ANTH FI
_____ refers to the cultural interpretation of biological differences between males and females.
Gender
The fact that Masai women do not occupy any status independently of men is an example of ______.
Gender hierarchy
The distinctive size of _____ has been attributed to the effects of island dwarfism.
H. Floresiensis
_____ is the first hominin to build clearly defined houses and villages.
H. Sapiens
One way anthropology differs from other disciplines that study people is because it ___.
Has culture as its core concept
If a man lives in a matrilineal society, which of the following is NOT in his kin group?
His children
The whole as greater than the sum of its parts
Holism argues that:
____ refers to all members of the human lineage since our last common ancestor with chimpanzees.
Hominins
The fossil evidence indicates that members of the genus ____ were the first to have the capability for language.
Homo
Acheulian tool tradition refers to the tools made and used by _____.
Homo erectus
The traits shared by all primates, which were inherited from a common ancestor, are an example of ______.
Homology
commodity logic and inuit as objects
How does the Martha of the north movie help us understand the intertwined histories of capitalism and colonialism?
The idea among Native Americans of the southeastern United States that the cosmos consists of three, inter-connected worlds is an example of?
How religion provides a worldview
The evolutionary relationship between humans and modern Great Apes is that _____.
Humans and modern apes share a common ancestor.
What is the essence of human nature?
Idealism - mind, spirit and ideas most important in shaping our experiences. materialism - material or physical conditions shape reality.
Oldowan tools are usually found _____.
In clusters associated with concentrations of fossil animal bones
Lies, geo-politics, effects lies that were told to the natives, land shifting and cold weather climates, starvation, sickness were the effects
In martha of the north, how was Colonialism in action? What effected them?
One of the reasons that race, as it is currently defined in the U.S., is not a valid biological category is that skin color ______.
Is not concordant with other traits
Which of the following is NOT a cross-cultural attribute of marriage discussed in class?
It involves an elaborate, large ritual
Which of the following is significant regarding the first human occupation of Australia?
It required the crossing of a major water barrier
The discovery of the Australopithecus fossil known as the Taung Child was important because?
It showed that bipedalism came before an increase in brain size
Name 2 examples from your book that display fieldwork
Jean Briggs and Nita Kumar
A four-field approach to anthropology developed in the U.S. during the 1800s as a result of ____.
The documentation of the Native American cultures that were being destroyed
Tylor and Henry Morgan
The earliest important anthropological typology of forms of human society was proposed by Unilineal Cultural evolutionists ____ and _____
Barter
The exchange in which people trade a product that they have in excess in order to obtain an item they need but do not produce themselves
Generalized reciprocity
The exchange of foods and services without keeping track of their exact value but with the expectation that their value will balance over time. ex) Exchange between child and parent. Parents are expected to care for and support to some extent financially but children are not expected to pay back the support given by parents.
_____ appeared about 2mya.
The genus homo
Child-headed family
The type of families in which children is heading a family that is comprised with cousins siblings younger than the headed child A child takes on responsibilities a parent would
Balanced reciprocity
There is a equal value expected; what is to be returned is specified ex: Someone gives you a birthday present. you're expected to give a present of equal value
What is the Positivism approach ?
There is a single reality that can be detected through the senses. - separates facts from values - all scientific knowledge = theory of everything
H. Habilis is significant because _____.
They made the first stone tools
H. erectus is significant because _____.
They were the first hominins to leave Africa
Which of the following is NOT a reason why the first written languages developed in different places around the world?
To record literature and poetry
Fieldnotes, field recordings
Tools for Fieldwork
-Culture area -Unilineal Evolution -Structural Functionalist -Ideological Implications
Typologies or schemas of categorization
Cultural Relativism
Understanding another culture in its own terms in a way that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful way to live.
_____ refers to reckoning descent by links only through mothers or fathers.
Unilineal
Fictive Kin
Unrelated individuals who are regarded and treated as relatives ex) foster parent)
______ are items in early human societies that may have been used by women in rituals.
Venus Figurines
According to the film Cracking the Maya Code, the ability to read ancient Maya writing has taught archaeologists that ____ was more important in Maya society than once thought.
Warfare
How genetically diverse are modern humans?
We are one of the least diverse species on the planet
Tribes
We define as a population who's members think of themselves as descendant from the same ancestor - a community that thinks of themselves as "one people"
Stone Age (Paleolithic) Bronze Age Iron Age
What are (in order) the three age system?
"utilitarian use of hunting knowledge "
What are the implications of Martha of the north history for anthropology?
Historical Particular-ism, the study of cultures in their own historical contexts
What did Franz Boas develop an approach to ? what exactly was it?
determined by a casual force of mind or spirit
What do idealists believe about human nature ?
Physical matter
What do materialists believe human nature is determined by?
Historical Particulism and Diffusionism
What does Culture area approach to?
Tensions and possibility created by co-existence of difference.
What does dialectics mean?
Cultural Relativsm
What does holism lead to?
that societies did not pass through a series of stages; each society results from particular historical conditions.
What exactly did Frans Boas discover about unilineal cultural evolutionism
the idea that the world is a market and everything within the world, has or should have, its price.
What is Capitalism simply put?
Studied Native population in N Vancouver and BC, Developed a theory of Cultural Relativism, devoted most of life work to discredit the importance of racial distinction in the field. Influenced by Charles Darwin.
What is Franz Boas well known for his studies? What theory did he develop? What did he devote life to and inspired by?
The main goal of a positivist approach is to produce objective knowledge
What is the main goal of the positivist approach?
Essentializations Determinism Othering Theories: Worldviews, ideologies based on these positions.
What things does Holism leads to the critique of ?
Thomson's three age system: Morgans Scheme (1877): 1. Savagery 2. Barbarism 3. Civilization
What was Morgan's and Thomson's scheme in Uni lineal Evolution ?
This approach Was interested in how societies hold together, ex. rituals were served to reinforce social harmony, re connecting society.
What was structional functionalism interested in? give a few examples
Lingua Franca/ Pidgin
When an individual changes their language in order to communicate with each other in particular areas
Relativistic and Reflective Matter
When anthropologists study other cultures, it is important they do so in ____________.
Manilowski, Bronislaw
Who invented participate observation?
The Azande explain all misfortune as being the result of _____, which is an example of how religion can be used to alleviate anxiety.
Witchcraft
Archaeologists with a specialty in _____ have identified the remains of domesticated animals in the archeological record.
