ANT 101- Ch. 6-9

what's the difference between how pressure flaking, percussion flaking, and indirect percussion produced stone tools?

pressure flaking: sharp tool flakes off remnants percus. flaking: stone rounds edge over and over indirect percus: stone and blade strike from top

when referring to historical data, what's the difference between primary and secondary sources of information?

primary: recorded at the time the event occurred; often from first-hand experience secondary: written after the fact; reinterpreted later; may contain modern interpretations of past events

was domestication ever intentional? was selection ever directed?

probably not; yes

fluted point

projectile made by paleoindians in the new world between about 13,200 and 10,000 BP; aided in hafting the spearpoint onto its wooden shaft

news from the past: ____________ might've been on the menu in ancient scotland.

rodents

with climate change came the Ice Age / Glacial Periods, changing what?

sea level

what is transhumance?

seasonal movement between pastures/environments with herds

burin

sharp and durable stone tool used in engraving (etched out antler bones to make awls or needles)

What do haplogroup distributions around the world suggest about Native Americans

significantly Asian in character, though with different haplogroup frequencies

microbands

small co-habiting groups of people; commonly consist of 10-15 people who move together in a pattern of seasonally nomadic movement

micronesia

small islands in the western pacific, east of new guinea

egalitarian

social systems in which all members of the same age/sex category are equal in the sense that they all possess the same amount of wealth, social standing, and political influence

Manipulation of these three things also impacts colonization of microorganisms, insects, rodents, birds, and larger animals within these ecosystems.

soil, water, and vegetation

hoabhinian

southeast asian mesolithic stone-tool tradition based on the manufacture of tools from chipped pebbles

solutrean

stone-toolmaking tradition of the european upper paleolithic; dating from 21,000-16,000 BP; solutrean bifaces are often exquisitely made, symmetrical, leaf-shaped projectile points

Humans artificially push back the existant _______________ stage to one that is early in the sequence and that has a very high output ratio.

succession

plants compete with each other, and the composition of plants of plant communities in any particular habitat changes with time. what is this process known as?

succession

although difficult to investigate, why do archaeologists believe modern homo sapiens and the upper paleolithic might've had language?

system of shared symbols through tool assemblage and symbolic communication (art, ritual)

what are two big technological innovations of this same time period?

the atlatl, bow and arrow

what new kind of technology consisted of use wear? how did they make this?

the blade; stone was cut or scraped

what is swidden agriculture?

the burning of trees so as to allow for more farmland and agricultural usage

sunda (sundaland)

the combined land mass of the modern islands of java, sumatra, bali, and borneo; became a single land mass during periods of glaciation and attendant lowered sea level during the pleistocene

the first anatomically modern homo sapiens were known as what?

the cro-magnon

what is cultivation?

the intentional preparation of fields; sowing, harvesting, storing seed

sahul

the land mass of "greater australia" including australia proper, new guinea, and tasmania; during the pleistocene these 3 islands were combined as a single land mass

settlement pattern

the location, size, function, and seasonality of the various communities or activity areas within a given cultural system (the pattern of land use)

laurentide

the massive continental ice sheet of pleistocene north america, centered in central northeastern canada

cordilleran

the pleistocene mountain ice mass in north america centered in the rocky mountains

artificial selection

the process used in the domestication and refinement of plants and animals whereby human beings select which members of a species will live and produce offspring

what is agriculture?

the reliance on cultivated plants, often with changes in social and economic organization (intentional manipulation of plant ecosystems)

what was the neolithic expansion?

the spread of an agricultural economy across europe (dependence upon domesticated plants and animals)

Today the canonical or Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño describes what?

the warm phase of a naturally occurring sea surface temperature oscillation in the tropical Pacific Ocean

domestication

through artificial selection, the selective breeding production of new species of plants and animals that owe their existence to human intervention

gravettian

toolmaking tradition of the upper paleolithic, characterized by the production of small blades and denticulate knives; dated from 27,000-21,000 BP

true or false? the upper Paleolithic people lived longer than archaic humans and had more tools.

true

venus figurine

upper paleolithic sculptures of females, often, but not always, with exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics (27-000-20,000 ya)

einkorn

variety of wheat-- tripsicum monococcum; important domesticate in the neolithic

what kind of figurines were considered upper paleolithic art around this time as well?

venus

megafauna

very large animals; commonly used to describe the large, now extinct herbivores of the pleistocene world

microblade

very small stone blade often with a sharp cutting edge; often were set in groups of wooden, bone, or antler

microblade

very small stone blade, often with a very sharp cutting edge; often set in groups of wooden, bone, or antler handles

microlith

very small stone tool

debitage

waste flakes produced during the process of making stone tools; usually small, unstable bits of stone

clovis refers to what time frame?

