ANT 101- Ch. 6-9
what's the difference between how pressure flaking, percussion flaking, and indirect percussion produced stone tools?
pressure flaking: sharp tool flakes off remnants percus. flaking: stone rounds edge over and over indirect percus: stone and blade strike from top
when referring to historical data, what's the difference between primary and secondary sources of information?
primary: recorded at the time the event occurred; often from first-hand experience secondary: written after the fact; reinterpreted later; may contain modern interpretations of past events
was domestication ever intentional? was selection ever directed?
probably not; yes
fluted point
projectile made by paleoindians in the new world between about 13,200 and 10,000 BP; aided in hafting the spearpoint onto its wooden shaft
news from the past: ____________ might've been on the menu in ancient scotland.
rodents
with climate change came the Ice Age / Glacial Periods, changing what?
sea level
what is transhumance?
seasonal movement between pastures/environments with herds
burin
sharp and durable stone tool used in engraving (etched out antler bones to make awls or needles)
What do haplogroup distributions around the world suggest about Native Americans
significantly Asian in character, though with different haplogroup frequencies
microbands
small co-habiting groups of people; commonly consist of 10-15 people who move together in a pattern of seasonally nomadic movement
micronesia
small islands in the western pacific, east of new guinea
egalitarian
social systems in which all members of the same age/sex category are equal in the sense that they all possess the same amount of wealth, social standing, and political influence
Manipulation of these three things also impacts colonization of microorganisms, insects, rodents, birds, and larger animals within these ecosystems.
soil, water, and vegetation
hoabhinian
southeast asian mesolithic stone-tool tradition based on the manufacture of tools from chipped pebbles
solutrean
stone-toolmaking tradition of the european upper paleolithic; dating from 21,000-16,000 BP; solutrean bifaces are often exquisitely made, symmetrical, leaf-shaped projectile points
Humans artificially push back the existant _______________ stage to one that is early in the sequence and that has a very high output ratio.
succession
plants compete with each other, and the composition of plants of plant communities in any particular habitat changes with time. what is this process known as?
succession
although difficult to investigate, why do archaeologists believe modern homo sapiens and the upper paleolithic might've had language?
system of shared symbols through tool assemblage and symbolic communication (art, ritual)
what are two big technological innovations of this same time period?
the atlatl, bow and arrow
what new kind of technology consisted of use wear? how did they make this?
the blade; stone was cut or scraped
what is swidden agriculture?
the burning of trees so as to allow for more farmland and agricultural usage
sunda (sundaland)
the combined land mass of the modern islands of java, sumatra, bali, and borneo; became a single land mass during periods of glaciation and attendant lowered sea level during the pleistocene
the first anatomically modern homo sapiens were known as what?
the cro-magnon
what is cultivation?
the intentional preparation of fields; sowing, harvesting, storing seed
sahul
the land mass of "greater australia" including australia proper, new guinea, and tasmania; during the pleistocene these 3 islands were combined as a single land mass
settlement pattern
the location, size, function, and seasonality of the various communities or activity areas within a given cultural system (the pattern of land use)
laurentide
the massive continental ice sheet of pleistocene north america, centered in central northeastern canada
cordilleran
the pleistocene mountain ice mass in north america centered in the rocky mountains
artificial selection
the process used in the domestication and refinement of plants and animals whereby human beings select which members of a species will live and produce offspring
what is agriculture?
the reliance on cultivated plants, often with changes in social and economic organization (intentional manipulation of plant ecosystems)
what was the neolithic expansion?
the spread of an agricultural economy across europe (dependence upon domesticated plants and animals)
Today the canonical or Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño describes what?
the warm phase of a naturally occurring sea surface temperature oscillation in the tropical Pacific Ocean
domestication
through artificial selection, the selective breeding production of new species of plants and animals that owe their existence to human intervention
gravettian
toolmaking tradition of the upper paleolithic, characterized by the production of small blades and denticulate knives; dated from 27,000-21,000 BP
true or false? the upper Paleolithic people lived longer than archaic humans and had more tools.
true
venus figurine
upper paleolithic sculptures of females, often, but not always, with exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics (27-000-20,000 ya)
einkorn
variety of wheat-- tripsicum monococcum; important domesticate in the neolithic
what kind of figurines were considered upper paleolithic art around this time as well?
venus
megafauna
very large animals; commonly used to describe the large, now extinct herbivores of the pleistocene world
microblade
very small stone blade often with a sharp cutting edge; often were set in groups of wooden, bone, or antler
microblade
very small stone blade, often with a very sharp cutting edge; often set in groups of wooden, bone, or antler handles
microlith
very small stone tool
debitage
waste flakes produced during the process of making stone tools; usually small, unstable bits of stone
clovis refers to what time frame?