Zooarchaeology
what constitutes a cultural fact tends to be .. ?
ambiguous
Ethnography
an anthropologists written(or filmed) description of a particular culture
Fieldwork
an extended period of close involvement with the people in a whose way of life. collecting data
Field (workers) have frequently felt they should not express what forms of emotion and why?
anger, disgust, and disappointment. Because it may be offence - must maintain balance between who they are and avoiding offence
What are the effects of field work on Humanity?
answers to problems about human nature, society, and history
a fifth additional subfield known as applied anthropology is?
applications of anthropological theories and methods to the solution of everyday problems.
sapir whorf hypothesis [re read] or linguistic relativity principle
argues that language that we use changes the way we engage with reality. action is wrt to the language we use;
how does cross culture comparison help anthropologists?
avoids making generalizations based on one social group.
What was Karl marx's perspective about how the world was shaped?
different groups/classes play different roles in production = members of each group having a different sense of what life is like.
what is the term participate observation mean?
direct face to face interaction w/ research participants and the researcher (eg. living with people, learning the language, and participating in everyday life)
What is the (former) description of culture?
distinguishing human characteristics of regulation and ability to imitate pattern, symbolically mediated ideas and activities that promote the survival of a species
Holism is a alternative approach to ________________ ?
dualism
language acts as a vehicle for culture; language reaffirms culture;
explain how language shapes perception from a culture implicit view;
What were the hudson's bay company interested in?
exploiting resources, trade but manipulated indigenous people
why is conducting field work risky?
faces the shock of the unfamiliar and their own vulernability
How did typologies help anthropologists with their research?
facilitated their study of similarities and differences among different cultures
True of false indigenous women and men experienced colonialism the exact same.
false ! diffferent
True or false holism does not form relationships b/t different aspects of society.
false, it does
True or False: not everyone posses culture and have the same capabilities
false; everyone does possess culture and have the same capabilities
true or false colonialism treated all groups of women the same in all conquered territories in the same way.
false; they did not some were allowed to keep their status
In the Cold War, enduring systems of classifications are?
first world (capitalist democratic countries - supported the U.S) Second World (communist-supported the soviet union) third World (Neutral)
what does archeology focus on ?
focus on past lives; the analysis of material remains.
what does cultural anthropology focus on ?
focus on present day societies - globalization, gender & sexuality, urbanization.
What does the term multi-sited ethnography mean?
focus on wide spread cultural processes; leads research from site to site as new considerations present themselves
What are the popular understandings of culture?
folkerama - tend to focus on "expressive" culture (eg.art, dance, school) - visual signs of difference (traditional dress, and food, rituals) - Artifacts (handicrafts, ceremonial objects)
How do you do field work in a globalized world?
follow people, things, lives
define cultural evolution
following how elements of culture have changed overtime
what is the anthropological perspective?
from other disciplines anthropologists try to fit them with their own findings to comphrend
learning a second language is often __________________ and ________
frustrating and hard
All humans possess _______ _______________ languages
full developed
Biological fatherhood
genitor
culture area
geographic region in which culture traditions share similar culture traits
culture happens to be influenced by
global flaws, and international politics
what does the term metanarrative mean?
grand theme that members of a given culture recognize and often drive ideas and actions within the culture
Anthropology tends to also pay attention to ____________ & _____________
history and power
what is reflexivity?
how and why one thinks about specific things
Positionality and Reflexivity and situated knowledge
how do you learn from challenges in fiedwork?
what does biological anthropology focus on ?
human beings as living organisms
isolation may lead researcher to reach out for close contacts which may leave them vulnerable to what kinds of feelings?
hurt and betrayal
What is the (latter) description of culture(s)?
indicates a particular way of life belonging to a specific group of human beings
Anthropology tends to concern itself with?
injustice and inequality
How is culture defined (in lecture/present)?
is learned, adaptive, invention, symbolic. it is a shared and negotiated system of meaning
What does the term dualism mean?
it's a type of view that portrays human nature being made up of two completely different (opposing) but equal forces.
inter subjectivity, situated knowledge, openness, reflexive and objectivity
key points of reflexive anthropology
Objective Knowledge
knowledge about humanity/reality that is absolute and true for all people in all times and places.
what is the term objective knowledge mean?
knowledge about reality that is absolute and true for all people, in all times and places
Situated knowledge
knowledge that is set within or specific to a precise context or situation.
What is situated knowledge ?
knowledge that is set within or specific to a precise text or situation. Also defined as one's unique perspective
What is the best tool to access informant perceptions and interpretations?
language
what was a key element in colonization?
language
The broader perspective of culture includes what 2 aspects?
learned behaviours and ideas that we acquire as members of society.
Define the holistic perspective.
looking at the whole and how different parts of the world are connected.
Describe the comparative approach
needs anthropologists to consider similarities and differences about one society compared to others
comparative approach
needs anthropologists to consider similarities and differences about one society compared to others
Positivist Approach
normally would require a physical scientist in a lab, producing concrete results. Anthropologists adapted this method to their own use by testing hypotheses in different cultures under similar conditions.
in the mothering monkey experiment, can calls be combined or not?
not.
Culture Shock
one of the major challenges in fieldwork which results in a feeling of physical and mental discomfort when in a new or strange cultural setting
multi-sited work is based on ______________ site
one primary site
Multi sited fieldwork
outcome of the following cultural phenomena wherever they lead, often crossing local, regional and national boundaries in the process.
which method of research is the most effective?
participate observation
Cultures are not sealed off from each other, which allows ?
people from different culture backgrounds to exchange ideas and practices
limitations of positionality?
people tend to overlook themselves - embellish qualities - over look faults
who are informants?
people who share info about their lives.
how did Wolf describe indigenous people?
people with out history
Dualism
philosphical view that one simple force(or a few simple forces) causes (or determines) complex events
What do materialists believe human nature is determined by?
physical matter
what belief does the holism perspective offer?
positive belief in human potential
transcription and coding
practices for fieldwork
Dialectic of Fieldwork
process of building a bridge of understanding b/w anthropologists and informants so that each can begin to understand the other
What contributed to capitalism and colonialism?
racism
What replaced unilineal cultural evolutionism later on?
realization that all cultures develop along their own path
holism and dialectics
reciprocity and "the great gift" were both aspects of
cultures are constantly being _________________ by members
redefined
which approach is better reflexive or positivist?
reflexive
Name an example of history and power in anthropological terms.
rich life style compared to poor lifestyle
How does holism believe human nature is ?
sees the whole as greater than it's parts
What are design features that Charles Hocket designed?
sets human language apart from other forms of animal communication
what do anthropologists actually do ?
show up in a community, plans how long, claims interest in community, interacts with people, take notes and make observations, stay with strangers family (host family), build friendships.
capitalism has large devastating facts on what societies?
small scale
define the word primatology
study of non human primates, closest living relatives of humans
primatology
study of non human primates, closest living relatives of humans
what is an essential step toward creating a more inclusive approach ?
that is to generate knowledge is identifying and moving beyond cultural biases that can distort a researcher's interpretations.
