ANTH 151 SU13 Exam 1, ANTH 151 Quiz 5-8, ANTH 151 SU13 Quiz 4-10
The earliest stone tools were most likely made by which species?
. Homo habilis
Approximately when were the first stone tools made?
2.5-2.4 mya
Approximately when did humans first settle in the Americas?
20,000-15,000 years ago
Approximately when did species of the genus Australopithecus live
4.2-1.0 MYA
Approximately when did modern humans (H. sapiens sapiens) first colonize Australia?
60,000-40,000 years ago
In order for diversification of labor to develop, which of the following is necessary? A. Crop surpluses B. Monumental architecture C. Writing D. Social stratification
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What is a zoonosis?
A disease that primarily infects an animal species other than humans, but which is also capable of infecting humans.
According to the film we watched in class, what explains the rapid increase in brain size in hominids starting around 2.5 mya?
A rapidly changing, unpredictable environment favored hominids with increased capacity for coping with uncertainty and variability.
20. What is culture, according to anthropologists? A. A society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions B. A measure of how civilized a society is C. Biologically-inherited tendencies among a race D. a measure of individual refinement, marked by appreciation of such things as opera and literature
A. A society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions
In which of the following places have remains of Homo habilis been found? A. Africa B. Europe C. Asia D. All of the above
A. Africa
In which of the following places have remains of Homo habilis been found? A. Africa B. Europe C. Asia C. Asia D. All of the above
A. Africa
What are the reasons for skin color differences? A. Darkly pigmented skin protects against vitamin B loss and lightly pigmented skin readily produces vitamin D B. Darkly pigmented skin absorbs vitamin B and lightly pigmented skin readily produces vitamin D C. Darkly pigmented skin protects against vitamin D loss and lightly pigmented skin readily produces vitamin B D. Darkly pigmented skin protects from vitamin D loss and lightly pigmented skin absorbs vitamin B
A. Darkly pigmented skin protects against vitamin B loss and lightly pigmented skin readily produces vitamin D
what were the technologies was necessary for humans to successfully colonize the remote Pacific?
A. Domesticated plants and animals B. Sophisticated navigation techniques C. The development of the double-hulled canoe
Which of the following is NOT evidence of centralized authority? A. Domestication of the dog B. Monumental architecture and sculptures C. Large-scale irrigation projects such as canals, ditches, and terraces D. Writing
A. Domestication of the dog
New World populations suffered severe epidemics with very high mortality rates after 1492. Which of the following is a possible explanation for this? A. Europeans unknowingly brought with them many zoonotic infections to which New World populations had never been exposed. B. New World populations were immune to most European diseases due to their close association with the alpaca, and because of the common practice of eating guinea pigs. C. New World populations were living in excessively dirty conditions near large populations of domesticated pigs and cows at the time of contact. Most likely the epidemics Europeans observed were a common occurrence before contact too. D. All of the above.
A. Europeans unknowingly brought with them many zoonotic infections to which New World populations had never been exposed.
13. Which of the following is an example of evolution taking place without natural selection? A. Gene flow B. Inclusive fitness C. Reciprocal altruism D. All of the above
A. Gene flow
Which species was probably the first to control and use fire? A. Homo erectus B. Homo sapiens sapiens C. Australopithecus africanus D. Homo habilis
A. Homo erectus
Which species was likely the earliest obligate biped? (That is, which species was the first to always walk around bipedally, rather than just opting to do so some of the time?) A. Homo habilis B. Ardipithecus ramidus C. Sahelanthropus tchadensis D. Orrorin tugensis
A. Homo habilis
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis was physically well-adapted to cold climate. What are evidence of this?
A. Large nasal opening and wide nostrils B. Relatively short limbs C. A barrel-shaped chest
3. Anthropologists call the durable aspects of culture, such as tools, structures and art _________. A. Material culture B. Ecofacts C. Fossils D. Dialectical materialism
A. Material culture
What does the term "structural violence" mean to anthropologists (and other social scientists)? A. Physical and/or psychological harm (including repression, environmental destruction, poverty, hunger, illness, and premature death) caused by exploitative and unjust social, political, and economic systems. B. Injury or death resulting from collapse of buildings or bridges (or other infrastructure) as a result of natural disasters such as earthquakes. C. Cultural attitudes about architectural designs that are seen as offensive by some cultures, but perfectly acceptable by others. D. None of the above.
