ANTH FI

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_____ refers to the cultural interpretation of biological differences between males and females.

Gender

The fact that Masai women do not occupy any status independently of men is an example of ______.

Gender hierarchy

The distinctive size of _____ has been attributed to the effects of island dwarfism.

H. Floresiensis

_____ is the first hominin to build clearly defined houses and villages.

H. Sapiens

One way anthropology differs from other disciplines that study people is because it ___.

Has culture as its core concept

If a man lives in a matrilineal society, which of the following is NOT in his kin group?

His children

The whole as greater than the sum of its parts

Holism argues that:

____ refers to all members of the human lineage since our last common ancestor with chimpanzees.

Hominins

The fossil evidence indicates that members of the genus ____ were the first to have the capability for language.

Homo

Acheulian tool tradition refers to the tools made and used by _____.

Homo erectus

The traits shared by all primates, which were inherited from a common ancestor, are an example of ______.

Homology

commodity logic and inuit as objects

How does the Martha of the north movie help us understand the intertwined histories of capitalism and colonialism?

The idea among Native Americans of the southeastern United States that the cosmos consists of three, inter-connected worlds is an example of?

How religion provides a worldview

The evolutionary relationship between humans and modern Great Apes is that _____.

Humans and modern apes share a common ancestor.

What is the essence of human nature?

Idealism - mind, spirit and ideas most important in shaping our experiences. materialism - material or physical conditions shape reality.

Oldowan tools are usually found _____.

In clusters associated with concentrations of fossil animal bones

Lies, geo-politics, effects lies that were told to the natives, land shifting and cold weather climates, starvation, sickness were the effects

In martha of the north, how was Colonialism in action? What effected them?

One of the reasons that race, as it is currently defined in the U.S., is not a valid biological category is that skin color ______.

Is not concordant with other traits

Which of the following is NOT a cross-cultural attribute of marriage discussed in class?

It involves an elaborate, large ritual

Which of the following is significant regarding the first human occupation of Australia?

It required the crossing of a major water barrier

The discovery of the Australopithecus fossil known as the Taung Child was important because?

It showed that bipedalism came before an increase in brain size

Name 2 examples from your book that display fieldwork

Jean Briggs and Nita Kumar

A four-field approach to anthropology developed in the U.S. during the 1800s as a result of ____.

The documentation of the Native American cultures that were being destroyed

Tylor and Henry Morgan

The earliest important anthropological typology of forms of human society was proposed by Unilineal Cultural evolutionists ____ and _____

Barter

The exchange in which people trade a product that they have in excess in order to obtain an item they need but do not produce themselves

Generalized reciprocity

The exchange of foods and services without keeping track of their exact value but with the expectation that their value will balance over time. ex) Exchange between child and parent. Parents are expected to care for and support to some extent financially but children are not expected to pay back the support given by parents.

_____ appeared about 2mya.

The genus homo

Child-headed family

The type of families in which children is heading a family that is comprised with cousins siblings younger than the headed child A child takes on responsibilities a parent would

Balanced reciprocity

There is a equal value expected; what is to be returned is specified ex: Someone gives you a birthday present. you're expected to give a present of equal value

What is the Positivism approach ?

There is a single reality that can be detected through the senses. - separates facts from values - all scientific knowledge = theory of everything

H. Habilis is significant because _____.

They made the first stone tools

H. erectus is significant because _____.

They were the first hominins to leave Africa

Which of the following is NOT a reason why the first written languages developed in different places around the world?

To record literature and poetry

Fieldnotes, field recordings

Tools for Fieldwork

-Culture area -Unilineal Evolution -Structural Functionalist -Ideological Implications

Typologies or schemas of categorization

Cultural Relativism

Understanding another culture in its own terms in a way that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful way to live.

_____ refers to reckoning descent by links only through mothers or fathers.

Unilineal

Fictive Kin

Unrelated individuals who are regarded and treated as relatives ex) foster parent)

______ are items in early human societies that may have been used by women in rituals.

Venus Figurines

According to the film Cracking the Maya Code, the ability to read ancient Maya writing has taught archaeologists that ____ was more important in Maya society than once thought.