What exactly did Frans Boas discover about unilineal cultural evolutionism
that societies did not pass through a series of stages; each society results from particular historical conditions
Our sense of ethics and concern for preserving human delicacy lead us to understand what about ourselves?
that some things require us to choose amongst interests within contexts - stand with others for justice
what did Franz discover about new cultural forms?
that they were actually borrowed from neighbouring societies
Define Holism
the assumption that no boundaries separate the mind from the body, body from the environment, individual from society, my ideas from others or my traditions from others.
Determinism
the belief that one simple force or many simple forces cause or determines complex events
What does the term determinism mean?
the belief that one simple force or many simple forces cause or determines complex events
What is colonialism?
the culture domination of people by larger wealther powers
Socio Cultural Anthropology
the dialectic of culture, society and power
Participant-observation (definition)
the method anthropologists use to gather information by living and working with the people whose culture they are studying while practicing in their lives as much as possible.
define ethnocentrism
the opinion that one's way of life is the most sensible or correct, "normal" and desirable.
what is the term cultural relativism?
the perspective that all cultures are equally valid and can only be truly understood in their own terms
Reciprocity
the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another. "GREAT GIFT"
what does linguistic anthropology focus on ?
the relationship between language and identification; languages within it's subcultures (eg. revitilization of indigenous people)
Anthological knowledge has two parts which are?
the researcher and the informant
What is Linguistics?
the scientific study of language
What is Historical Particularism?
the study of cultures in their own historical contexts
paleoanthropology
the study of fossilized remains of human beings earliest ancestors
What is anthropology?
the study of humanity.
Define language
the system of symbols we use to encode our experiences of the world and of one another
Positivism
the view that there is a reality "out there" that can be detected through the senses and that there is a single, appropriate scientific method for investigating the reality
decolonization
the withdrawal of a colonial power from a territory that has been under its control
What is the term vocabulary?
the words used in a particular language or by members of a particular speech community
anthropologists must follow an ethics code which states?
they do not harm the safety, dignity, or privacy of those they work with.
Native speakers of a language share what aspects of language?
vocals, language, and assumptions about how to speak
1.) gathering data from different cultures, past and present 2.) comparing data and creating hypotheses - about what it means to be human 3.) finding anything that is universal in terms of the human condition
what are the three steps to a successful anthropological study?
racism
what contributed to capitalism and colonialism ?
that they were actually borrowed from neighbouring societies
what did Franz Boas discover about social forms?
focus on present day societies - globalization, gender & sexuality, urbanization.
what does cultural anthropology focus on?
learned adaptive, invention, symbolic. shared and negotiated system of meaning
what is culture defined as? (LAISSh)
Reflexive anthropology
what is multi sited ethnography related to?
realization that all cultures develop along their own path
what later replaced unilineal cultural evolution?
- holistic perspective - long term field work - focus on culture - attention to history and power - concern w/ injustice and inequality
what makes anthropology, anthropology?
participate observation
what method of research the most effective?
-cultural relativism -political economy of capitalism and colonialism - modernity and and evolution ism; reflexivity
what tools do we need to understand histories such as Martha of the north anthropologically?
Othering, in colonial political economy
what typologies/strategies were reflexive anthropology concerned with?
-Essential to Ethnography; -A "technology" that makes human culture possible (As interface and conveying information and meaning); -language shapes perception
why topic of language?
In anthropology what does the term "fact" mean?
widely accepted observation, an item taken for granted of common knowledge
what is the term "decolonialization" ?
withdraw of colonial power from a territory that had been under it's control
Joint Family
Joint Family Extends "horizontally" meaning, brothers and wives who reside together Families comprised with siblings; married or unmarried 2 generations: Parents (parents are siblings) and children
The _____ mode of production refers to societies in which getting access to the resources needed to survive is based on membership in a kin group.
Kin-ordered
The study of ______ is important within anthropology because family groups are the building blocks that form virtually all societies.
Kinship
______ refers to culturally defined rules that allow people to be assigned to a social group based on some aspect of their ancestry.
Kinship
Brideservice
Labour from the husband for the wife's family and resides with kin and relatives
____ is the false belief that individuals evolve biologically and that acquired physical traits can be inherited.
Lamarckian Evolution
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN LANGUAGE 3) Duality of Patterning
Language is patterned in 2 different levels 1. Sounds 2. Meaning
One of anthropology's contributions to general knowledge, one that challenged the eugenics movement, is that culture is ____.
Learned
Regarding where anthropologists work in the United States, _____ anthropologists are employed by universities and colleges.
Less than half of
You are taking Introduction to Anthropology as part of a ____ education.
Liberal arts
Field Work
Living and interacting with people that are being studied
Main methods regarding fieldwork that describes anthropology?
Long term field work, and participant observation.
______ is a partially complete skeleton of an Australopithecus.
Lucy
The evolution of H. habilis into H. erectus is an example of ______, a major genetic change produced after many generations.
Macroevolution
The Trobriand Islanders use _____, defined as supernatural techniques used to accomplished specific goals, to help them achieve success in gardening and the kula.
Magic
who invented participate observation?
Malinowski, Bronislaw
We know from cultural anthropology that foragers ______.
Manipulate their environment
Polygyny (many women)
Marriage between a man and two or more woman - one man is married to more than one woman
Sororal Polygyny ("sister")
Marriage between a man and two or more women who are sisters
Sororate
Marriage between a widower and his deceased wife's sister The widower or the husband of a barin wife (unable to conceive children) will marry the first wife's sister
Fraternal polyandry ("brother")
Marriage between a woman and two or more man who are brothers
Same-sex marriage
Marriage between two men or two women
Polygamy ( many marriage)
Marriage in which the martial unit consists of three or more people - More than one spouse at the same time
The frequent use of _____ within early modern human societies suggests that the symbolic communication of social information has become very important.
Personal adornment
Which of the following is not a genus that was important in hominin evolution?
Pongo
A(n) ____ can be defined as a community of individuals within a species in which mates are found.
Population
Who discovered the structural functional theory?
A.R. Radcliffe Brown
Natural selection explains _____, defined as changes that allow survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
Adaptation
Anthropologists call the relationships created among kin groups through marriage _______ relationships.
Affinal
Affines
Affines People related through marriage ex) Aunt's husband is your affine
Nearly all known hominin species first appeared in _____.
Africa
CASTE
Caste is a social group whose memberships is hereditary. Castes are endogamous which means people must marry within their caste and their children are also apart of their group
The different areas of the world where farming and herding first independently appeared are called _____.
Centers of domestication
what are the two classifications of political structures ?
Centralized and uncentralized (egalitarian) political systems
______ appears to have played a large role in the domestication of sheep and goats in the Fertile Crescent.
Over-hunting of wild animals
Archaeologists who specialize in _____ study plant remains from archaeological contexts.
Paleoethnobotany
What is the difference between the two structures?
