ANS/PNS
The steps of synaptic transmission at the motor end plate are listed below
7621534
The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because
A, B, C
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in
A, B, and C; increased force of contraction and heart rate, and formation of cAMP
The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system nervous system because
A, B, and C; it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the bloodstream
What enzyme degrades the neurotransmitter released from varicosities of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?
Acetylcholinesterase
Which of the following is located between the invaginations of the motor end plate of a neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholinesterase
Postganglionic Sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter __ at their effector junctions
Ach
What is the neurotransmitter released from motor neurons
Ach
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ___; Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter____
Ach Ach
Two most common neurotransmitters released by the neurons of the ANS
Ach and Norepinephrine
The most widely used neurotransmitter in the ANS is
Ach?? all of the above??
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that
Activates B2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
The drug Chantix, which treats nicotinic addiction, is an ___ for the nicotinic receptor
Agonist
A person is confronted by a dangerous dog named Amy. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of
All of the above- increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus, increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, and sympathetic activation
What type of receptor agonists are used to treat people suffering from asthma or nasal congestion?
B2
Which of the following descriptions of collateral ganglia is true?
Collateral ganglia are in the SNS but distinct from the sympathetic chain, and they function as a site of communication between the sympathetic preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons
Cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic components are
III, V, VI, X
The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially the opposite of the
Parasympathetic nervous system
A condition called megacolon, which results from excess dilation of the colon proximal to a region of functional obstruction, would most likely be caused by
Reduction of parasympathetic innervation in the region
Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all but which one of the following?
Synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
What type of activity by the ANS gives a person a burst of energy?
The sympathetic division increases the release of glucose from the liver
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Horner's syndrome?
Warmth of the ipsilateral face to touch
The sympmathetic collateral ganglia include the
a,b,c; celiac, inferior mesenteric, and superior mesenteric
Which of the following endocrine glands is innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons
adrenal medulla
Typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers that release norepinephrine at neuroeffector junctions are classified as:
adrenergic
A sudden rise in blood pressure in the carotid artery would A) initiate the baroreceptor reflex. B) produce a reflex coordinated by the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata. C) cause a reduction in heart rate and force of contraction. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
all of the above
The celiac ganglion innervates the
all of the above; liver, stomach, pancreas
Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe?
all of the above; low heart rate, salivation, sweating, diarrhea
Which is an example of a visceral reflex?
all the above; pupillary reflex, defecation reflex, vomitting reflex, ejacuation in response to tactile stimuli
Classes of sympathetic receptors include
alpha and beta
classes of sympathetic receptors
alpha and beta
Dual innervation refers to
an organ receiving both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Beta receptors
are especially sensitive to epinephrine and relatively unresponsive to norepinephrine.??
Muscarinic Receptors
are normally activated by Ach
This drug is used to block muscarinic receptors
atropine
Drugs used to control hypertension that are targeted to decrease heart rate are called
beta blockers
Mr. Martin is suffering from a condition known as ventricular tachycardia, in which his heart beats too quickly. Would an alpha-blocker or a beta-blocker help alleviate his problem?
beta-blocker
At rest, what is the relative contribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to the regulation of homeostasis?
both systems are active but the parasympathetic predominates
Where in the CNS do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system originate?
brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
Autonomic ganglia contain ________.
cell bodies of motor neurons
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.
chain
What cells of the adrenal medulla release epinephrine?
chromaffin cells
Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually
connected to effector organs
Splanchnic nerves
consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia
Beta-blockers
decrease heart rate and blood pressure
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except
decreased heart rate
Which of the following effects is a characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?
decreases heart rate
Nicotine enhances the release of __________ in the brain.
dopamine
sympathetic neurons exit the spinal cord via the __ root, and then joing the spinal nerve They leave the spinal nerve and enter the ganglion via the ___ ramus. Most of the post ganglionic fibers return to the spinal nerve via the ___ramus.
dorsal;whitel;gray
Before his surgery, Denver was given an injection that caused a number of symptoms: dry eyes, lack of accommodation, dilated pupils, faster heart rate, lack of sweating. What type of drug was he given?
drug that blocked muscarinic receptors
Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating
excessive heart rate
Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?
first thoracic
Which area of the brain initiates the fight or flight response by producing widespread activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
hypothalmamus
An alien retrieved alive from a crashed UFO has had a thorough examination. A hormone with a distinct but similar structure to epinephrine has been isolated and named ufo-epi. If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist?
increased in fatty acids in the blood?M
Erection of the penis or clitoris
is primarily under parasympathetic control
Ejaculation of semen
is primarily under sympathetic control
How does latroxin, the venom of the black widow spider, cause muscle spasms and rigidity?
it stimulates Ach release from motor neurons
Preganglionic neurons of the sympatheticnervous system are located in the
lateral gray horns of segments t1 to l2 of the spinal cord
the celiac ganglion innervates the
liver and stomach
Norepinephrine released from the sympathetic fibers is usually
long lasting
Mismatches between vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive sensory inputs activate the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms that are charachteristic of ___
motion sickness
Mismatches between vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive sensory inputs activate the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms that are characteristic of ________.
motion sickness
What cholinergic receptors are coupled to G Proteins?
muscarinic
Which cholinergic receptors are coupled to g-proteins?
muscarinic
Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.
muscarinic cholinergic
Curare, a substance that blocks the acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle, will cause
muscle relaxation
Which receptors do the neurosecretory chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla express?
nicitonic cholinergic
Which class of autonomic nervous system receptors is ionotropic?
nicotinic cholinergic
The receptors that are found on all autonomic ganglionic neurons as well as neuromuscular synapse of the SNS are called
nicotinic receptors
Binding of acetylcholine to ________ receptors causes ________ by opening channels that primarily permit sodium to permeate the membrane.
nicotinic; depolarization
Typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers that release norepinephrine at neuroeffector synapses are classified as
non-secretory.
Nicotinic receptors
open chemically-gated sodium ion channels
A person who has difficulty swallowing is diagnosed as having esophageal achalasia, a condition that involves the ANS. What division and action would you expect to be the cause of this problem?
parasympathetic, which causes excessive and irregular esophageal contraction
The parasympathetic ganglion that seves the nasal mucosa is the
pterygopalatine ganglion
injury to the neurons of the otic ganglion would affect the function of the
salivary glands
Which one of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system:
skeletal muscle
Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called ________.
splanchnic nerves
Structures in the head are innervated by the sympathetic division by postganglionic fibers originating in the
superior cervical ganglion
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the
suprarenal glands
Which of the following are usually adrenergic fibers?
sympathetic postganglionic
Which of the following neurons of the efferent branch of the PNS does NOT release Ach?
sympathetic postganglionic neuron
Which of the following neurons of the efferent branch of the peripheral nervous system does NOT release acetylcholine?
sympathetic postganglionic neuron
Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are
sympathomimetic
preganglionic neurons of the ANS are located in
the lateral gray ho9rns of the spinal cord
In the SNS, where are the preganglionic neurons located?
thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
The statement "there is always a peripheral synapse between the CNS and the effector organ" is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating
urinary incontinence
What are swellings of postganglionic autonomic axons from which neurotransmitters are released called?
varicosities
Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.
visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the spinal nerve via the ___ before they enter the ___
white ramus" ganglion of the sympathetic trunk