Warfare

How genetically diverse are modern humans?

We are one of the least diverse species on the planet

Tribes

We define as a population who's members think of themselves as descendant from the same ancestor - a community that thinks of themselves as "one people"

Stone Age (Paleolithic) Bronze Age Iron Age

What are (in order) the three age system?

"utilitarian use of hunting knowledge "

What are the implications of Martha of the north history for anthropology?

Historical Particular-ism, the study of cultures in their own historical contexts

What did Franz Boas develop an approach to ? what exactly was it?

determined by a casual force of mind or spirit

What do idealists believe about human nature ?

Physical matter

What do materialists believe human nature is determined by?

Historical Particulism and Diffusionism

What does Culture area approach to?

Tensions and possibility created by co-existence of difference.

What does dialectics mean?

Cultural Relativsm

What does holism lead to?

that societies did not pass through a series of stages; each society results from particular historical conditions.

What exactly did Frans Boas discover about unilineal cultural evolutionism

the idea that the world is a market and everything within the world, has or should have, its price.

What is Capitalism simply put?

Studied Native population in N Vancouver and BC, Developed a theory of Cultural Relativism, devoted most of life work to discredit the importance of racial distinction in the field. Influenced by Charles Darwin.

What is Franz Boas well known for his studies? What theory did he develop? What did he devote life to and inspired by?

The main goal of a positivist approach is to produce objective knowledge

What is the main goal of the positivist approach?

Essentializations Determinism Othering Theories: Worldviews, ideologies based on these positions.

What things does Holism leads to the critique of ?

Thomson's three age system: Morgans Scheme (1877): 1. Savagery 2. Barbarism 3. Civilization

What was Morgan's and Thomson's scheme in Uni lineal Evolution ?

This approach Was interested in how societies hold together, ex. rituals were served to reinforce social harmony, re connecting society.

What was structional functionalism interested in? give a few examples

Lingua Franca/ Pidgin

When an individual changes their language in order to communicate with each other in particular areas

Relativistic and Reflective Matter

When anthropologists study other cultures, it is important they do so in ____________.

Manilowski, Bronislaw

Who invented participate observation?

The Azande explain all misfortune as being the result of _____, which is an example of how religion can be used to alleviate anxiety.

Witchcraft

Archaeologists with a specialty in _____ have identified the remains of domesticated animals in the archeological record.

Zooarchaeology

what constitutes a cultural fact tends to be .. ?

ambiguous

Ethnography

an anthropologists written(or filmed) description of a particular culture

Fieldwork

an extended period of close involvement with the people in a whose way of life. collecting data

Field (workers) have frequently felt they should not express what forms of emotion and why?

anger, disgust, and disappointment. Because it may be offence - must maintain balance between who they are and avoiding offence

What are the effects of field work on Humanity?

answers to problems about human nature, society, and history

a fifth additional subfield known as applied anthropology is?

applications of anthropological theories and methods to the solution of everyday problems.

sapir whorf hypothesis [re read] or linguistic relativity principle

argues that language that we use changes the way we engage with reality. action is wrt to the language we use;

how does cross culture comparison help anthropologists?

avoids making generalizations based on one social group.

What was Karl marx's perspective about how the world was shaped?

different groups/classes play different roles in production = members of each group having a different sense of what life is like.

what is the term participate observation mean?

direct face to face interaction w/ research participants and the researcher (eg. living with people, learning the language, and participating in everyday life)

What is the (former) description of culture?

distinguishing human characteristics of regulation and ability to imitate pattern, symbolically mediated ideas and activities that promote the survival of a species

Holism is a alternative approach to ________________ ?

dualism

language acts as a vehicle for culture; language reaffirms culture;

explain how language shapes perception from a culture implicit view;

What were the hudson's bay company interested in?

exploiting resources, trade but manipulated indigenous people

why is conducting field work risky?

faces the shock of the unfamiliar and their own vulernability

How did typologies help anthropologists with their research?

facilitated their study of similarities and differences among different cultures

True of false indigenous women and men experienced colonialism the exact same.