~13,200-11,900 y.a.

How can we identify plant domestication?

• change in morphology • edible parts of domes,cated plants usually larger than wild counterparts • found in new environments

which haplogroups are present in Asian populations but in low frequencies?

•A, B, C, and D

What 4 lines of evidence do we have?

•Archaeology •Genetics •Linguistics •Osteology (Skeletal data)

what gene might've been related to language for homo sapiens, homo neanderthalensis and maybe heidelbergensis?

•FOXP2 gene

Producers (cultivation, agriculture):

•Greater degree of sedentary lifestyle (seden,sm); popula,on growth; reorganiza,on of labor (seasonality); organized around biological requirements of plants

what domesticates originated from san andres mexico?

•Manioc •Sunflower •Cobon •Dogs

Foragers:

•foodstuffs/material for immediate consumption; moving base camp from one resource zone to another; immediate returns

collectors:

•move much less frequently; one or two base camps; delayed returns; greater processing; storage

what are the morphological/phenotypic traits often associated with domestication?

-piebald (spotted or patchy) -lop ears (floppy, hanging ears) -juvenilization of cranial form (shortened muzzle, tooth crowding, reduction in tooth size) -changes in size and shape -selective pressures relaxed

name the last three milestones in human development.

-plant and animal domestication -sedentism and food production -urbanization and complexity

Upper Paleolithic Technology consisted of what three stone tool making patterns?

-pressure flaking -percussion flaking -indirect percussion

what kind of emphasis did humans put on the domestication of animals?

-reproduction, -movement -distribution -nourishment -protection of domesticates

what is the refined interpretation of fertile crescent faunal assemblages?

-size reduction in skeletal assemblages reflected sexual dimorphism rather than reduction in size of overall species -suggested herd management -males slaughtered at an earlier age than females

what were some of the effects of domestication on animals?

-skeletal changes in some animals -age and sex imbalances in herd animals

what was the original interpretation of the fertile crescent faunal assemblages?

-skeletal morphology suggested size reduction among domesticated animals (vs. wild counterparts) -thought to be original sign of domestication resulting from human selection

what is the original interpretation of fertile crescent faunal assemblages?

-skeletal morphology suggested size reduction among domesticated animals vs. wild counterparts -thought to be original sin of domestication resulting from human selection

name some early animal domesticates.

-turkeys -alpacas -guinea pig -goats -cows -sheep -pigs -horses -cats -dogs -donkeys -chicken

what is the summary from el nino on the peruvian archaeological record (north coast)?

1. before 9,000BP: unknown amount of humans; fisher-gatherers 2. 9,000 BP: absent or low humans; fisher-gatherers, horticulture, small villages 3. 5,800-3,000 BP: humans present, monumental centers, agriculture, fishing 4. after 3,000 BP: humans present, state level societies, irrigation agriculture

name and describe the four commonly hypothesized migration routes.

1. bering land bridge (asia across middle of north america, down to mexico) 2. pacific coast (asia along pacific coast, all the way down to south america) 3. XX atlantic crossing (europe to north america) 4. XX pacific crossing (australia? to south america)

around how many thousand years ago were there only modern homo sapiens?

25,000

around __________ kya, there was an unstable climate with glacial and interglacial periods.

400-30

personal ornamentation seemed to have started how many thousand years ago?

41,000

around how many thousand years ago did anatomically modern humans coexist with archaic in Europe?

45,000

when did el nino return?

5800 ys ago

Chiefdom

A level of sociopolitical integration; more complex than the tribe but less so than the state; the social system is ranked not a egalitarian-individuals are placed in a heirarchy of power and prestige

Sedentism

A pattern of settlement in which a community of people tends to remain in one place over the course of a year or years

Olmec

Ancient culture of lowland mesoamerica. dating to 3.2k years ago

What makes a good candidate for domestication?