~13,200-11,900 y.a.
How can we identify plant domestication?
• change in morphology • edible parts of domes,cated plants usually larger than wild counterparts • found in new environments
which haplogroups are present in Asian populations but in low frequencies?
•A, B, C, and D
What 4 lines of evidence do we have?
•Archaeology •Genetics •Linguistics •Osteology (Skeletal data)
what gene might've been related to language for homo sapiens, homo neanderthalensis and maybe heidelbergensis?
•FOXP2 gene
Producers (cultivation, agriculture):
•Greater degree of sedentary lifestyle (seden,sm); popula,on growth; reorganiza,on of labor (seasonality); organized around biological requirements of plants
what domesticates originated from san andres mexico?
•Manioc •Sunflower •Cobon •Dogs
Foragers:
•foodstuffs/material for immediate consumption; moving base camp from one resource zone to another; immediate returns
collectors:
•move much less frequently; one or two base camps; delayed returns; greater processing; storage
what are the morphological/phenotypic traits often associated with domestication?
-piebald (spotted or patchy) -lop ears (floppy, hanging ears) -juvenilization of cranial form (shortened muzzle, tooth crowding, reduction in tooth size) -changes in size and shape -selective pressures relaxed
name the last three milestones in human development.
-plant and animal domestication -sedentism and food production -urbanization and complexity
Upper Paleolithic Technology consisted of what three stone tool making patterns?
-pressure flaking -percussion flaking -indirect percussion
what kind of emphasis did humans put on the domestication of animals?
-reproduction, -movement -distribution -nourishment -protection of domesticates
what is the refined interpretation of fertile crescent faunal assemblages?
-size reduction in skeletal assemblages reflected sexual dimorphism rather than reduction in size of overall species -suggested herd management -males slaughtered at an earlier age than females
what were some of the effects of domestication on animals?
-skeletal changes in some animals -age and sex imbalances in herd animals
what was the original interpretation of the fertile crescent faunal assemblages?
-skeletal morphology suggested size reduction among domesticated animals (vs. wild counterparts) -thought to be original sign of domestication resulting from human selection
what is the original interpretation of fertile crescent faunal assemblages?
-skeletal morphology suggested size reduction among domesticated animals vs. wild counterparts -thought to be original sin of domestication resulting from human selection
name some early animal domesticates.
-turkeys -alpacas -guinea pig -goats -cows -sheep -pigs -horses -cats -dogs -donkeys -chicken
what is the summary from el nino on the peruvian archaeological record (north coast)?
1. before 9,000BP: unknown amount of humans; fisher-gatherers 2. 9,000 BP: absent or low humans; fisher-gatherers, horticulture, small villages 3. 5,800-3,000 BP: humans present, monumental centers, agriculture, fishing 4. after 3,000 BP: humans present, state level societies, irrigation agriculture
name and describe the four commonly hypothesized migration routes.
1. bering land bridge (asia across middle of north america, down to mexico) 2. pacific coast (asia along pacific coast, all the way down to south america) 3. XX atlantic crossing (europe to north america) 4. XX pacific crossing (australia? to south america)
around how many thousand years ago were there only modern homo sapiens?
25,000
around __________ kya, there was an unstable climate with glacial and interglacial periods.
400-30
personal ornamentation seemed to have started how many thousand years ago?
41,000
around how many thousand years ago did anatomically modern humans coexist with archaic in Europe?
45,000
when did el nino return?
5800 ys ago
Chiefdom
A level of sociopolitical integration; more complex than the tribe but less so than the state; the social system is ranked not a egalitarian-individuals are placed in a heirarchy of power and prestige
Sedentism
A pattern of settlement in which a community of people tends to remain in one place over the course of a year or years
Olmec
Ancient culture of lowland mesoamerica. dating to 3.2k years ago
What makes a good candidate for domestication?