A. Physical and/or psychological harm (including repression, environmental destruction, poverty, hunger, illness, and premature death) caused by exploitative and unjust social, political, and economic systems.
10. What is the correct order of the appearance of primate groups in the fossil record: A. Prosimians, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Apes B. Tarsiers, gorillas, baboons, chimpanzees, humans C. New World Monkeys, Prosimians, Old World Monkeys, Apes D. Prosimians, Apes, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Tarsiers
A. Prosimians, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Apes
Which of the following civilizations did not have a written language? A. The Inca B. The Maya C. The Egyptians D. The Sumerians
A. The Inca
The Inuit people of Alaska and northern Canada exhibit skin color that is somewhat darker than would be predicted based on models linking skin color to the amount of ultraviolet radiation exposure they receive far away from the equator. Which of the following is a possible factor explaining this? A. The Inuits' vitamin D-rich diet permits them to remain more darkly pigmented because it offsets the problem they would otherwise have with vitamin D synthesis. B. In the arctic, darker skin protects the Inuit from increased ultraviolet radiation reflecting off the snow. Therefore, they do not suffer vitamin B loss like they would if they had light skin in snowy environments. C. Both a and b. D. None of the above.
A. The Inuits' vitamin D-rich diet permits them to remain more darkly pigmented because it offsets the problem they would otherwise have with vitamin D synthesis.
Which of the following is a trend seen when comparing older stone tool traditions to newer ones? A. The production of tools in more recent traditions results in more cutting edge made per amount of starting material than is made from the same amount of starting material using older traditions of toolmaking. B. Older toolmaking traditions were more specialized regionally and represent a high degree of variability in terms of adaptations to the environment; later toolmaking traditions are less specialized and represent a more uniform adaptation to the environment across many populations. C. The older tool traditions are characterized by very complex tools, whereas more recent toolmaking traditions are much simpler. D. There were more different types of tools produced by older traditions.
A. The production of tools in more recent traditions results in more cutting edge made per amount of starting material than is made from the same amount of starting material using older traditions of toolmaking.
16. The holistic perspective, which is a fundamental principle of anthropology, states that: A. The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence B. Humans are best understood by focusing on biology rather than culture C. Humans are best understood by focusing on culture rather than biology D. Cultures can be ranked on a scale indicating the degree to which they have evolved toward civilization
A. The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence
Malnutrition during adolescence can result in shorter adult height and smaller adult stature than would be seen if the individual did not suffer from a shortage of nutrients. This example of developmental adaptation is best described as: A. a permanent phenotypic variation derived from interaction between genes and the environment B. a short-term physiological change in response to a specific environmental stimulus C. a long-term, but reversible, physiological adjustment made in order to attain an equilibrium with a specific environmental stimulus D. All of the above
A. a permanent phenotypic variation derived from interaction between genes and the environment
7. Which of these is a relative dating method? A. stratigraphy B. potassium argon C. dendrochronology D. uranium series
A. stratigraphy
The ________ Tradition of stone tool making, which is most closely associated with bifacial hand-axes, was first produced approximately _______ years ago.
Acheulean, 1.76 million
There are several candidates for the earliest bipedal hominid. What are some of them
Ardipithecus ramidus Orrorin Tugensis Sahelanthropus tchandensis
In laetoli, Tanzania, scientist found 3.6 million year old bipedal footprints preserved in volcanic ash that had turned to rock. Which species is most likely the one to have made these footprints
Australopithecus afarensis
Which of the following best describes how most experts think Polynesia was settled?
Austronesian-speaking voyagers deliberately searched for and settled on the Polynesian islands.
