keep debris/dust out of faces
windstorm, turning of the rumps, yes
What is the most important level for EP and M?
microenvironment
Adaptate category? Dairy cows walk from dry lot to milking parlor, must change single file course to avoid colliding with individual that is observing cows from one side of the lane....
0
Adaptate category? - well - coping: handily - response: some extraordinary (1 or more) - biological cost: min. diversion ME (performance to maintenance)
1
Adaptate category? Complete or incomplete adaptation? Turkey poults are kept in an open-sided shed, temperature drops (cold), in response, to temperature change, poults increase feed intake (FI) and feather density, which results in temporarily increasing metabolic rate (MR) enough to compensate for body heat loss
1
Adaptate category? Complete or incomplete adaptation? Bison cows exposed to heat stress last 3 months of pregnancy, she gives birth to low birth weight calves AND these newborns lack vigor, increase in postnatal morbidity and mortality
1, incomplete
Adaptate category? - well to fair - coping: typically, but some difficulty - low - response: extraordinary esp. equilibrium compromised, minor stress - biological cost - stress ensues, sign, increase energy expend, perf. falls
2
Adaptate category? - fair or ill - coping: CANNOT successfully - may be overload-vulnerable - response: stress response (set of more) - limit of adaptability (intolerable or unsustainable response level) - biological cost: costly = high maintenance req. thus performance cost, even higher, if not remedied
3
Adaptate category? - ill - coping: NOT: suffering extreme pain (very brief) - response: none - abrupt and severe - biological: cost: overwhelms systems - collapse dies (succumbs quickly
4
T or F? All challenges to animal's well-being will affect the animal the same way
F
Endotherm - ___________-blooded animal (e.g. birds, mammals) capable of___________ internal temperature - maintains constant body temperature
warm, regulating
acclimation or acclimatization? laying hen adapting to altered photoperiod
acclimation
acclimation or acclimatization? animals housed outdoors in response to seasonal changes or relocated
acclimatization
Animal welfare should be based on stability through change and capacity to change which is called _________
allostasis
Homeostasis or Allostasis? maintains systems in balance as environment and life history changes
allostasis
Homeostasis or Allostasis? too much can be damaging (cumulative effects of wear and tear)
allostasis
What are the two adaptations achieved by emperor penguins to achieve fitness?
breeding habits and parental duties
ectotherm - ___________-blooded animal (e.g. reptile fish, amphibians) whose body temperature is mostly determined by surrounding ___________ (internal - external)
cold, environment
Parts of negative feedback loop control center, cell/organ (decision maker)
controller
___________ of adaptive mechanism will determine wellness and fitness categories
effectiveness
Parts of negative feedback loop muscle/gland responds and initiates change
effector
basal metabolic rate (BMR) - stable rate of ___________ ___________ measured in mammals/birds under conditions of min. environmental and physiological stress and after fasting
energy metabolism
what is an adaptagent?
environmental stimulus
The SMR of some ectotherms dependent upon previous temperature ___________, owing to metabolic compensation or thermal acclimation
history
What kind of adaptation? genetic adjustments to environmental changes, long-term (many generations)
evolutionary
The goal of physiology is to achieve ________
fitness
Physiology is how an animal ________ via specialized ________ and physiological processes to evade and prolong ________.
functions, anatomical, survival
3 different levels of environment?
habitat, within habitat, microenvironment
spatial variation - multiple ________ put together in a geographic area
habitats
Homeostasis or Allostasis? essential for life; pH, body temp, oxygen
homeostasis
Microenvironment (3rd level) - ________ animal's environment, including all external factors animal experiences
individual
environmental stimulus can ________ adaptation in an animal that has genetic ________ and current ability to successfully adapt
induce, adaptability
Adaptagent? Adaptate? Consequences? SoB? When does wellness return? Group of growing lambs kept on dry-lot, with insufficient feeder-trough space resulting in extreme competition for feeder space every morning, during feeding this competition leads to lambs scattering and trampling oats. There is a reduction in feed-intake resulting in reduced growth rate.
insufficient feeder-trough space, lambs scattering and trampling oats, reduced growth rate, wellness returns, when there is sufficient feeder space
environmental change leads to ________ change these changes involve - raised body temperature - impaired lung function - clear and present danger??
internal
What kind of adaptation? adjustments graded by experience; medium-term or long-term
learning
What level of allostatic load is key to good health and good welfare?
low
_________ design should match _________ demand
structural, functional
acclimatization - adaptation to ________ adaptagents over days or weeks
multiple
how is homeostasis accomplished?
negative feedback loop
response to environmental stimuli represents (genetic/non-genetic) factors BUT consequences on performance is an interactive outcome of ________ and ________.
non-genetic, response, genotype
Why is bioenergetics important? - determines __________ needs - tells us about animal's adaptation - limits - behavior, growth reproduction
nutritional
What kind of adaptation? non-genetic adjustment, short-term (homeokinetic responses)
physiologic
regulators or conformers - maintain or re-establish homeostasis (resist)
regulators
Good welfare is guaranteed if animal's _________ range of allostatic mechanisms meets _________ demand
regulatory, environmental
standard metabolic rate - metabolic rate of a ___________ and ___________ animal at given body temperature - the energy required to maintain basic ___________ functions, independent of activity, digestion, or costs of physiological stressors
resting, fasting,
temporal variation - daily and ________ variations Adjust... - light - energy - temperature - moisture
seasonal, moisture
Parts of negative feedback loop specific receptor within cell/organ
sensor
What kind of adaptation? sensory devices, mechanisms and processes adjust to strength of environmental stimuli
sensory
acclimation - adaptation to ________ adaptagent (usually artificial) with controlled environment over days or weeks
single
Habitat (1st level) - physical ________ (location, choose first)
space
Within habitat (2nd level) - precisely defined ________ specific environment within level 1, includes -physical (________) and living (________) factors
species, abiotic, biotic
adaptagent = environmental ________
stimulus
metabolism - ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ chemical reactions occurring in an organism
sum total in all
Big 3 abiotic variables
temperature, oxygen, water
Individual animal traits affect _________ of response initiated and biological outcome (age, gender social status)
type
metabolic rate (MR) - measure of total energy ___________ by an animal per unit of time
used