ANS/PNS

The steps of synaptic transmission at the motor end plate are listed below

7621534

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because

A, B, C

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

A, B, and C; increased force of contraction and heart rate, and formation of cAMP

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system nervous system because

A, B, and C; it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the bloodstream

What enzyme degrades the neurotransmitter released from varicosities of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?

Acetylcholinesterase

Which of the following is located between the invaginations of the motor end plate of a neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholinesterase

Postganglionic Sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter __ at their effector junctions

Ach

What is the neurotransmitter released from motor neurons

Ach

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ___; Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter____

Ach Ach

Two most common neurotransmitters released by the neurons of the ANS

Ach and Norepinephrine

The most widely used neurotransmitter in the ANS is

Ach?? all of the above??

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

Activates B2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

The drug Chantix, which treats nicotinic addiction, is an ___ for the nicotinic receptor

Agonist

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog named Amy. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of

All of the above- increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus, increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, and sympathetic activation

What type of receptor agonists are used to treat people suffering from asthma or nasal congestion?

B2

Which of the following descriptions of collateral ganglia is true?

Collateral ganglia are in the SNS but distinct from the sympathetic chain, and they function as a site of communication between the sympathetic preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons

Cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic components are

III, V, VI, X

The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially the opposite of the

Parasympathetic nervous system

A condition called megacolon, which results from excess dilation of the colon proximal to a region of functional obstruction, would most likely be caused by

Reduction of parasympathetic innervation in the region

Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all but which one of the following?

Synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion

What type of activity by the ANS gives a person a burst of energy?

The sympathetic division increases the release of glucose from the liver

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Horner's syndrome?

Warmth of the ipsilateral face to touch

The sympmathetic collateral ganglia include the

a,b,c; celiac, inferior mesenteric, and superior mesenteric

Which of the following endocrine glands is innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons

adrenal medulla

Typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers that release norepinephrine at neuroeffector junctions are classified as:

adrenergic

A sudden rise in blood pressure in the carotid artery would A) initiate the baroreceptor reflex. B) produce a reflex coordinated by the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata. C) cause a reduction in heart rate and force of contraction. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

all of the above

The celiac ganglion innervates the

all of the above; liver, stomach, pancreas

Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe?

all of the above; low heart rate, salivation, sweating, diarrhea

Which is an example of a visceral reflex?

all the above; pupillary reflex, defecation reflex, vomitting reflex, ejacuation in response to tactile stimuli

Classes of sympathetic receptors include

alpha and beta

classes of sympathetic receptors

alpha and beta

Dual innervation refers to

an organ receiving both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

Beta receptors

are especially sensitive to epinephrine and relatively unresponsive to norepinephrine.??

Muscarinic Receptors

are normally activated by Ach

This drug is used to block muscarinic receptors

atropine

Drugs used to control hypertension that are targeted to decrease heart rate are called

beta blockers

Mr. Martin is suffering from a condition known as ventricular tachycardia, in which his heart beats too quickly. Would an alpha-blocker or a beta-blocker help alleviate his problem?

beta-blocker

At rest, what is the relative contribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to the regulation of homeostasis?

both systems are active but the parasympathetic predominates

Where in the CNS do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system originate?

brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

Autonomic ganglia contain ________.

cell bodies of motor neurons

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

chain

What cells of the adrenal medulla release epinephrine?

chromaffin cells

Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually

connected to effector organs

Splanchnic nerves

consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia

Beta-blockers

decrease heart rate and blood pressure

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except

decreased heart rate

Which of the following effects is a characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?

decreases heart rate

Nicotine enhances the release of __________ in the brain.

dopamine

sympathetic neurons exit the spinal cord via the __ root, and then joing the spinal nerve They leave the spinal nerve and enter the ganglion via the ___ ramus. Most of the post ganglionic fibers return to the spinal nerve via the ___ramus.

dorsal;whitel;gray

Before his surgery, Denver was given an injection that caused a number of symptoms: dry eyes, lack of accommodation, dilated pupils, faster heart rate, lack of sweating. What type of drug was he given?

drug that blocked muscarinic receptors

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

excessive heart rate

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?

first thoracic

Which area of the brain initiates the fight or flight response by producing widespread activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

hypothalmamus

An alien retrieved alive from a crashed UFO has had a thorough examination. A hormone with a distinct but similar structure to epinephrine has been isolated and named ufo-epi. If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist?

increased in fatty acids in the blood?M

Erection of the penis or clitoris

is primarily under parasympathetic control

Ejaculation of semen

is primarily under sympathetic control

How does latroxin, the venom of the black widow spider, cause muscle spasms and rigidity?

it stimulates Ach release from motor neurons

Preganglionic neurons of the sympatheticnervous system are located in the

lateral gray horns of segments t1 to l2 of the spinal cord

the celiac ganglion innervates the

liver and stomach

Norepinephrine released from the sympathetic fibers is usually

long lasting

Mismatches between vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive sensory inputs activate the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms that are charachteristic of ___

motion sickness

Mismatches between vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive sensory inputs activate the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms that are characteristic of ________.

motion sickness

What cholinergic receptors are coupled to G Proteins?

muscarinic

Which cholinergic receptors are coupled to g-proteins?

muscarinic

Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.

muscarinic cholinergic

Curare, a substance that blocks the acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle, will cause

muscle relaxation

Which receptors do the neurosecretory chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla express?

nicitonic cholinergic

Which class of autonomic nervous system receptors is ionotropic?

nicotinic cholinergic

The receptors that are found on all autonomic ganglionic neurons as well as neuromuscular synapse of the SNS are called

nicotinic receptors

Binding of acetylcholine to ________ receptors causes ________ by opening channels that primarily permit sodium to permeate the membrane.

nicotinic; depolarization

Typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers that release norepinephrine at neuroeffector synapses are classified as

non-secretory.

Nicotinic receptors

open chemically-gated sodium ion channels

A person who has difficulty swallowing is diagnosed as having esophageal achalasia, a condition that involves the ANS. What division and action would you expect to be the cause of this problem?

parasympathetic, which causes excessive and irregular esophageal contraction

The parasympathetic ganglion that seves the nasal mucosa is the

pterygopalatine ganglion

injury to the neurons of the otic ganglion would affect the function of the

salivary glands

Which one of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system:

skeletal muscle

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called ________.

splanchnic nerves

Structures in the head are innervated by the sympathetic division by postganglionic fibers originating in the

superior cervical ganglion

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

suprarenal glands

Which of the following are usually adrenergic fibers?

sympathetic postganglionic

Which of the following neurons of the efferent branch of the PNS does NOT release Ach?

sympathetic postganglionic neuron

Which of the following neurons of the efferent branch of the peripheral nervous system does NOT release acetylcholine?

sympathetic postganglionic neuron

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are

sympathomimetic

preganglionic neurons of the ANS are located in

the lateral gray ho9rns of the spinal cord

In the SNS, where are the preganglionic neurons located?

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

The statement "there is always a peripheral synapse between the CNS and the effector organ" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating

urinary incontinence

What are swellings of postganglionic autonomic axons from which neurotransmitters are released called?

varicosities

Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.

visceral arcs involve two motor neurons

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the spinal nerve via the ___ before they enter the ___

white ramus" ganglion of the sympathetic trunk