false ! diffferent

True or false holism does not form relationships b/t different aspects of society.

false, it does

True or False: not everyone posses culture and have the same capabilities

false; everyone does possess culture and have the same capabilities

true or false colonialism treated all groups of women the same in all conquered territories in the same way.

false; they did not some were allowed to keep their status

In the Cold War, enduring systems of classifications are?

first world (capitalist democratic countries - supported the U.S) Second World (communist-supported the soviet union) third World (Neutral)

what does archeology focus on ?

focus on past lives; the analysis of material remains.

what does cultural anthropology focus on ?

focus on present day societies - globalization, gender & sexuality, urbanization.

What does the term multi-sited ethnography mean?

focus on wide spread cultural processes; leads research from site to site as new considerations present themselves

What are the popular understandings of culture?

folkerama - tend to focus on "expressive" culture (eg.art, dance, school) - visual signs of difference (traditional dress, and food, rituals) - Artifacts (handicrafts, ceremonial objects)

How do you do field work in a globalized world?

follow people, things, lives

define cultural evolution

following how elements of culture have changed overtime

what is the anthropological perspective?

from other disciplines anthropologists try to fit them with their own findings to comphrend

learning a second language is often __________________ and ________

frustrating and hard

All humans possess _______ _______________ languages

full developed

Biological fatherhood

genitor

culture area

geographic region in which culture traditions share similar culture traits

culture happens to be influenced by

global flaws, and international politics

what does the term metanarrative mean?

grand theme that members of a given culture recognize and often drive ideas and actions within the culture

Anthropology tends to also pay attention to ____________ & _____________

history and power

what is reflexivity?

how and why one thinks about specific things

Positionality and Reflexivity and situated knowledge

how do you learn from challenges in fiedwork?

what does biological anthropology focus on ?

human beings as living organisms

isolation may lead researcher to reach out for close contacts which may leave them vulnerable to what kinds of feelings?

hurt and betrayal

What is the (latter) description of culture(s)?

indicates a particular way of life belonging to a specific group of human beings

Anthropology tends to concern itself with?

injustice and inequality

How is culture defined (in lecture/present)?

is learned, adaptive, invention, symbolic. it is a shared and negotiated system of meaning

What does the term dualism mean?

it's a type of view that portrays human nature being made up of two completely different (opposing) but equal forces.

inter subjectivity, situated knowledge, openness, reflexive and objectivity

key points of reflexive anthropology

Objective Knowledge

knowledge about humanity/reality that is absolute and true for all people in all times and places.

what is the term objective knowledge mean?

knowledge about reality that is absolute and true for all people, in all times and places

Situated knowledge

knowledge that is set within or specific to a precise context or situation.

What is situated knowledge ?

knowledge that is set within or specific to a precise text or situation. Also defined as one's unique perspective

What is the best tool to access informant perceptions and interpretations?

language

what was a key element in colonization?

language

The broader perspective of culture includes what 2 aspects?

learned behaviours and ideas that we acquire as members of society.

Define the holistic perspective.

looking at the whole and how different parts of the world are connected.

Describe the comparative approach

needs anthropologists to consider similarities and differences about one society compared to others

comparative approach

needs anthropologists to consider similarities and differences about one society compared to others

Positivist Approach

normally would require a physical scientist in a lab, producing concrete results. Anthropologists adapted this method to their own use by testing hypotheses in different cultures under similar conditions.

in the mothering monkey experiment, can calls be combined or not?

not.