Approximately when did humans first settle in the Americas? A. 300,000 years ago B. 20,000-15,000 years ago C. 1000 years ago D. 60,000-40,000 years ago
B. 20,000-15,000 years ago
4. According to the information from this class, humans are most closely related to which species: A. Gibbons B. Bonobos C. Baboons D. Gorillas
B. Bonobos
19. Which of the following is a shared, socially learned tradition that has been observed in living primate populations? A. Baboons in urban areas steal cars B. Chimpanzees use plants for medicinal purposes C. Some groups of black and white colobus monkeys cook their food D. All of the above
B. Chimpanzees use plants for medicinal purposes
Which of the following species was the earliest to be domesticated by humans? A. Wheat B. Dogs C. Yams D. Cats
B. Dogs
Which was the first species to migrate from Africa to Asia and Europe? A. Australopithecus afarensis B. Homo erectus C. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis D. Homo sapiens sapiens
B. Homo erectus
The earliest stone tools were most likely made by which species? A. Australopithecus aethiopicus B. Homo habilis C. Homo heidelbergensis D. Homo erectus
B. Homo habilis
Which one of these species had the largest brain relative to body size? A. Australopithecus boisei B. Homo habilis C. Australopithecus afarensis D. None was larger than the others - they all had roughly the same sized brain.
B. Homo habilis
The multi-regional hypothesis argues that: A. Homo sapiens evolved in one place, then spread to all other parts of the Old World B. Homo sapiens originated in multiple places in the Old World through a process of gene flow within the species C. Homo sapiens only evolved in Europe, from Neanderthals, then colonized Africa and Asia D. Both a and c
B. Homo sapiens originated in multiple places in the Old World through a process of gene flow within the species
17. In the movie "What Darwin Never Knew," researchers compared the number of genes humans have to the number of genes found in chickens. What did they find? A. Humans are much more complex than chickens, and therefore they have many more genes. B. Humans and chickens have roughly the same number of genes, approximately 23,000. C. Chickens, one of the most diverse animals on the planet, have roughly four times as many genes as humans. This suggests that modern humans are not very genetically diverse. D. Chickens and humans both have roughly 100,000 genes, which is similar across most animals, and is more genes than found in plants.
B. Humans and chickens have roughly the same number of genes, approximately 23,000.
Which of the following places is likely the site of the earliest domestication of plants? A. Southern China B. The Near East C. Papua New Guinea D. The Peruvian Andes
B. The Near East
18. Ethically, an anthropologist's first responsibility is to: A. The people who fund their research B. The people they study C. Their university D. Science
B. The people they study
Recent genetic studies investigating whether modern humans and Neanderthals interbred suggest that: A. Modern humans directly evolved from Neanderthals in Europe, and therefore over 90% of modern human DNA has been directly inherited from Neanderthals B. There was some degree of interbreeding, and roughly 1-4% of modern human DNA in non-Africans has been inherited from Neanderthals C. Modern humans and Neanderthals never encountered each other ? Neanderthals had died out before modern humans settled outside of Africa D. There was a high degree of interbreeding between the two populations in Northern Africa, and at least 50% of modern human genes are inherited from Neanderthals
B. There was some degree of interbreeding, and roughly 1-4% of modern human DNA in non-Africans has been inherited from Neanderthals
5. A __________ is a portion of the DNA molecule containing a sequence of base pairs that codes for a protein; it is considered the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. A. nucleus B. gene C. phenotype D. plasmid
B. gene
A short-term change to a specific environmental stimulus, such as increased respiration in response to high altitude, is called a ________ adaptation. A. developmental B. physiological C. nonconcordant D. genetic
B. physiological
Approximately when were the first stone tools made? A. 4.4-3.6 mya B. 1.0 mya C. 2.5-2.4 mya D. 500,000 years ago
C. 2.5-2.4 mya
Approximately when did species of the genus Australopithecus live? A. 6-7 mya B. 5.8-4.4 mya C. 4.2-1.0 mya D. 1.0 mya-100,000 years ago
C. 4.2-1.0 mya
What is a zoonosis? A. A type of disease that only infects humans, and does not occur in other animal species. B. A class of diseases only found in the New World, which Columbus unintentionally brought back to Europe after his 1492 voyage. C. A disease that primarily infects an animal species other than humans, but which is also capable of infecting humans. D. A type of disease most commonly contracted by students on class-mandated zoo field trips.