Behavioral attributes: -Weak alarm systems -Reduced wariness and aggression -Tolerance of penning

During the late Pleistocene the ________________________ was an important connection between Asia and North America and was a large landmass spreading east from Siberia and extending deep into Alaska.

Bering Land Bridge (Beringia)

For years, __________ were thought to be the first Americans.

Clovis

historical geographers, historians, folklorists, etc, are all interested in understanding what?

Colonial/Early American past

Halafian

Culture in mesopotamia dating from 7.5k-6.7k B.P; small farming villages

Hassunan

Culture in mesopotamia dating from 8k-7.2k B.P.; small farming villages, hunting supplemented villages

during the upper paleolithic, what was one thing Dr. Sandweiss said was key? why?

Diversity -personal ornamentation; art; ritual burial of the dead; technologies involving multiple components; scheduled hunting and gathering -not seen in Neandertals nor other pre-modern humans -reorganization of brain?

Peiligang

Earliest neolithic culture in north china with well established farming villages dating to 8.5k - 7k years ago

_________________________ is a warming in the Central Pacific that does not reach eastern Pacific.

El Niño Modoki or CP

what does ENSO stand for?

El Niño/Southern Oscillation

what could've been reasoning for the cave drawings made? but what's one problem with this hypothesis?

Ensure animal fertility and success in hunting Not all animals shown were hunted

______________, a missionary in South America around 1589, noted resemblances of Siberians and Native Americans.

Jose de Acosta

this man made a silent documentary about transhumant herders in iran in 1925.

Merrian C. Cooper

it's generally accepted that _________________ descended from Asian colonists prior to 12 kya.

Native Americans

dealing with the archaeology of the clovis era, around 13,500 and 13,000 ya, there was first widespread evidence for these people in Americas: _______________.

Paleoindians

Built on the bank of a seasonal stream on the south coast of Peru, ______________ is the oldest known fishing site in the new world.

Quebrada Jaguay

European art of the Upper Paleolithic consisted of what?

Sculpture and engravings of animals

Qadan

Sites along the Nile in Egypt, dating to the period 15k-11k years ago; shows a reliance on fishing, hunting, and the collection of wild grains; found microblades

This temperature oscillation is associated with the atmospheric phenomenon known as the ______________.

Southern Oscillation

Paleo-Arctic Tradition

Stone tool tradition in the arctic, dating to the period 10k years ago; the tech involved the production of microblade detached from wedge shaped cores.

For Dr. Piperno's experiment of an Amaizing story, they grew teosinte under Ica Age CO2 and temperature conditions—what was result?

Teosinte looked much more like domesticated maize

Mesopotamia

The land between the Tigress and the Euphrades rivers in modern Iraq; worlds first cities and complex civilizations started here.

Teosite

The wild ancestor of domesticated maize

Tehuacan

Valley in central highland mexico. known for domestication of maize and squash

Jacob

Was here

What was the difference between how humans domesticated animals and plants?

With plants: actively selected physical attributes (genetically driven morph. changes) with animals: focused on behavioral attributes, not strictly physical attributes (morphology slow to respond)

beringia (bering land bridge)

a broad connection of land more than 1,000 miles across, connecting northeast asia with northwest north america during periods of sea level depression in the pleistocene (people living in asia walked across about 15,000 ya)

haplogroup

a cluster of DNA variants that are found together in individual members of a population

fertile crescent

a crescent-shaped region extending from the eastern mediterranean coast of modern israel, lebanon, and syria, north into the zagros mountains, and then south toward the persian gulf; an abundant area for wild cereal grain during the holocene; mot domestication of plants started here

the founding population in a Founder Effect is what?

a kind of genetic drift

denali complex

a lithic technology seen in the arctic consisting of wedge-shaped cores, microblades, bifacial knives, and burins (10,000 ya; NE asia)

ice-free corridor (mackenzie corridor)

a proposed route of safe passage in North America between the farthest west extent of the laurentide ice field and the farthest east extent of the cordilleran glacier (paleoindians may have travelled down this corridor from the western arctic into america)

what is soil a product of?