Behavioral attributes: -Weak alarm systems -Reduced wariness and aggression -Tolerance of penning
During the late Pleistocene the ________________________ was an important connection between Asia and North America and was a large landmass spreading east from Siberia and extending deep into Alaska.
Bering Land Bridge (Beringia)
For years, __________ were thought to be the first Americans.
Clovis
historical geographers, historians, folklorists, etc, are all interested in understanding what?
Colonial/Early American past
Halafian
Culture in mesopotamia dating from 7.5k-6.7k B.P; small farming villages
Hassunan
Culture in mesopotamia dating from 8k-7.2k B.P.; small farming villages, hunting supplemented villages
during the upper paleolithic, what was one thing Dr. Sandweiss said was key? why?
Diversity -personal ornamentation; art; ritual burial of the dead; technologies involving multiple components; scheduled hunting and gathering -not seen in Neandertals nor other pre-modern humans -reorganization of brain?
Peiligang
Earliest neolithic culture in north china with well established farming villages dating to 8.5k - 7k years ago
_________________________ is a warming in the Central Pacific that does not reach eastern Pacific.
El Niño Modoki or CP
what does ENSO stand for?
El Niño/Southern Oscillation
what could've been reasoning for the cave drawings made? but what's one problem with this hypothesis?
Ensure animal fertility and success in hunting Not all animals shown were hunted
______________, a missionary in South America around 1589, noted resemblances of Siberians and Native Americans.
Jose de Acosta
this man made a silent documentary about transhumant herders in iran in 1925.
Merrian C. Cooper
it's generally accepted that _________________ descended from Asian colonists prior to 12 kya.
Native Americans
dealing with the archaeology of the clovis era, around 13,500 and 13,000 ya, there was first widespread evidence for these people in Americas: _______________.
Paleoindians
Built on the bank of a seasonal stream on the south coast of Peru, ______________ is the oldest known fishing site in the new world.
Quebrada Jaguay
European art of the Upper Paleolithic consisted of what?
Sculpture and engravings of animals
Qadan
Sites along the Nile in Egypt, dating to the period 15k-11k years ago; shows a reliance on fishing, hunting, and the collection of wild grains; found microblades
This temperature oscillation is associated with the atmospheric phenomenon known as the ______________.
Southern Oscillation
Paleo-Arctic Tradition
Stone tool tradition in the arctic, dating to the period 10k years ago; the tech involved the production of microblade detached from wedge shaped cores.
For Dr. Piperno's experiment of an Amaizing story, they grew teosinte under Ica Age CO2 and temperature conditions—what was result?
Teosinte looked much more like domesticated maize
Mesopotamia
The land between the Tigress and the Euphrades rivers in modern Iraq; worlds first cities and complex civilizations started here.
Teosite
The wild ancestor of domesticated maize
Tehuacan
Valley in central highland mexico. known for domestication of maize and squash
Jacob
Was here
What was the difference between how humans domesticated animals and plants?
With plants: actively selected physical attributes (genetically driven morph. changes) with animals: focused on behavioral attributes, not strictly physical attributes (morphology slow to respond)
beringia (bering land bridge)
a broad connection of land more than 1,000 miles across, connecting northeast asia with northwest north america during periods of sea level depression in the pleistocene (people living in asia walked across about 15,000 ya)
haplogroup
a cluster of DNA variants that are found together in individual members of a population
fertile crescent
a crescent-shaped region extending from the eastern mediterranean coast of modern israel, lebanon, and syria, north into the zagros mountains, and then south toward the persian gulf; an abundant area for wild cereal grain during the holocene; mot domestication of plants started here
the founding population in a Founder Effect is what?
a kind of genetic drift
denali complex
a lithic technology seen in the arctic consisting of wedge-shaped cores, microblades, bifacial knives, and burins (10,000 ya; NE asia)
ice-free corridor (mackenzie corridor)
a proposed route of safe passage in North America between the farthest west extent of the laurentide ice field and the farthest east extent of the cordilleran glacier (paleoindians may have travelled down this corridor from the western arctic into america)
what is soil a product of?