C. A disease that primarily infects an animal species other than humans, but which is also capable of infecting humans.
Long-term, but reversible, physiological adjustments made in order to attain an equilibrium with a specific environmental stimulus is called: A. Developmental adaptation B. Physiological adaptation C. Acclimatization D. Gene flow
C. Acclimatization
The ________ Tradition of stone tool making, which is most closely associated with bifacial hand-axes, was first produced approximately _______ years ago. A. Mousterian, 1.76 million B. Acheulean, 400,000 C. Acheulean, 1.76 million D. Oldowan, 400,000
C. Acheulean, 1.76 million
The Out-of-Africa Hypothesis argues that:
C. All contemporary human populations are descended from a common population that migrated out of Africa about 100,000 years ago.
According to medical anthropologists, which of the following is true about medical systems? A. Most medical systems are merely cultural beliefs, but western medicine is the only one based on facts and knowledge. B. With the exception of western-style biomedicine, all medical systems are products of cultural beliefs, ideas, and practices. C. All medical systems, including western-style biomedicine, are products of cultural beliefs, ideas, and practices. D. All of the above.
C. All medical systems, including western-style biomedicine, are products of cultural beliefs, ideas, and practices.
In Laetoli, Tanzania, scientists found 3.6 million year old bipedal footprints preserved in volcanic ash that had turned to rock. Which species is most likely the one to have made these footprints? A. Homo sapiens B. Homo habilis C. Australopithecus afarensis D. Ardipithecus ramidus
C. Australopithecus afarensis
Which of the following is true about the development of domestication? A. Domestication of plants was first developed in remote Oceania, and was introduced to the Americas via long distance navigation and trade. B. Domestication of plants arose first in the New World, and the technique was subsequently shared with Old World populations. C. Domestication of plants arose independently in the New and Old Worlds. D. Domestication of plants only developed in the Old World, and the technology was shared with New World populations during the Columbian Exchange.
C. Domestication of plants arose independently in the New and Old Worlds
Around 30,000 years ago, there was rapid culture change among humans throughout all parts of the world. Which of the following is a commonly accepted hypothesis put forth by scientists to explain this? A. Contact with a large monolith, partially buried in the sand, led to exponential growth in our capacity to think. B. Modern humans learned these cultural behaviors from Neanderthals. C. Increased integration of different parts of the human brain resulted in more sophisticated, complex, abstract thinking abilities. D. None of the above.
C. Increased integration of different parts of the human brain resulted in more sophisticated, complex, abstract thinking abilities.
Which of the following was NOT a result of the Columbian Exchange? A. Chile peppers were introduced to the Old World. B. Horses were introduced to North America. C. Irish immigrants introduced potatoes to Native American cultures. D. Syphilis was (probably) introduced to Europe from the New World.
C. Irish immigrants introduced potatoes to Native American cultures.
14. The first primates: A. Looked like monkeys and evolved around 60 million years ago B. Looked like shrews and evolved around 30 million years ago C. Looked like prosimians and evolved around 60 million years ago D. Looked like Old World Monkeys and evolved around 120 million years ago
C. Looked like prosimians and evolved around 60 million years ago
Bergmann's rule and Allen's rule both deal with adaptation to cold, and they argue that there is a relationship between the surface area of an organism and the temperature of the climate. What is the relationship they both claim exists between these two variables? A. An organism's blood vessels will expand and contract in a cyclic fashion when exposed to extreme cold, and this results in dramatic changes in the organism's surface area. B. Mammals living in cold climates will tend to have a larger surface area than members of the same species living in warm climates. C. Mammals living in cold climates will tend to have a smaller surface area than members of the same species living in warm climates. D. An organism's surface area increases as the temperature drops, and decreases as the temperature rises.