Centralized systems have permanent public decision making instiution (eg. chiefdom, king or queen, etc) Uncentralized system groups and individuals enjoy equal status and autonomy.
The _____ is the cultural period that spans the time from the first stone tools to the invention of agriculture.
Paleolithic
In the article, Shakespeare and the Bush, the anthropologist is collecting her data by using the techniques of?
Participant-observation
_____ is the method that characterizes fieldwork among living societies in which anthropologists take part in community life while they study it.
Participant-observation
With which form of descent do people join their father's group automatically at birth?
Patrilineal
Matrilocal residence
Pattern for residence after marriage in which the couples lives with or near the wife's family
Neolocal residence
Pattern of residence after marriage in which the couple establishes a new, independent household separate from their relatives
Patrilocal residence
Pattern of residence after marriage in which the couple lives with or near the husband's relatives
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 3) Adaptive
People adapt to their environment through culture means
Consanguines (blood related)
People related by blood ex) biological mother, fathers brothe
_____ anthropologist use methods that observe and documents what people actually do to help modify and develop commercial products or to study the organization of businesses.
Corporate
Blended Family
Created when a previously divorce/widow people marry and bring their children from previous family.
civilized, primitive and race. since they are offensive
Cultural Anthropology tends to ignore three terms, what are they and why?
Anthropology advocates _____, the attempt to understand cultural practices on their own terms.
Cultural relativism
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 5) Symbolic
People's behaviours and understandings are based on meanings expressed through symbols
_____ is the field of applied anthropology that documents, preserves, and investigates archeological sites before they are affected by development.
Cultural resources management
According to the film, Masai Women, _____ is a ceremony that women undergo around the time of puberty.
Circumcision
Lineages are sometimes grouped into _____ whose members trace their common ancestry back to some mythical ancestor.
Clans
4 Sub fields of Anthropology 1) CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Culture anthropologist use ethnographic fieldwork and the perspective of cultural relativism
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 1) Shared
Culture consist of behaviours and beliefs that are "Shared" by members in a group
The earliest form of written language, which used a series of wedge-shaped marks to convey text, is called?
Cuneiform
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 2) Learned
Peoples behaviours are the result of learning and not instinct
Social Birth
Social recognition of the transition to personhood
Franz Boas
Coined the term culture as "learned behaviours" truly the first person to develop an ethnography which is a descriptive account of anthropological studies.
Non-verbal Communication
Communication through gestures, facial expressions, body languages and use of space
Fischer suggested the complexity of 3 key overlapping areas that should be of concern to contemporary anthropologists, what are they?
(1)Centrality of science and tech (2) decolonization, post colonialism, and reconstruction of societies after social trauma (3) Role of relatively new electronic and visual media
mind: ideas, meanings, beliefs. OR matter: the physical environment (climate, geography, biology, or economic production)
(determinism) - human behaviour is determined by one force: the 2 competing forces are?
Single-parent family
Consisting of one parent and their children
The judgement of other cultures based solely on one's own culture is known as ____.
Ethnocentrism
The interpretation that cows are sacred in Hinduism because of functional, adaptive reasons is an example of the ____ perspective.
Etic
Which of the following has NOT been used to study the origins of language?
Fossil teeth
Egalitarian societies
Societies in which all members have equal access to valued resources, including land, social prestige, wealth and power
Multiple modernists Colonialism and shared patterns Dialectical engagement: Social Forms Transnational Corporations
"White mans Burden is an example of othering, Explain few recognition of "Othering"
name Examples of Unilineal cultural evolution, and who they were discovered by ?
"three age system" - C.J. Thomsen "ethnical stages" - Henry Lewis Morgan
What was the colonial political economy; what did it do?
(1) the centrality of economic interests in the organization of society (2) the use of people (politics) to protect & enhance these interests (3) Global connections (eg. Spanish american colonies were shipped to Spanish controlled philippines, where they were used to buy chinese textiles, which were sold in euro markets. Profits were used to fund colonial projects in North America.
Brief explanation of colonialism in canada
-european settlers stayed on indigenous land, took over indigenous people from their lands - sought to disconnect indigenous people from the land, history, identity, and rights so others can benefit
Social structural typologies, characteristics;
- Associated with British anthropology - related to colonial enterprise - indirect rule - through traditional leaders - focus on the enduring aspects of social forms - Social structure (eg. kinship and political system)
Who discovered Historical Particularism?
- Franz Boas
What are the characteristics describing the boasian Approach?
- Societies are not bounded or timeless - patterns of cultural borrowing (not only independent invention) - focused on cultural traits and how much they spread into neighbouring societies.
Anthropology has 4 subfields or (specialties) what are they?
- biological anthropology - archeology - cultural anthropology - linguistic anthropology
Reflexivity challenges the positivist approach, how ?
- challenges past certainties about truth, science, and objectivity - reflexivity focuses on the researcher's own involvement - subjective situated knowledge
what are social forms?
- collective ways of interacting with our surroundings/people we encounter - often taken for granted - encoded forms of behaviour; enforced by group
An anthropologist's field work is translation which makes it what?
- complicated and delicate - full of false starts & misunderstandings
What are some methods of collecting information?
- consult published literature and archives - conduct structural interviews - participate observation
what are the effects on researchers?
- culture shock - friendship, career, and learning
What is capitalism?
- economic system dominated by a supply and demand market designed to create capital & profit - conversion of all things into commodities - reduction of people to commodities
what does reflexivity take into account ?
- ethical and political context - background of researcher - role of informants (collaboration) - recognizes that there are many voices and perspectives
Define field work
- extended period of close involvement with the people the anthropologist is interested in. - involves a lot of time
What is cultural shock ?
- feelings of anxiousness and isolation in the field - no familiarity - no common sense - no relationships (to take for granted)
What makes anthropology, anthropology?
- holistic perspective - long term field work - focus on culture - attention to history and power - concern w/ injustice and inequality
What are the limitations of doing field work in a globalized world?
- may dilute the intensity of involvement and depth of understanding - may weaken researcher's political commitment to their primary informants.
what is the definition of openness?
- most important feature - ability to talk about the same experiences from different perspectives - allows people to conceptualize, label, and discuss the same experience in different ways.
What does it mean to say that knowledge is produced and open minded?
- no single interpretation is final - research involves dialogue b/t researcher and informant - ongoing process of knowledge production
What were the 6 design features discussed?
- openness - displacement - prevarication - arbitrariness - duality of patterning - semanticity
What does the term "displacement" mean?
- our ability to talk about absent or non-existent objects and past or future events as easily as one can discuss immediate events- - allows us to talk about things that do not exist (permits the extinction of linguistic creativity)
define neocolonialism
- persistence of social and economic ties linking former colonial territories to former rulers - (continuing affects of colonialism on people) - through past injustice that continue in the present
The consequence of openness is the design feature ______________________.