Culture Shock

one of the major challenges in fieldwork which results in a feeling of physical and mental discomfort when in a new or strange cultural setting

multi-sited work is based on ______________ site

one primary site

Multi sited fieldwork

outcome of the following cultural phenomena wherever they lead, often crossing local, regional and national boundaries in the process.

which method of research is the most effective?

participate observation

Cultures are not sealed off from each other, which allows ?

people from different culture backgrounds to exchange ideas and practices

limitations of positionality?

people tend to overlook themselves - embellish qualities - over look faults

who are informants?

people who share info about their lives.

how did Wolf describe indigenous people?

people with out history

Dualism

philosphical view that one simple force(or a few simple forces) causes (or determines) complex events

What do materialists believe human nature is determined by?

physical matter

what belief does the holism perspective offer?

positive belief in human potential

transcription and coding

practices for fieldwork

Dialectic of Fieldwork

process of building a bridge of understanding b/w anthropologists and informants so that each can begin to understand the other

What contributed to capitalism and colonialism?

racism

What replaced unilineal cultural evolutionism later on?

realization that all cultures develop along their own path

holism and dialectics

reciprocity and "the great gift" were both aspects of

cultures are constantly being _________________ by members

redefined

which approach is better reflexive or positivist?

reflexive

Name an example of history and power in anthropological terms.

rich life style compared to poor lifestyle

How does holism believe human nature is ?

sees the whole as greater than it's parts

What are design features that Charles Hocket designed?

sets human language apart from other forms of animal communication

what do anthropologists actually do ?

show up in a community, plans how long, claims interest in community, interacts with people, take notes and make observations, stay with strangers family (host family), build friendships.

capitalism has large devastating facts on what societies?

small scale

define the word primatology

study of non human primates, closest living relatives of humans

primatology

study of non human primates, closest living relatives of humans

what is an essential step toward creating a more inclusive approach ?

that is to generate knowledge is identifying and moving beyond cultural biases that can distort a researcher's interpretations.

What exactly did Frans Boas discover about unilineal cultural evolutionism

that societies did not pass through a series of stages; each society results from particular historical conditions

Our sense of ethics and concern for preserving human delicacy lead us to understand what about ourselves?

that some things require us to choose amongst interests within contexts - stand with others for justice

what did Franz discover about new cultural forms?

that they were actually borrowed from neighbouring societies

Define Holism

the assumption that no boundaries separate the mind from the body, body from the environment, individual from society, my ideas from others or my traditions from others.

Determinism

the belief that one simple force or many simple forces cause or determines complex events

What does the term determinism mean?

the belief that one simple force or many simple forces cause or determines complex events

What is colonialism?

the culture domination of people by larger wealther powers

Socio Cultural Anthropology

the dialectic of culture, society and power

Participant-observation (definition)

the method anthropologists use to gather information by living and working with the people whose culture they are studying while practicing in their lives as much as possible.

define ethnocentrism

the opinion that one's way of life is the most sensible or correct, "normal" and desirable.

what is the term cultural relativism?

the perspective that all cultures are equally valid and can only be truly understood in their own terms

Reciprocity

the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another. "GREAT GIFT"

what does linguistic anthropology focus on ?

the relationship between language and identification; languages within it's subcultures (eg. revitilization of indigenous people)

Anthological knowledge has two parts which are?

the researcher and the informant

What is Linguistics?

the scientific study of language

What is Historical Particularism?

the study of cultures in their own historical contexts

paleoanthropology

the study of fossilized remains of human beings earliest ancestors

What is anthropology?

the study of humanity.

Define language

the system of symbols we use to encode our experiences of the world and of one another

Positivism

the view that there is a reality "out there" that can be detected through the senses and that there is a single, appropriate scientific method for investigating the reality

decolonization

the withdrawal of a colonial power from a territory that has been under its control

What is the term vocabulary?

the words used in a particular language or by members of a particular speech community

anthropologists must follow an ethics code which states?

they do not harm the safety, dignity, or privacy of those they work with.

Native speakers of a language share what aspects of language?

vocals, language, and assumptions about how to speak

1.) gathering data from different cultures, past and present 2.) comparing data and creating hypotheses - about what it means to be human 3.) finding anything that is universal in terms of the human condition

what are the three steps to a successful anthropological study?

racism

what contributed to capitalism and colonialism ?

that they were actually borrowed from neighbouring societies

what did Franz Boas discover about social forms?

focus on present day societies - globalization, gender & sexuality, urbanization.

what does cultural anthropology focus on?

learned adaptive, invention, symbolic. shared and negotiated system of meaning

what is culture defined as? (LAISSh)

Reflexive anthropology

what is multi sited ethnography related to?

realization that all cultures develop along their own path

what later replaced unilineal cultural evolution?

