ANTH 100 EXAM3

Modern humans migrated into North America around

15,000 yBP.

H. erectus's brain increased about ________ compared to H. habilis's.

30 percent

The genus Australopithecine includes hominins that lived about

4 to 1 mya

These stone tools made by H. erectus belong to the ___________ tool complex.

Acheulian

Evidence of fire use at Wonderwerk Cave included

Acheulian tools. burned animal bones. burned plants.

This phylogenetic chart of catarrhine origins indicates that

Aegyptopithecus was not ancestral to the great apes. Oreopithecus was an evolutionary dead end. Old World monkeys and hominids last shared a common ancestor about 25 mya.

The common ancestor of all later catarrhines, Old World monkeys, and hominins was likely

Aegyptopithecus.

The largest primate that ever lived, named for its massive size, was

Aegyptopithecus. Eosimias. Oreopithecus *None of the choices is correct.

Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis for how anthropoids got to South America?

African ancestors reached South America by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

Higher primates most likely evolved from

Anthropoids.

Robust australopithecine species include

Au. aethiopicus.

______________ arose around 3.5 mya and gave rise to at least two branches of hominins—later australopithecines and the genus Homo.

Au. afarensis

The best-known australopithecine, represented by hundreds of fossils and dozens of individuals found mostly at Laetoli and Hadar, is

Au. afarensis.

The oldest australopithecine species is

Au. anamensis.

Primate fossils have been recovered from all of the following continents except:

Australia

Fossils of H. erectus have been found at which of these sites in Ethiopia?

Bouri Bodo Buia

From 12 to 8 mya, Dryopithecids were found in _____________ while Sivapithecids were found in _____________.

Europe; Asia

One of the tools of modern humans in the Americas was the

Folsom fluted point.

The first primate fossil to be described by a scientist was recorded by

Georges Cuvier.

The first hominin species to disperse from Africa, where it originated, was

H. erectus.

In addition to bipedalism, what is the other major difference between apes and hominins?

Hominins have nonhoning chewing.

H. erectus has also been known as

Java man. Pithecanthropus erectus. Peking man.

This picture shows the skeleton of the most famous Au. afarensis individual, nicknamed

Lucy.

The Fayum primates in the Oligocene epoch were the

Oligopithecids. Parapithecids. Propliopithecids.

Neandertal remains have been recovered from all of the following locations EXCEPT

Omo, Ethiopia

Euprimates, the first true primates, consisted of the following two groups:

Omomyids and Adapids

Which of the pre-australopithecines was found outside of East Africa?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

The oldest pre-australopithecine, or a fossil link between late Miocene apes and australopithecines, found to date is

Sahelanthropus tchadensis.

During your internship with the Medical Examiner's Office, you observe the ME attempt to identify an unknown individual based on skeletal remains. The ME asserts confidently that the deceased was of Asian or Native American ancestry. How does she know this, based only on the skeleton?

The individual has shovel-shaped incisors, a heritable trait often found in East Asians and their descendants.

During excavations at this site in China, researchers found the fossil remains of over 40 hominins.

Zhoukoudian

The skeletons found on the Indonesian island of Flores have been interpreted as

a new species based on the morphology of the wrist bones.

Some people think the reconstruction of Kennewick Man's skull looks a bit like Patrick Stewart, the actor who played Captain Picard on Star Trek. The cranial morphology of Kennewick Man, however, shows

a robust face and jaws that are not found in modern European men.

This skull shows some of the characteristics of H. erectus, including a long cranium, low forehead, large brow ridges, and

a sagittal keel.

Your biology instructor says in class that the fossil remains of primates from the Eocene demonstrate that they were nothing like the primates of today. After class, you argue with him, noting that

a variety of primate traits, such as convergent eyes, grasping digits, and a large brain, are common to Eocene primates and those of today.

The main reason that H. erectus increased in stature and body size over H. habilis is

access to animal protein.

The skeletal anatomy of Proconsul indicates it can be classified as

an ape.

The difference in anatomy in these bones illustrates that

apes can grasp tree branches better than humans.

The earliest modern humans in Australia, dating to 50 to 40,000 yBP, were found

at Lake Mungo.

Neandertal remains from Shanidar cave in northern Iraq provide evidence of

care for the injured.

As a corollary to the idea that primates emerged as an adaptation to an arboreal environment, Matt Cartmill proposed that

catching small prey was more important in primate evolution than living in the trees.

Bipedalism has disadvantages to quadrupedalism, including

development of arthritis and back injuries.

Bipedalism's advantages over quadrupedalism include

free hands for other uses. increased ability to see greater distances. ability to run long distances.

Robert Sussman's angiosperm radiation hypothesis is based on the finding that

fruit was a newly available food source in the Cenozoic era.

H. erectus's change in limb proportions, to a body with short arms and long legs, indicates

fully modern bipedal locomotion.

The Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans states that

gene flow is the key to evolution, turning archaic H. sapiens into modern humans in various parts of the world.

The arboreal hypothesis of primate origins explains that

grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

It is possible that australopithecines went extinct and Homo flourished because of

habitat changes.

Homo habilis differs from earlier australopithecines because it

had a larger brain.

Which of these tools indicates that H. sapiens began eating a new type of food?

harpoon

The wear pattern on the teeth of this Shanidar 1 Neandertal indicates that

he used his teeth like a third hand.

Modern H. sapiens differ from the archaic form in having

high, vertical forehead. no occipital bun. a mental eminence.

Humans differ from apes because

humans use spoken language.