C. Mammals living in cold climates will tend to have a smaller surface area than members of the same species living in warm climates.
15. In which group of primates are there species that have a prehensile tail? A. Apes B. Old World Monkeys C. New World Monkeys D. Both b and c
C. New World Monkeys
The oldest stone tools, represented primarily by simple flakes produced from river cobbles, are from the ___________ Tradition. A. Mousterian B. Acheulean C. Oldowan D. Austronesian
C. Oldowan
9. Which of the following taxa is NOT a part of the superfamily Hominoidea? A. Humans B. Gibbons C. Spider monkeys D. Orangutans
C. Spider monkeys
Much of the earliest writing archaeologists have found consists of: A. Jokes B. Poetry, sonnets, and plays C. Tax records and receipts of economic transactions D. Recipes for brewing alcoholic beverages
C. Tax records and receipts of economic transactions
The widespread exchange of plant and animal species, as well as infectious diseases, between the New and Old Worlds following Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage to the New World is referred to as: A. The Columbian Apothecary B. The Culinary Exchange C. The Columbian Exchange D. The Columbian Apotheosis
C. The Columbian Exchange
The Sumerian civilization developed in the region known as the Fertile Crescent. Where is this located? A. Eastern China B. Mesoamerica C. The Middle East D. South Asia (present-day India)
C. The Middle East
Recent genetic studies investigating whether modern humans and Neanderthals interbred suggest that: A. Modern humans and Neanderthals never encountered each other ? Neanderthals had died out before modern humans settled outside of Africa B. Modern humans directly evolved from Neanderthals in Europe, and therefore over 90% of modern human DNA has been directly inherited from Neanderthals C. There was some degree of interbreeding, and roughly 1-4% of modern human DNA in non-Africans has been inherited from Neanderthals D. There was a high degree of interbreeding between the two populations in Northern Africa, and at least 50% of modern human genes are inherited from Neanderthals
C. There was some degree of interbreeding, and roughly 1-4% of modern human DNA in non-Africans has been inherited from Neanderthals
How are dams and irrigation systems related to rates of infectious diseases? A. They nearly always result in lower rates of infection, because the dams flood the habitat of the vectors that transmit disease B. There is no relationship between dams, irrigation systems, and infectious diseases C. They can increase the habitat of vectors like mosquitoes and snails that harbor infectious parasites D. They lower the rates of childhood diseases like measles, mumps, and rubella, because high rates of those diseases are related to having too little water
C. They can increase the habitat of vectors like mosquitoes and snails that harbor infectious parasites
Scientists believe that Neanderthals most likely hunted by getting close to their prey and using hand-held weapons. What evidence do they use to reach this conclusion? A. Neanderthal cave paintings in France and Spain clearly depict this hunting technique B. Written accounts from human populations living at the same time as Neanderthals recorded it C. Virtually every adult Neanderthal skeleton shows signs of injury consistent with close encounters with big animals trying to defend themselves D. All of the above
C. Virtually every adult Neanderthal skeleton shows signs of injury consistent with close encounters with big animals trying to defend themselves
Humans' physical traits vary gradually, with groups that are close geographic neighbors being more similar than groups that are geographically separated. This type of variation is called: A. aberrant variation B. indiscriminate distribution C. clinal variation D. patchy distribution
C. clinal variation
Medical anthropologists use the term ______ to describe a physical or biological abnormality, and they use the term _______ to describe the meanings and elaborations given to a particular physical state. A. allele; malady B. malady; sickness C. disease; illness D. illness; disease
C. disease; illness
Sunda, Sahul, and Beringia are: A. caves in France and Spain where extensive Paleolithic cave art was found. B. regions of Middle Earth, from the writings of Tolkien. C. land bridges that appeared during glacial maxima and connected regions that are normally separated by water. D. regions in Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe where some of the earliest archaeological remains of modern humans were found.