- prevarication - linguistic messages can be false and meaningless, in the logical sense - people can lie and form grammatically correct statements that make no sense what so ever. - major consequence of open symbolic systems
What was Eric Wolf's main point in "Europe & the people without history"?
- societies are not isolated; apart of a larger world system - connected thought colonialism and capitalism.
Rabinow refers to "dialectic of fieldwork"
- the "connection" (bridge) of understanding between the anthropologist and the informant; each begins to understand the other.
what is the plural meaning of languages?
- used to indicate the actual symbolic systems of groups that people use to communicate
Describe the early 20th century history regarding anthropology
-anthropologists (eg. Franz boas) rejected these ideas about "race" -used info about human biology and human culture to challenge racist stereotypes
Describe the early 19th century history of discipline of anthropology
-efforts to understand physical variations -context of exploration and colonization -effort to classify different "races" based on physical characteristics -justified discrimination and exploitation of groups thought to be inferior
Characteristics of Anthropology
1) HOLISTIC: - Looking at the "bigger picture" -Considering knowledge, sub field's and discipline to understand or see the bigger picture 2) COMPARATIVE: Considering the similarities in different culture 3) EVOLUTIONARY: - Considers change over time - The world is constantly evolving
What are the three technological stages of the age system?
1.) Stone age (paleolithic) 2.) Bronze age 3.) Iron Age
What are the 3 faulty assumptions about human nature and society?
1.) all cultures have their own boundaries (isolated) 2.) every culture offers only one way to interpret experience; no variety or contradictions 3.) people living in these closed cultures are only able to view a culture in only one way are unable to develop another view
The colonial order as a political economy created 3 kinds of connection: what are they?
1.) between conquered communities within a conquered territory 2.) B/t different conquered territories and 3.) between conquered territories and the country of the colonizers
What are the three reasons anthropologists are so interested in language?
1.) fieldwork progresses thru oral communication 2.) language contains grammatical and conceptual complexities that can be analyzed 3.) everyone uses language to structure their understanding of the world and of themselves, & with people they interact with.
what are the three steps to a successful anthropological study?
1.) gathering data from different cultures, past and present 2.) comparing data and creating hypotheses - about what it means to be human 3.) finding anything that is universal in terms of the human condition
Why is it that culture is problematic?
1.) reinforces differences (instead of our common humanity) 2.) makes it seems that each group is internally homogenous (uniform) & bounded (sealed off from others) 3.) ignores history and historical changes 4.) assumes that people are passive and are indoctrinated into a world view 5.) Threats non-western people's as "exotic others" 6.) sometimes ignores politics; marketing
A field project's success depends on what 2 things?
1.) researcher must contain appropriate authorization to work in a particular place. 2.) must gain acceptance from participants of the study
when thinking about culture we need to remember 3 things
1.) the role of history and politics - culture does not exist in isolation (exchange between cultures, trade, commerce) 2.) Adaptability - culture is not state preserving, "traditions" can serve to maintain identity -culture involves both tradition and the potential for change 3) Human Agency - the ability to exercise control over our lives (free will)
the foundation of culture contains 5 elements, what are they?
1.) transmission - ability to copy behaviour by observation or through instruction 2.) Memory - ability to remember new behaviours 3.) reiteration - ability to reproduce or imitate behaviour or info that has been learned 4.) innovation - ability to invent and modify behaviours 5.) selection - the ability to pick which innovations to keep and which ones to discard
Agriculture was first invented by human groups approximately ____ years ago.
10,000
After the war, the worlds have been categorized differently, categorized new worlds
1st world (development world) 2nd world (significant developing world) 3rd world (undeveloping countries) 4th world (neocolonial world)
Potts added 3 more innovations later on. what are they?
6.) symbolic coding, or symbolic representing the ability to use symbols to represent elements of reality 7.) complex symbolic representation - able to communicate freely about the past, the future, and the real and unreal. 8.) institutional development - able to create complex and variable forms of social organ's unique to our species
Incest taboo
A ban on sexual relations or marriage between parents and their children and between siblings
The relationship between brain growth and tool use in hominin evolution is an example of?
A bio-cultural relationship
Parallel cousin
A child of one's mother's sister or of one's father's brother
Cross Cousin
A child of one's mother's sister or of one's father's brothers
Personality
A constellation of behavioural traits and dispositions
Race
A cultural category that groups people according to so-called "racial" distinctions
"White Mans Burden"
A european sense that it was their duty to colonize, rule and civilize all people they viewed as being SAVAGE
Language
A fundamental part of Language, it is the primary meaning of interacting and communicating with others
In the reading Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief, the author does not have a place in society because he does not have a place in _____.
A kin group
Family
A married couple or other group of adult kinfolk who co-operate economically and in the upbringing of children
Positionality
A person's uniquely situated social position, which reflects his/her gender, nationality, political views and previous experiences
Holism
A perspective on the human condition that assumes that mind and body, individual and society, and individuals and environment interpenetrate and even define one another.
Structural Functional Theory
A position that explores how particular social forms function from day to day in order to reproduce the traditional structure of the society
Ethnicity
A principle or social classification used to create groups based on selected cultural features, such as; language, dress, religion
Judgement Sample
A sample of informants according to how well they represent the larger population
Norms
A set of behaviours and expectations people have on appropriate behaviour
Magic
A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes
Lineage
A set of relatives tracing descent from a known common ancestor
Human rights
A set of rights that should be accorded to all human beings everywhere in the world
Two unusual marriage practices among the Nuer illustrate the importance of the pater, which can be defined as ______.
A social father
EUGENICS
A social philosophy that agitates the improvement of human traits through various interventions. Manipulate human hereditary traits, try to read out the unfit people
Achieved status
A social position attained by a person's own efforts and skills - A status that we chose, or achieve through our own effort and skill (such as; husband, doctor, criminal)
Ascribed status
A social position that a person attains by birth. A person is born into an ascribed status - We think about our biological sex as ascribed (cannot change)
Symbol
A sound or object that represents an idea, sentiment, event or meaning
Big men
A status within egalitarian societies that places people in leadership positions based on personal wealth and influence over supporters
The berdache is a status among many Native American societies that is best understood as an example of _______.
A supernumerary gender category
Code-switching
A variety of language spoken by a particular group of people based on regional and social differences
Dialect
A variety of language spoken by a particular group of people based on regional and social differences
Assimiliation
A whole sale section of the entire value and meaning system of another culture and abandonment of ones belief's
_____ is an example of applied anthropology.
All of the above (Corporate, Medical, Forensic, Cultural resources management.)
A/an _____ is a physical trait shared by all primates.
All of the above (Emphasis on grasping, large and complex emphasis on vision over smell, generalized diet and dentition).
Cross-cultural comparisons have shown that ____ is defined differently by each society.