a range of factors: parent material, topography, climate, organisms, time

logistical collecting

a settlement-subsistence strategy that involves the movement of a group in a fixed seasonal round

chindadn

a teardrop-shaped spearpoint found in in the nenana complex in alaska

spear thrower

a tool used to increase the range and accuracy of the hand-thrown spear (straight rod/board with a hook at one end)

emmer

a variety of wheat-- tripsicum turgidum; source of cultivated wheat in the modern world

midden

an archaeological feature that consists of a refuse heap; a preserved pile of trash, often food remains

the reindeer antler atlatl fragment discovered in La Madeleine, France around 20,000-12,000 BP, displayed what?

an example of the great skill and artistic ability of the upper paleolithic period

wallace trench

an undersea chasm located between new guinea/australia and java/borneo; about 25,000 ft deep; not breached during periods of lowered pleistocene sea levels so population movement from southeast asia and sahul were accomplished by a water route by necessity

cave paintings generally were painted over earlier images, and usually depicted what?

animals of the time

parietal art

art on the walls of a cave like the cave paintings of the upper paleolithic

another name for a spearthrower is?

atlatl

what main domesticates originated from mexico?

beans, maize, squash

With atlatl and bow and arrow, importance of what two things in hunting decreased?

body size and strength

___________ were made through pressure-flaking on a blade, and were considered chisel-like tools.

burins

these were discovered to have existed about 30 kya as another form of expression of art deep within caverns.

cave paintings

what cave in france was specifically known as a great cave drawing example and was the subject of the Werner Herzog Film "Cave of Forgotten Dreams"?

chauvet cave

according to the Debra L. Friedkin Site (aka Buttermilk Creek) around 15,500 BP, people were found doing what?

chipping stone tools in texas more than 15,000 ya

archaic

chronological period in the new world that follows the paleoindian period; begins at the end of the pleistocene and represents a period of cultural adaptation to the new, postglacial environment by native americans

what are the el Niño effects on the Peru coast?

coastal productivity: -Loss of marine biomass -Rainfall and changes in streamflow -Flooding and erosion -Insects and diseases -Effects/destruction on crops

grave goods

cultural materials placed into a grave, sometimes in a conscious attempt to provide the deceased with items it is believed are needed in the afterlife (Retouched blades burrien stone scrapes; 34k-27k BP)

australian small tool phase

cultural phase beginning in australia around 6,000 ya and became widespread within about a thousand years; marked by blade tool production, reflecting a more efficient use of stone than in earlier technologies

mesolithic

culture period after the paleolithic and before the neolithic; a period of the proliferation of many regional adaptations and an explosion of local cultural diversity

the importance of domesticated animals late in the human-animal relationship was?

deliberate human selection for attributes that enhanced meat, milk yields, labor potential, or specific behaviors

petroglyph

designs etched into rock faces

Ancient Maya constructed ____________ fields in seasonally flooded swamp-lands to supplement swidden farming.

ditched

what is domestication?

domesticated plants or animals are biologically altered as a consequence of human agency

maglemosian

early mesolithic culture of europe; adapted to a forest and lakeside environment

as shown in norte chico, what was the sediment cycle?

earthquakes, El Niño floods, beach ridges, sand in fields

what do EP and CP stand for?

eastern pacific and central pacific

what's the difference between el nino and la nina?

el nino: warm temp over ocean la nina: cool temp over ocean

recovery time in soils often relates to the __________ period: the longer, the greater the recovery.

fallow

true or false. peru's coast is tropical.

false; desert-like

folsom

fluted point type of the paleoindians; generally smaller than clovis points and are older than clovis- dating after 11,000 BP (clovis points associated with elephant bones, folsom points associated with bison bones)

clovis

fluted point type of the paleoindians; large laurel-leaf-shaped stone blades exhibiting a channel or "flute" on both faces to aid in hafting the stone point onto a wooden shaft (13,200-11,900 ya)

the blade is thought to have come from what country region?

france

opportunistic foragers

groups that follow a subsistence pattern in which they take advantage of whatever resources become available without much patterning or planning in advance

As a manure, _________ is a highly effective fertilizer due to its exceptionally high content of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium: nutrients essential for plant growth.