C. land bridges that appeared during glacial maxima and connected regions that are normally separated by water.
6. The evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation is called: A. gene flow B. genetic drift C. natural selection D. the founder effect
C. natural selection
Scientists have observed that traits or alleles that vary from one human group to another do not vary at the same rate. This pattern is referred to as: A. desultory variation B. accordion variation C. nonconcordant variation D. indiscriminate variation
C. nonconcordant variation
How are global temperature and sea level related to human migration?
Cooler temperatures led to lower sea levels, which in some places created land bridges across which humans could walk
According to the film Becoming Human, what explains the rapid increase in brain size in hominids starting around 2.5 mya? A. Bipedal hominids encountered a black monolith in the desert, after which they discovered tool use. B. Increased predation selected for individuals smart enough to outwit predators. C. Africa gradually grew warmer and wetter, and the increased food available in this forest cover allowed for increased brain size. D. A rapidly changing, unpredictable environment favored hominids with increased capacity for coping with uncertainty and variability.
D. A rapidly changing, unpredictable environment favored hominids with increased capacity for coping with uncertainty and variability.
According to anthropologists, what is race? A. Groups of people with a similar culture B. A set of genetic categories for a group of people C. A way to group humans into higher and lower stages of evolution D. A set of divisive categories based on prejudice
D. A set of divisive categories based on prejudice
The Out-of-Africa Hypothesis argues that: A. Genetic evidence suggests that no contemporary populations of humans are descended from populations from Africa. B. Populations of archaic Homo sapiens in regions other than Africa significantly contributed to modern human origins. C. Modern humans evolved in several parts of the world (Africa, Asia, Europe), and there was substantial gene flow among all these populations. D. All contemporary human populations are descended from a common population that migrated out of Africa about 100,000 years ago
D. All contemporary human populations are descended from a common population that migrated out of Africa about 100,000 years ago
Cholera is a disease caused by bacteria transmitted via contaminated food or water (a fecal-oral route of transmission). Which of the following is a reason cholera is more likely to be a problem in human populations that are sedentary? A. Populations that stay in one place for a long time are more likely to contaminate their drinking water with sewage. B. A sedentary settlement pattern can lead to very large, densely settled communities, which facilitate disease transmission. C. Some sedentary populations are highly stratified, and low status individuals may be more vulnerable to disease due to inadequate resources. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis was physically well-adapted to cold climate. Which of the following is evidence of this? A. Large nasal opening and wide nostrils B. Relatively short limbs C. A barrel-shaped chest D. All of the above
D. All of the above
There are several candidates for the earliest bipedal hominid. Which of the following is one of them? A. Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya) B. Orrorin tugensis (~6 mya) C. Sahelanthropus tchadensis (6-7 mya) D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following can be used as evidence of social stratification within a society? A. Skeletal differences resulting from different diets B. Differences in grave goods C. House or dwelling size and architecture D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is a basic change that marks the transition from village to city? A. Agricultural innovations and surplus B. Diversification of labor C. Central government D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is a change seen in plants or animals associated with domestication? A. Cereal grains that do not easily drop their seeds B. Sheep with no horns C. Plants with big, sweet fruits D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is a disease that humans acquired from domesticated animals? A. Measles B. Influenza C. Tuberculosis D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is a feature of civilizations, according to anthropologists? A. Large numbers of people live in cities B. There are different social classes or strata C. The people are governed by some sort of ruling elite D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is an adaptation to high altitude found among the Quechua-speaking peoples of the Andes mountains of South America? A. Enlarged right ventricle of the heart B. Coca leaf chewing C. Many different varieties of potatoes D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is evidence that late Homo erectus populations were hunters? A. Wooden javelins B. Large collections of butchered animal bones C. Butchering marks on bones occur under marks created by carnivores D. All of the above
D. All of the above
11. In the movie "What Darwin Never Knew," researchers discussed the discovery of genetic switches and Hox genes. These non-protein-encoding sections of DNA are important because: A. they allow for large amounts of variation in the form of the organism in response to relatively small change in the overall DNA sequence. B. they offer clues about how new species evolve. C. they regulate expression of other genes. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