a range of factors: parent material, topography, climate, organisms, time
logistical collecting
a settlement-subsistence strategy that involves the movement of a group in a fixed seasonal round
chindadn
a teardrop-shaped spearpoint found in in the nenana complex in alaska
spear thrower
a tool used to increase the range and accuracy of the hand-thrown spear (straight rod/board with a hook at one end)
emmer
a variety of wheat-- tripsicum turgidum; source of cultivated wheat in the modern world
midden
an archaeological feature that consists of a refuse heap; a preserved pile of trash, often food remains
the reindeer antler atlatl fragment discovered in La Madeleine, France around 20,000-12,000 BP, displayed what?
an example of the great skill and artistic ability of the upper paleolithic period
wallace trench
an undersea chasm located between new guinea/australia and java/borneo; about 25,000 ft deep; not breached during periods of lowered pleistocene sea levels so population movement from southeast asia and sahul were accomplished by a water route by necessity
cave paintings generally were painted over earlier images, and usually depicted what?
animals of the time
parietal art
art on the walls of a cave like the cave paintings of the upper paleolithic
another name for a spearthrower is?
atlatl
what main domesticates originated from mexico?
beans, maize, squash
With atlatl and bow and arrow, importance of what two things in hunting decreased?
body size and strength
___________ were made through pressure-flaking on a blade, and were considered chisel-like tools.
burins
these were discovered to have existed about 30 kya as another form of expression of art deep within caverns.
cave paintings
what cave in france was specifically known as a great cave drawing example and was the subject of the Werner Herzog Film "Cave of Forgotten Dreams"?
chauvet cave
according to the Debra L. Friedkin Site (aka Buttermilk Creek) around 15,500 BP, people were found doing what?
chipping stone tools in texas more than 15,000 ya
archaic
chronological period in the new world that follows the paleoindian period; begins at the end of the pleistocene and represents a period of cultural adaptation to the new, postglacial environment by native americans
what are the el Niño effects on the Peru coast?
coastal productivity: -Loss of marine biomass -Rainfall and changes in streamflow -Flooding and erosion -Insects and diseases -Effects/destruction on crops
grave goods
cultural materials placed into a grave, sometimes in a conscious attempt to provide the deceased with items it is believed are needed in the afterlife (Retouched blades burrien stone scrapes; 34k-27k BP)
australian small tool phase
cultural phase beginning in australia around 6,000 ya and became widespread within about a thousand years; marked by blade tool production, reflecting a more efficient use of stone than in earlier technologies
mesolithic
culture period after the paleolithic and before the neolithic; a period of the proliferation of many regional adaptations and an explosion of local cultural diversity
the importance of domesticated animals late in the human-animal relationship was?
deliberate human selection for attributes that enhanced meat, milk yields, labor potential, or specific behaviors
petroglyph
designs etched into rock faces
Ancient Maya constructed ____________ fields in seasonally flooded swamp-lands to supplement swidden farming.
ditched
what is domestication?
domesticated plants or animals are biologically altered as a consequence of human agency
maglemosian
early mesolithic culture of europe; adapted to a forest and lakeside environment
as shown in norte chico, what was the sediment cycle?
earthquakes, El Niño floods, beach ridges, sand in fields
what do EP and CP stand for?
eastern pacific and central pacific
what's the difference between el nino and la nina?
el nino: warm temp over ocean la nina: cool temp over ocean
recovery time in soils often relates to the __________ period: the longer, the greater the recovery.
fallow
true or false. peru's coast is tropical.
false; desert-like
folsom
fluted point type of the paleoindians; generally smaller than clovis points and are older than clovis- dating after 11,000 BP (clovis points associated with elephant bones, folsom points associated with bison bones)
clovis
fluted point type of the paleoindians; large laurel-leaf-shaped stone blades exhibiting a channel or "flute" on both faces to aid in hafting the stone point onto a wooden shaft (13,200-11,900 ya)
the blade is thought to have come from what country region?
france
opportunistic foragers
groups that follow a subsistence pattern in which they take advantage of whatever resources become available without much patterning or planning in advance
As a manure, _________ is a highly effective fertilizer due to its exceptionally high content of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium: nutrients essential for plant growth.