All of the above (Family, marriage, kinship, gender)
Marriage _____.
All of the above (Involves a change in social status, stipulates sexual access, ensures the legitimacy of children, establishes relationships among kin groups within a society)
Culture includes _____.
All of the above (Knowledge to operate efficiently in an environment, ideas about what is acceptable behavior, material culture, norms.)
Which of the following is an example of a status, a position one occupies in society?
All of the above (Married, student, female, adult)
The trends in the fossil record that characterize hominin evolution include _____.
All of the above (More efficient bipedalism, increases in brain size, more sophisticated tool use, reduction of the size of teeth).
_______ has/have been recognized in the archeological record as an attribute of modern human behavior.
All of the above (Ritual practices, personal adornment, the construction of houses, a modern foraging strategy)
Bioarcheological evidence from eastern North America shows the adoption of corn agriculture was associated with which of the following changes in health.
All of the above (Shorter life spans, malnutrition, higher rates of infection, higher rates of trauma/violence)
Which of the following is an attribute of anthropology?
All of the above (Studies humans, focuses on culture, based on fieldwork, holistic in perspective.)
Some of anthropology's major contributions to knowledge include insights to ____.
All of the above (The evolution of our species, the adoption of agriculture, the development of complex societies around the world, de-bunking race as a biological category.)
Which of the following characterizes gender relationships in Cherokee society?
All of the above (The work of men and women is valued equally, men are prominent in politics and warfare, and women are prominent in kin groups and household activities, the tasks and social worlds of men and women are mostly separate, women and their families own the farmland and its produce)
Primatologists have discovered that among bonobos, sex is _____.
All of the above (Used as a strategy for making alliances, separate from reproduction, used as a way to diffuse tension in the group.)
You are ______.
An anatomically modern H. sapien
The article Shakespeare in the Bush is about ____.
An ethnocentric interpretation of Hamlet
A detailed description of a particular community, society, or culture produced by a cultural anthropologists is known as ____.
An ethnography
Phomenics
Analysis of the use of sounds to differentiate the meaning of words
Applied Anthropology
Applications of techniques and theories on anthropology to solve real world problems
____ anthropology is defined as the use of anthropological methods and data to solve specific problems.
Applied
Positivist Approach Reflexive Approach Mutli sited Fieldwork/Ethnography
Approaches to fieldwork
Neandertals are an example of _____ species that lived in Europe and the MIddle East.
Arcaic H. Sapiens
The study of the origins of farming is only possible through _______, the study of people through their material remains.
Archaeology
One of the key reasons that agriculture has spread around the world is that agricultural populations _____ more than foraging populations.
Are larger
Ancient volcanic eruptions are important for paleoanthropology because _____.
Ash layers can be dated
Holism in anthropology refers to the discipline's _____.
Attempt to understand the entire human experience
What famous person's mother was/in an anthropologist?
Barack Obama
Religion
Beliefs and practices about spirit beings and supra-normal and super human forces and their relationship to everyday life
The other name the two forces are referred to in dualism is called?
Binary opposition
The effects of agriculture on human health is a topic that has been studied within ______ through the analysis of human skeletal remains.
Bioarchaeology
_____ is the study of human biological diversity in time and space.
Biological anthropology
Sex
Biological differences between males and females
______ is the first hominin trait to appear in the fossil record.
Bipedalism
A unique feature of Ardipithecus is its _____.
Bipedalism with a divergent big toe
______, defined as the transfer of goods and wealth from the family of the groom to the family of the bride, is a feature of many pastoral societies where it is often paid in cattle.
Bridewealth
Cultural hybridity
Bringing together of local and global
____ refers to the vocal communication system used by non-human primates.
Call System
Call systems (Animal Communication)
Call systems (Animal Communication) Consist of a relatively small number of sounds and vocalizations that express moods and sensations
Means of Production
Capital goods; tools, skills, knowledge and technology that go in the production of goods
The revitalization movements of Melanesia were distinctive because of their focus on ____.
Cargo
SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS 1) Evolutionism (central theory that built "school of thoughts")
Definition: Focused on clarifying and comparing people and their culture MORGAN: Referred to the 3 stages of family units TYLOR: Believed everyone in different locations were equally capable of developing and progressing through stages 3 Stages: 1) Savagery: Dawn of humanity, the discovery of fire and bow and arrow 2) Barbarism: The invention of pottery 3) Civilization: Rise of farming, agriculture, theory and state of political form
SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS 2) Structural Functionalism
Definition: Society is a product of its own experience RADICLIFFE-BROWN: - Social groupings and social roles and the norms attached to them - Culture practices function to maintain social structure, harmony in relationship, integration and stability EMILIE DURKHEIM: "People's values and behaviour are determined by their role in society" MALINOWSKY: = Biological needs - Functions and roles are dictoring - Uniform psychological responses are correlates of psychological needs
SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS 4) Historical Particularism
Definition: Society is a product of its own experiences FRANZ BOAS: " Culture is socially constructed meaning system that determines how people see, think about and act on their world."
Among all biological species, humans are unique because we _____.
Depend on the culture to survive
A ______ is a kin group that is a permanent social group whose ancestors claim a common ancestry.
Descent group
Matrilineal Descent
Descent system in which kinship group membership and inheritance pass through the female line
Patrilineal Descent
Descent system in which kinship group membership and inheritance pass through the male line
structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken
Describe sapir whorf principle
Charles Darwin's major contribution to science was that he ____.
Developed the principle of natural selection
A.R. Radcliffe Brown
Discovered the theory of Structural functionalism
Social stratification
Division of society into two or more groups, or strata, that are hierarchically ordered
_______ is defined as the human creation of a new form of plant or animal that is identifiably different from its wild ancestors.
Domestication
The _____ is a geological feature that has produced some of the most important early hominin fossil discoveries.
East African Rift Valley
Each society's rules about kin ship and post-martial residence are strongly influenced by ______.
Economic conditions
The subject of a kinship diagram is known as ______.
Ego
Which of the following is NOT a place where written language was created independently?
Egypt
____ is the hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the origins of bipedalism.
Energy efficiency
Cultural rules regarding exogamy seem to be related to the importance of _______.
Establishing relationships outside of one's own kin group
what is the "white man's Burden", Explain
European's sense that it was their duty to colonize, rule and "civilize" all people they viewed savage.
Negative reciprocity
Exchange of goods and services in which each party seeks to benefit at the expense of the other, thus making a profit ex) The seller wants to get the most and the buyer wants to get the most for the least.
______ can be defined as the practice of seeking a spouse outside of one's own group.
Exogamy
True or false is field data is subjective?
False field data is not subjective but it is intersubjective.
true of false assumptions of how to speak can be shared with people who speak a different language
False! not with people speaking a different language
True or False. Binary oppositions are universal
False, not the same in all cultures.