In an argument with your parents, they claim that the only difference between australopithecines and early Homo species is that the latter had a bigger brain. You argue that there are other differences, such as that

in addition to a larger brain, early Homo species have a smaller face and smaller teeth.

Neandertals differed from archaic H. sapiens in their

inability to speak. careless treatment of the dead. small cranial capacity. *None of the choices is correct.

Eocene primates differ from Paleocene primates in the following way(s)

increased vision larger brain reduced sense of smell

Robust australopithecines differ from earlier australopithecines in their

larger back teeth. smaller front teeth. larger faces.

Your physical anthropology professor asks you to arrange a bag of foot bones in anatomical position. When you finish, she asks you what you can tell from this right foot. You say that this hominin

lived in the trees part of the time.

The rapid spread of H. erectus out of Africa can be attributed in part to

material culture and tool use.

The Assimilation model of the origin of modern humans states that

modern humans evolved in Africa and spread to Europe and Asia, where they interbred with Neandertals.

A valid critique of the Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans can be found in the fossil record, which shows that

modern variation originated in Africa based on the fossil record.

These footprints found in the ash at Laetoli show that hominins had which of the following characteristics of bipedalism?

nondivergent big toes double arches rounded heels

Which of the following is a way in which omomyids differed from adapids?

omomyids had a wide variation in their premolars and molars

Which of the Fayum primates may be linked to the platyrrhines as evidenced by the presence of three premolars?

parapithecids

The _____________ hypothesis about hominin bipedalism states that energy-efficient walking on two legs arose so that hominins could search for food that was dispersed as a result of climatic changes at the end of the Miocene.

patchy forest

Your mom has started complaining to you about her varicose veins and is thinking about surgery. You try to convince her not to by noting that

people might not mind varicose veins as much if they realized they were a direct consequence of bipedalism.

Early modern humans moved into North and South America because of

population increase. competition for food. climate change.

The _____________ hypothesis proposed by Owen Lovejoy states that the advantages of males carrying food and bringing it to females and young could have contributed to the rise of bipedalism.

provisioning

An animal bone with both animal tooth marks and stone tool cut marks may provide evidence that Homo erectus scavenged for meat if

puncture holes from carnivore teeth are found beneath cuts made by manufactured tools.

Your classmate, whose part-time job entails reorganizing the paleoanthropology lab on campus, asks you to take a look at a skeleton that she thinks is that of a primate. After noting the absence of a postorbital bar, nails, and an opposable thumb, you tell her that

she should label this skeleton a plesiadapiform rather than a primate.

Neandertals were well adapted to cold, owing to body changes such as

short limbs.

The Out-of-Africa model of modern human origins states that modern humans

spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

This cave wall in Chauvet, France, shows

that early modern Homo sapiens were creating art as early as 30,000 years ago.

When they were first found, Neandertals were depicted as stupid, hairy, knuckle-dragging brutes. Evidence that refutes this depiction includes

the hyoid bone of the Kebara Neandertal. the limb positioning of the La-Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal. the 1,740cc brain of the Amud Neandertal.

While watching a television program on Neandertal origins, you hear the molecular geneticist Matthias Krings state that mtDNA analysis found that two dozen base pairs were different between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans, indicating we are not related to Neandertals. Your roommate asks you if this is true, and you reply that

the mtDNA analysis is true, but testing of nuclear DNA has found some similarities between Neandertals and modern humans.

A valid criticism of the arboreal hypothesis of primate origins is that

the opossum is also an arboreal mammal but did not develop uniquely primate traits.

The short calcaneus bone of Eosimias demonstrates that

the primate moved like a monkey. the ankle of this animal is anthropoid-like. this animal is likely to be a human ancestor.

Charles Darwin hypothesized that bipedalism arose so that hominins would have two free hands to create and carry weapons. The fossil evidence that now refutes this hypothesis includes

the small brain and large canines of Ardipithecus.

Paleoanthropologists have found stone tool marks on Homo erectus bones, and this bit of information has been spun on TV as "cannibal hominins." A valid criticism of this sensationalistic conclusion is that

the tool marks indicate only that flesh was removed, not whether it was consumed.

If a fully clothed Nariokotome boy were walking down the streets of New York City, which feature would indicate that he was NOT a modern human?

the way he walked his large teeth his height *None of the choices is correct.

Paleoanthropologists know that Acheulian hand axes were used to butcher animals because

the wear patterns on ancient tools are similar to those that can be replicated experimentally.

A valid criticism of the idea that anthropoids evolved independently in Africa and South America is that

there are striking similarities between Old World and New World primates, not only in phenotype but also in genotype.

Your old roommate is in Australia on a one-year study abroad program. She excitedly Skypes you and says her Aborigine friend mentioned an australopithecine skull he discovered while on "walkabout" in the desert. The skull has a small brain and shows some wear on the tip of the canines. You respond that

there is no evidence that australopithecines ever left Africa.

A valid critique of the Out-of-Africa model of human evolution based on recent research is that

there was probably gene flow between Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens.

While you and your little cousin are walking through a natural history museum, she points out the skull of an australopithecine with a large crest on the top and asks you what its purpose was. To simplify a complicated evolutionary trait, you tell your cousin that

these hominins had muscles to eat hard foods such as nuts.

Which of the following reflects changes in Homo erectus from Homo habilis?

thicker cranial bone bigger brow ridges smaller teeth

All of the following are cultural adaptations initially developed by Homo erectus EXCEPT

tool use.

Your roommate, a staunch vegetarian, argues that eating meat is unhealthy. You counter this argument by noting that the latest research in paleoanthropology suggests that

we might not be the tall, big-brained humans we are today had our hominin ancestors not eaten meat.