guano

macroband

hunter-gatherers often arrange themselves into communities or "bands" of 25 to 75 people; a group of bands of people who interact on a regular basis-- they may intermarry, conduct group hunts, share resources

efficiency of stone tool technologies were measured through what?

in length of cutting edge per weight: Inches per pound

-Rich ocean and rivers from the Andes allow _______________ agriculture, supporting large populations.

irrigation

melanesia

islands located north of new guinea in the western pacific

polynesia

islands of the central and eastern pacific; volcanic in origin

The creation of _____________ ______________ involves substantial 'saving' of labor and other inputs for future production."

landesque capital

camelid

large ruminant animal including bachtrian and dromedary camels in the old world and llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicunas in the new world

magdelanian

late paleolithic culture in europe dating from 16,000 to 11,000 BP; known from sites primarily in france and spain, the magdelanian material culture included finely made barbed harpoons, carved decorative objects, and cave paintings

aurignacian

lithic tool technology associated with anatomically modern human beings in Europe about 40,000 years ago; includes long, narrow blade tools

what is terracing?

make or form (sloping land) into a number of level flat areas resembling a series of steps.

humans affect recovery rates of agriculture by?

manipulating soil, water, and vegetation

where did squash originate from? squash what's its ancestor plant?

mexico; cucurbita

natufian

middle eastern culture dated from 13,000-9,000 BP; located in the mediterranean woodland zone; reliance on barley set the stage for the neolithic

levant

name applied to the areas along the eastern shore of the mediterranean, including present-day greece, turkey, syria, lebanon, israel, and egypt

where did dog domestication occur?

nepal or mongolia

capsian

northwest african culture dating to after 10,000 years ago; characterized by hunting of wild sheep, collection of shellfish and snails, and the harvesting of wild grains

paleolithic

of, relating to, or denoting the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used.

these small projectile points and knives had a distinct flute for hafting.

paleoindian fluted clovis points

many archaeologists believe _________________ were the first human settlers of the new world.

paleoindians

nenana complex

perhaps the oldest stone-tool complex identified in alaska dating from 11,800-11,000 BP; predates denali complex; includes bifacially flaked, un-fluted spear points

paleoindian

period and culture in the new world dating from about 13,200-10,000 BP; fluted points were most distinctive element in tool kit; hunted megafauna

agricultural revolution

period of fundamental change in human economy marked by a shift from foraging wild foods to the production of domesticated plants and animals after about 12,000 ya

lapita

pottery style known from the inhabited pacific islands

what evidence proves this theory according to the Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Cactus Hill, and Monte Verde discoveries?

pre-clovis

the typical tool form for the upper paleolithic technology consisted of what?

-long, parallel-sided blade

paleoindian fluted clovis points were found throughout North America by 13,200 years ago, leading to the popular _________________ hypothesis.

"Clovis-First"

El Niño is Spanish for _______________.

"The Child"

neolithic

(the new stone age) in the past, neolithic was defined on the basis of the appearance of ground stone as opposed to chip stone tools; refers to period after 12,000 ya when food producing through the domestication of plants and animals replaced foraging as the dominant mode of substinence

possible musical instruments from the upper paleolithic consisted of what?

-"Rattler" (mammoth jaw) -bone flutes -Mammoth shoulder blade (drum) with an antler hammer

what evidence proved that Paleoindian-age people also fished, hunted small animals, gathered plants?

-Fishtail points in South America

what are some examples of landesque capital?

-Irrigation -Terracing -Raised fields -Swidden (slash and burn) agriculture

what are some positive effects from el nino?

-Marine species replacement -Floodwater capture -Desert bloom -Algarrobo trees -Crisis management

personal ornamentation consisted of what kind of beads?

-Shell beads (south africa, 75 kya) -Antler and bone beads (siberia, 15 kya) -ivory beads (moscow, 25 kya)

what kind of culture did the first modern homo sapiens have?

-Upper Paleolithic or Late Stone Age

what did the first anatomically modern homo sapiens, cro-magnon, look like?

-high forehead, more rounded cranium -Smaller teeth and jaws -More gracile

what made a settlement permanent?

-investment in immovable facilities like homes, food processing equipment, and storage facilities -accumulation of material goods beyond the immediate biological needs of the people