Nuclear Family
Family consisting of parents and their children
Extended Family
Family formed with three or more generations ex) Parents, children and grandparents
Culture Shock
Feelings of anthropologist have in the beginning of field work in unfamiliar surroundings
The practice of adoption into a kin group among the Cherokee was given as an example of _____ in Cherokee society.
Female power
Redistribution
Food and other goods collected by an organizer
According to the studies of cultural anthropologists, ______ is the most efficient subsistence strategy and people who practice it work less than those using other strategies.
Foraging
For most of our existence as a species, humans have made a living though ______.
Foraging
_____ anthropologists recover human remains from crime scenes, disasters, and massacres.
Forensic
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 4) Integrated
Forming relatively consistent and coherent systems
Which of the following is NOT a skeletal adaption associated with more efficient bipedalism?
Forward facing eyes that provide overlapping field of vision
Which of the following is the anthropologists LEAST likely to study?
Fossil dinosaur bones
Serial monogamy
Marriage pattern that stimulates that a person can be married to only one person at a time, although individuals may have two or more spouses during their lifetime. More than one spouse over a lifetime, but one at a time
Levirate
Marriage preference rule in which a widow marries her deceased husband's brother The obligation that a man's post-relative (usually brother) marries the widow (their wife)
Exogamy
Marriage principle in which people cannot marry members of their own lineage or clan but instead must forge alliances with members of other groups ex) Marry someone in a different lineage
Endogamy
Marriage principle in which people marry members of their own group ex) - within one owns lineage - within ones matrilineage/patrilineage
Monogamy (one, marriage)
Marriage rule that stipulates a union between two people
Intersubjective meaning
Meaning rooted in the symbolic systems of a culture and shared by the participants in that culture.
subjective meaning
Meaning that seems true to a particular person, based on his or her personal values, beliefs, opinions, and assumptions.
The first stone tools were made by _____.
Members of the genus homo
Economic system
Methods of allocating resources and the production, distribution, consumption and exchange of goods and services
______ refers to a situation where different characteristics evolve at different rates.
Mosiac Evolution
______ can be defined as the deferential survival and reproduction of organisms because of their biological characteristics.
Natural Selection
The ability to digest lactose by individuals in some populations is an example of biological variation within our species that has been produced by _____.
Natural selection
The significant changes in lifeways associated with the development of food production in the Fertile Crescent has been called the _____ Revolution.
Neolithic
The earliest evidence for modern human behavior appears in _____.
None of the above
The sub-disciplines of anthropology include _____.
None of the above
Which attribute is unique to humans and distinguishes us from all other species?
None of the above
Woman-to-woman and ghost marriages among the Nuer are ______.
None of the above
_____ is the sub-discipline that focuses on the study of human speech and language.
None of the above
_____ are cultural guidelines about what is appropriate behavior in a given society.
Norms
Human crossed into ______ above 15-12kya.
North America
Data in anthropological research were most likely collected from ____.
Observations of what people do in their natural context
The data collection methods of anthropology set it apart from the other social sciences because anthropologists _____.
Observe what people do in their natural context.
Ethnography
Observing and documenting peoples way of life
______ is a well-preserved site in northern Israel submerged beneath the Sea of Galilee that contained the remains of several brush huts that were used by a small group of mobile foragers.
Ohalo
_____ are the first evidence we see of culture in the archaeological record.
Oldowan tools
Spirit possession
One surrender's ones body to unseen forces
it was often objective facts, people of the culture at question were regarded more as lab subjects than actual human beings
Positivist approach was very successful in recording previously unknown data about different peoples, but it was bad in what sense?
The Visual Predation hypothesis attempts to explain the origins ______.
Primate traits
______ appeared about 60mya.
Primates
The article entitled Gombe by Jane Goodall discusses her work as a _______.
Primatologist
Bilateral Descent
Principle or descent in which people think of themselves related to both their mother's kin and their father's kin at the same time.
shared humanity, multiple modernities
Privilege of "the Great Gift"
positivist anthropology
Provides sensory analysis of causes, value free disinterest and objectivity in fieldwork
Culture-specific psychological disorders
Psychological disorders that is frequency in come cultures but rare or absent in others
Diffusionism
Recognizes the change of society over time, and its interchanges
Culture
Refers to customs, values, attitudes, and beliefs of a member in a society
_____ is defined as belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces.
Religion
Key Informant
Representatives of a large community who are reliable and are well versed in the the local cultural knowledge
Permission and Ethics
Requirements of fieldwork
Numerous societies around the world turned to _____ as ways to deal with the massive outside encroachment brought about by colonialism.
Revitalization movements
Initiation Rites
Rituals that marks a person transition from childhood to adulthood
In the Fertile Crescent during the early Natufian period, the people living in villages like Ain Mallaha were ______.
Sedentary foragers
_____ is a term that refers to living in more permanent settlements.
Sedentism
______ refers to cultural rules that determine the different tasks performed by men and women in a society.
Sexual division of labor
Socialization
Similar to enculturation but focuses more on the social factors instead of culture
The current evidence supports the ______ hyopthesis for the appearance of anatomically modern humans.
Single Origin
Bands
Small groups of people who live by hunting (the norm; standard)
what two human capabilities are needed for human beings to develop human nature?
Social living and Cultural sharing
Stratified societies
Societies in which people have differential access to valued resources, including land and property, social prestige, wealth and political power - Society in which there is a permanently hierarchy or structured inequality whereby some members of society are accorded privileged access to wealth or occupation
A _____ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language.
Society
Pre-industrial political system
Structural functionalists only analyze ___________
Archaeology is distinct from the other sub-disciplines of anthropology because it ____.
Studies human culture through material remains
Franz boas
Suggest that we think about how societies got to where they were through interchanges between societies.
Many anthropologists relate the origins of culture to the appearance of _____.
Symbolic communication
Kinship systems
Systems for determining relatives and relationships
The phrase that anthropology should "make the strange familiar" refers to the fact that anthropology often _____.
Takes a cross-cultural, comparative perspective
Male berdaches expressed their new gender role primarily by ______.
Taking up the tasks and clothing of women
Dialectics
Tensions and possibility created by co existence of difference. How to put holism into practice
CJ Thomson
The "Three Age System" was theorized by
Climate change and population pressure played important roles in the domestication of plants in ______.
The Fertile Crescent
The earliest evidence in the world for domestication is found in _____.