guano
macroband
hunter-gatherers often arrange themselves into communities or "bands" of 25 to 75 people; a group of bands of people who interact on a regular basis-- they may intermarry, conduct group hunts, share resources
efficiency of stone tool technologies were measured through what?
in length of cutting edge per weight: Inches per pound
-Rich ocean and rivers from the Andes allow _______________ agriculture, supporting large populations.
irrigation
melanesia
islands located north of new guinea in the western pacific
polynesia
islands of the central and eastern pacific; volcanic in origin
The creation of _____________ ______________ involves substantial 'saving' of labor and other inputs for future production."
landesque capital
camelid
large ruminant animal including bachtrian and dromedary camels in the old world and llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicunas in the new world
magdelanian
late paleolithic culture in europe dating from 16,000 to 11,000 BP; known from sites primarily in france and spain, the magdelanian material culture included finely made barbed harpoons, carved decorative objects, and cave paintings
aurignacian
lithic tool technology associated with anatomically modern human beings in Europe about 40,000 years ago; includes long, narrow blade tools
what is terracing?
make or form (sloping land) into a number of level flat areas resembling a series of steps.
humans affect recovery rates of agriculture by?
manipulating soil, water, and vegetation
where did squash originate from? squash what's its ancestor plant?
mexico; cucurbita
natufian
middle eastern culture dated from 13,000-9,000 BP; located in the mediterranean woodland zone; reliance on barley set the stage for the neolithic
levant
name applied to the areas along the eastern shore of the mediterranean, including present-day greece, turkey, syria, lebanon, israel, and egypt
where did dog domestication occur?
nepal or mongolia
capsian
northwest african culture dating to after 10,000 years ago; characterized by hunting of wild sheep, collection of shellfish and snails, and the harvesting of wild grains
paleolithic
of, relating to, or denoting the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used.
these small projectile points and knives had a distinct flute for hafting.
paleoindian fluted clovis points
many archaeologists believe _________________ were the first human settlers of the new world.
paleoindians
nenana complex
perhaps the oldest stone-tool complex identified in alaska dating from 11,800-11,000 BP; predates denali complex; includes bifacially flaked, un-fluted spear points
paleoindian
period and culture in the new world dating from about 13,200-10,000 BP; fluted points were most distinctive element in tool kit; hunted megafauna
agricultural revolution
period of fundamental change in human economy marked by a shift from foraging wild foods to the production of domesticated plants and animals after about 12,000 ya
lapita
pottery style known from the inhabited pacific islands
what evidence proves this theory according to the Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Cactus Hill, and Monte Verde discoveries?
pre-clovis
the typical tool form for the upper paleolithic technology consisted of what?
-long, parallel-sided blade
paleoindian fluted clovis points were found throughout North America by 13,200 years ago, leading to the popular _________________ hypothesis.
"Clovis-First"
El Niño is Spanish for _______________.
"The Child"
neolithic
(the new stone age) in the past, neolithic was defined on the basis of the appearance of ground stone as opposed to chip stone tools; refers to period after 12,000 ya when food producing through the domestication of plants and animals replaced foraging as the dominant mode of substinence
possible musical instruments from the upper paleolithic consisted of what?
-"Rattler" (mammoth jaw) -bone flutes -Mammoth shoulder blade (drum) with an antler hammer
what evidence proved that Paleoindian-age people also fished, hunted small animals, gathered plants?
-Fishtail points in South America
what are some examples of landesque capital?
-Irrigation -Terracing -Raised fields -Swidden (slash and burn) agriculture
what are some positive effects from el nino?
-Marine species replacement -Floodwater capture -Desert bloom -Algarrobo trees -Crisis management
personal ornamentation consisted of what kind of beads?
-Shell beads (south africa, 75 kya) -Antler and bone beads (siberia, 15 kya) -ivory beads (moscow, 25 kya)
what kind of culture did the first modern homo sapiens have?
-Upper Paleolithic or Late Stone Age
what did the first anatomically modern homo sapiens, cro-magnon, look like?
-high forehead, more rounded cranium -Smaller teeth and jaws -More gracile
what made a settlement permanent?
-investment in immovable facilities like homes, food processing equipment, and storage facilities -accumulation of material goods beyond the immediate biological needs of the people