Anthropologists and many other scientists argue that there is no biological basis for racial categories. Which of the following is evidence supporting this argument? A. Evidence from the analysis of genetics indicates that about 94% of physical variation lies within so-called racial groups. B. Human physical traits and alleles show patterns of both clinal and nonconcordant variation. C. Conventional racial groupings differ from one another only in about 6% of their genes. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
Cholera is a disease caused by bacteria transmitted via contaminated food or water (a fecal-oral route of transmission). Which of the following is a reason cholera is more likely to be a problem in human populations that are sedentary? A. Populations that stay in one place for a long time are more likely to contaminate their drinking water with sewage. B. A sedentary settlement pattern can lead to very large, densely settled communities, which facilitate disease transmission. C. Some sedentary populations are highly stratified, and low status individuals may be more vulnerable to disease due to inadequate resources. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
In what way did a shift to agriculture, tending of domestic animals, and sedentism affect human health? A. Sedentary settlement patterns increased infectious disease incidence. B. Increased population density, reliance on staple crops, and reduced sanitation increased morbidity and mortality in sedentary human populations. C. Agriculture decreased the variety and nutrient quality of the diet, leading to illnesses due to vitamin deficiencies. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
The Neolithic Revolution: A. is associated with settlement in permanent villages. B. is associated with early domestication of plants and animals. C. was a profound cultural change that began about 10,000 years ago. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
Which of the following is a trend seen in late Ice Age/Upper Paleolithic human populations, beginning around 35,000 years ago? A. A shift toward hunting antler-bearing animals, combined with much more emphasis on creating objects out of antler and bone. B. Growing importance of personal ornamentation (different clothing, jewelry, etc.). C. Acquisition of materials from distant sources, most likely through trade. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
Which of the following is true about the origins of written language? A. It was independently developed in at least five different places. B. Some written languages have not yet been deciphered. C. The earliest known writing was found on turtle shells in China dating to 8600 years ago. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
Which of the following is a potential benefit of bipedal locomotion? A. Bipedal animals can run faster than quadrupedal animals. B. Leg or foot injuries are less serious in bipeds than in quadrupeds. C. Bipedal animals are more visible, and this tends to scare away predators. D. Bipedal animals have an increased ability to cope with heat stress in the open savannah.
D. Bipedal animals have an increased ability to cope with heat stress in the open savannah.
8. According to present-day accepted scientific theory, which of the following is true about the inheritance of traits (phenotypes)? A. Each trait is inherited in a particulate fashion B. Each trait is inherited as a blend from both parents C. Each trait is inherited independently of other traits D. Both A and C
D. Both A and C
Which of the following is true about the domestication of plants and animals? A. Domestication of plants arose independently in the New and Old Worlds. B. Domestication of plants arose first in the New World, and the technique was subsequently shared with Old World populations. C. More different species of animals were domesticated in the Old World than in the New World. D. Both a and c
D. Both a and c
How are global temperature and sea level related to human migration? A. Warmer temperatures lowered sea levels, exposing more land on which humans could settle B. Cooler temperatures led to higher sea levels, which made it more difficult for humans to reach Australia and the Americas C. Warmer temperatures led to higher sea levels, which made it easier for humans to migrate to places such as Java and Borneo D. Cooler temperatures led to lower sea levels, which in some places created land bridges across which humans could walk
D. Cooler temperatures led to lower sea levels, which in some places created land bridges across which humans could walk
2. The belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones is referred to by anthropologists as: A. Cultural relativism B. Ethnography C. Ethnology D. Ethnocentrism
D. Ethnocentrism
12. __________ examines evolutionary relationships among species, the formation of new species, and evolution above the species level. A. Genomics B. Microevolution C. Metabolomics D. Macroevolution
D. Macroevolution
1. According to evolutionary theory, what is inaccurate about this museum diorama depicting a dinosaur and two modern humans? A. The diorama should be displaying an Australopithicus species, since those bipedal hominids lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. B. At this point in time, leaf-bearing trees had not evolved, so the diorama should only be displaying giant tree fern plant life. C. The humans should be larger relative to the dinosaur. D. Modern humans never coexisted with dinosaurs.