The Fertile Crescent
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN LANGUAGE 2) Productivity
The ability to add words and join in different combinations
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN LANGUAGE 2) Displacement
The ability to communicate about something that is not happening at that moment
COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE 2) MORPHONOLOGY
The analysis of word structure
Reflexive Anthropology
The anthropology of anthropology that focuses on cultural and political biases
Deviance
The behaviour that violates culture norms and expectations
Syncretism
The blending of two or more (often 2) religious traditions to form a new one
Ethnology
The comparative study of two or more culutres
Colonialism
The cultural domination of a people by larger, wealthier powers
Unilineal Descent
The idea that you chase descent through the fathers line only or through the mothers line. or: Principle of descent in which people define themselves in relation to only one line, either their mother's line traced back through a series of women or their father's line traced back through a series of men
Emic Perspective
The insider's point of view
Globalization (???)
The intensification of global interconnectedness
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The language people speak influences the way they think
Ethocentrism
The opinion that ones way of life is the most natural, correct, or fully human way of life
Etic Perspective
The outsider point of view
Idealism
The philosophical view (dating far as plato in western thought) that ideas or the mind that produces such ideas contribute the essence of human nature
Acculturation
The process by which a group adjusts to the dominant culture but is still maintaining the original identity
Enculturation
The process by which children acquire their culture
Enculturation is ____.
The process by which we learn our culture.
Marriage is marked in the Trobriand Islands by _______.
The public eating of yams by the married couple
Supernumerary gender refers to______.
The recognition of gender categories other than male and female
Gender
The roles that people perform in their households and communities and the values and attitudes that people have regarding men and women
COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE 3) SYNTAX
The rules that generate the combinations of words to form sentences and phrases
Social Fatherhood (pater)
The status of a man who fulfills the responsibilities of parenting, a role that may or may not be the same as biological paternity
4 Sub fields of Anthropology 2) LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
The study of Language of indigenous people, language change and the relationship between language and other aspects. ex: Beliefs, culture, thoughts
4 Sub fields of Anthropology 4) BIOLOGICAL/PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
The study of human origins and biological diversity
Phonetics
The study of human speech sounds
Anthropology
The study of humanity, from its evolutionary origins millions years ago to the current world wide diversity
Anthropology can be simply defined as ____.
The study of humans and their ancestors
4 Sub fields of Anthropology 3) ARCHAEOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY
The study of society through material cultur
COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE 1) Phonology
The study of sound systems in Language
COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE 4) SEMANTICS
The study of systems of Languages
Sociolinguistics
The study of the interplay of variables ex: race, class, gender
Henry Lewis Morgan
The three ethnical stages were developed by
Bridewealth
The transfer of goods from the family of the grooms to the family of the bride
Dowry
The transfer of wealth from parents to the daughter at the time of marriage
The Single Origin Multiregional models are hypotheses that attempt to explain.
The transition from archaic H. Sapiens to anatomically modern H. Sapiens
Define imperialism
a system where one country controls, less powerful territories through colonization.
What is the term "unilineal cultural evolutionism'?
a theory discovered in the 19th century that proposed a series of stages (that all societies must undergo or have done) in order to reach civilization
Unilineal cultural evolutionism
a 19th century theory that proposed a series of stages through which all societies must go (or had gone) to reach Civilization
Anthropologists like to come up with typologies which are?
a classification system based on systematic organization into types on the basis of shared qualities
what is the term ethnology?
a comparative study of 2 or more such groups
Capitalism
a economic system dominated by a supply and demand market designed to create capital and profit
Structured interviews
a method for gathering information whereby an anthropologist (or another researcher) asks a set of predetermined questions and records participants responses
What is a native speaker?
a person who has spoken a particular language since early childhood
reflexivity tends to get at positionality; which is ?
a person's own situated social position; reflecting themselves
What is the structural-functional theory?
a position that explains how particular social forms function from day to day in order to reproduce the traditional structure of the society
Define the term ethnography
a recorded description of a particular group of people's way.
What is the definition of grammar?
a set of rules that describe patterns of linguistic usage observed by members of a particular speech community
What is the (singular meaning of language)?
abstract property belonging to the human species as a whole
In uncentralized systems there are two subgroups which are?
band - small organization based on (values), dont farm or herd Tribe - larger organization, has domestic plants and animals
What does language provide us exactly?
basic tools for diverse forms of creativity; can also be barriers
how were people described wrongfully in colonialist times?
being without history
Human language is a _______________ phenonmenon
biocultural
define bio evolution
change in genetic makeup of a population that is passed on though generations
In centralized systems there are two subgroups (central institutionalized forms of authority) which are?
chiefdom - usually chief and family set above rest of society state - stronger higher people and society organized in a more centralized way.
cultural anthropology tends to reject what 3 terms bc ?
civilized, primitive, and race because they may be offensive
Define the Holism perspective?
considers human nature as a result of coevolution, coevolving and codetermining.
What is the reflexive approach ?
critically thinking about the way one thinks, reflecting on one's own experience
Reflexivity
ctricially thinking about the way one thinks; reflecting on one's own experience
every human language is a _______________ _________________.
cultural product
In the modern anthropological perspective, humans are capable of _______________ & ____________________
cultural sharing and learning
social forms
culturally conforming collective ways of interacting with our surroundings and the people we encounter, these forms of interaction, often taken for granted.
What does anthropology focus on?
culture
considers human nature as a result of coevolution, coevolving and codetermining.
define the holism perspective
looking at the whole and how different parts of the world are connected.
define the holistic approach
From the lecture notes please explain what cultural genocide is.
destruction of traditions, values, languages - eg.) residential schools for indigenous children
What do idealists believe about human nature ?
determined by a casual force of mind or spirit
Whats is this term? "unchanged core of features; unique to the things of the same type and makes them what they are"
essence
multi sited ethnography
ethnographic research on cultural processes that are not contained by social, ethnic, religious, or national boundaries in which the ethnographer follows the process from site to site.
What is the term Habitus?
everyday routine social activity rooted in habitual behaviour (that are learned)
Fieldwork. Participant Observation. Structured Interviews. Archival Material. Published Literature
methods anthropologists use for collecting information (5)
transects, surverys, structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, participant observation
methods of gathering data
if you were to ask North Americans what they believe about human nature. They would say that it is separated into 2 parts:
mind and matter, soul and body and spirit over flesh.
(determinism) - human behaviour is determined by one force: the 2 competing forces are?
mind: ideas, meanings, beliefs. OR matter: the physical environment (climate, geography, biology, or economic production)
True or false is anthropology comparative?
true
True or false is culture constantly changing ?
true
are societies interconnected? True or false
true
we are able to ignore the historical impact of global forces, true or false?
true
what are the limitations of humans?
two extremes - either we have free will or our behaviour is completely determined.
what are "rich points" >?
unexpected moments when problems in cross cultural understanding emerge - occur when words or actions signal gaps b/t the anthropologist's assumption about how the world works and those of the local people
semi-structured interviews
unlike rigorous set of questions asked, this type of interview is open, allowing new ideas to be brought up during.
how is culture useful in anthropology?
useful to depict racist stereotypes.
Every culture offers a ________________ of ways to interpret experience
variety