D. Modern humans never coexisted with dinosaurs.
Which of the following is true about human domestication of animals? A. Horses were first domesticated in the plains of North America. B. Animals were only domesticated in the Old World. C. More different species of animals were domesticated in the New World than in the Old World. D. More different species of animals were domesticated in the Old World than in the New World.
D. More different species of animals were domesticated in the Old World than in the New World.
Which of the following was the most recently settled by humans? A. The Solomon Islands B. Hawaii C. Australia D. New Zealand
D. New Zealand
The Inca civilization did not have horses, but it was able to rapidly communicate messages throughout its territory. How did they do this? A. Semaphore B. Large wooden drums C. Smoke signals D. Roads and runners
D. Roads and runners
Which hominids were specialist eaters of tough plant materials, and went extinct approximately 1 mya? A. Kenyanthropus platyops B. Gracile australopithecines C. Homo habilis D. Robust australopithecines
D. Robust australopithecines
Which of the following technological developments first appeared in the archeological record during the Upper Paleolithic (~40,000-10,000 years ago)? A. the atlatl B. net hunting C. the bow and arrow D. all of the above
D. all of the above
What was the earliest to be domesticated by humans?
Dogs
New World populations suffered severe epidemics with very high mortality rates after 1492. What is a possible explanation for this?
Europeans unknowingly brought with them many zoonotic infections to which New World populations had never been exposed.
Which species was probably the first to control and use fire?
Homo erectus
Which was the first species to migrate from Africa to Asia and Europe?
Homo erectus
Which species was likely the earliest (That is, which species was the first to always walk around bipedally, rather than just opting to do so some of the time?)obligate biped?
Homo habilis
In what way did a shift to agriculture, tending of domestic animals, and sedentism affect human health?
Increased population density, reliance on staple crops, and reduced sanitation increased morbidity and mortality in sedentary human populations.
Which is true about mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome:
Mitochondrial DNA is carried only by males, like the Y chromosome
The oldest stone tools, represented primarily by simple flakes produced from river cobbles, are from the ___________ Tradition.
Oldowan
Which hominids were specialist eaters of tough plant materials, and went extinct approximately 1 mya?
Robust australopithecines
What is evidence of contact between the Americas and Oceania prior to the arrival of Europeans?
Sweet potatoes in eastern Polynesia
Tools from which stone tool tradition were used by all individuals of the genus Homo between 125,000 and 40,000 years ago?
The Mousterian Tradition
Recent genetic studies investigating whether modern humans and Neanderthals interbred suggest that:
There was some degree of interbreeding, and roughly 1-4% of modern human DNA in non-Africans has been inherited from Neanderthals
T/F More different species of animals were domesticated in the Old World than in the New World.
True
trend seen when comparing older stone tool traditions to newer ones?
amount of starting material than is made from the same amount of starting material using older traditions of toolmaking.
what are some technological developments first appeared in the archeological record during the Upper Paleolithic (~40,000-10,000 years ago)?
atlatl net hunting the bow and arrow
Which of the following is a potential benefit of bipedal locomotion? a. . Bipedal animals can run faster than quadrupedal animals b. Bipedal animals have an increased ability to cope with heat stress in the open savannah. c. Bipedal animals are more visible, and this tends to scare away predators. d, Leg or foot injuries are less serious in bipeds than in quadrupeds
b. Bipedal animals have an increased ability to cope with heat stress in the open savannah.
Which one of these species had the largest brain relative to body size' australopithecus boisei homo habilis autralopithecus afarensis
homo habilis
Sunda, Sahul, and Beringia are:
land bridges that appeared during glacial maxima and connected regions that are normally separated by water.
Which of the following is a trend seen when comparing older stone tool traditions to newer ones?
per amount of starting material than is made from the same amount of starting material using older traditions of toolmaking.
The Genographic Project:
used mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA markers to learn about past human migrations