- holistic perspective - long term field work - focus on culture - attention to history and power - concern w/ injustice and inequality

what makes anthropology, anthropology?

participate observation

what method of research the most effective?

-cultural relativism -political economy of capitalism and colonialism - modernity and and evolution ism; reflexivity

what tools do we need to understand histories such as Martha of the north anthropologically?

Othering, in colonial political economy

what typologies/strategies were reflexive anthropology concerned with?

-Essential to Ethnography; -A "technology" that makes human culture possible (As interface and conveying information and meaning); -language shapes perception

why topic of language?

In anthropology what does the term "fact" mean?

widely accepted observation, an item taken for granted of common knowledge

what is the term "decolonialization" ?

withdraw of colonial power from a territory that had been under it's control

Joint Family

Joint Family Extends "horizontally" meaning, brothers and wives who reside together Families comprised with siblings; married or unmarried 2 generations: Parents (parents are siblings) and children

The _____ mode of production refers to societies in which getting access to the resources needed to survive is based on membership in a kin group.

Kin-ordered

The study of ______ is important within anthropology because family groups are the building blocks that form virtually all societies.

Kinship

______ refers to culturally defined rules that allow people to be assigned to a social group based on some aspect of their ancestry.

Kinship

Brideservice

Labour from the husband for the wife's family and resides with kin and relatives

____ is the false belief that individuals evolve biologically and that acquired physical traits can be inherited.

Lamarckian Evolution

CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN LANGUAGE 3) Duality of Patterning

Language is patterned in 2 different levels 1. Sounds 2. Meaning

One of anthropology's contributions to general knowledge, one that challenged the eugenics movement, is that culture is ____.

Learned

Regarding where anthropologists work in the United States, _____ anthropologists are employed by universities and colleges.

Less than half of

You are taking Introduction to Anthropology as part of a ____ education.

Liberal arts

Field Work

Living and interacting with people that are being studied

Main methods regarding fieldwork that describes anthropology?

Long term field work, and participant observation.

______ is a partially complete skeleton of an Australopithecus.

Lucy

The evolution of H. habilis into H. erectus is an example of ______, a major genetic change produced after many generations.

Macroevolution

The Trobriand Islanders use _____, defined as supernatural techniques used to accomplished specific goals, to help them achieve success in gardening and the kula.

Magic

who invented participate observation?

Malinowski, Bronislaw

We know from cultural anthropology that foragers ______.

Manipulate their environment

Polygyny (many women)

Marriage between a man and two or more woman - one man is married to more than one woman

Sororal Polygyny ("sister")

Marriage between a man and two or more women who are sisters

Sororate

Marriage between a widower and his deceased wife's sister The widower or the husband of a barin wife (unable to conceive children) will marry the first wife's sister

Fraternal polyandry ("brother")

Marriage between a woman and two or more man who are brothers

Same-sex marriage

Marriage between two men or two women

Polygamy ( many marriage)

Marriage in which the martial unit consists of three or more people - More than one spouse at the same time

The frequent use of _____ within early modern human societies suggests that the symbolic communication of social information has become very important.

Personal adornment

Which of the following is not a genus that was important in hominin evolution?

Pongo

A(n) ____ can be defined as a community of individuals within a species in which mates are found.

Population

Who discovered the structural functional theory?

A.R. Radcliffe Brown

Natural selection explains _____, defined as changes that allow survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

Adaptation

Anthropologists call the relationships created among kin groups through marriage _______ relationships.

Affinal

Affines

Affines People related through marriage ex) Aunt's husband is your affine

Nearly all known hominin species first appeared in _____.

Africa

CASTE

Caste is a social group whose memberships is hereditary. Castes are endogamous which means people must marry within their caste and their children are also apart of their group

The different areas of the world where farming and herding first independently appeared are called _____.

Centers of domestication

what are the two classifications of political structures ?

Centralized and uncentralized (egalitarian) political systems

______ appears to have played a large role in the domestication of sheep and goats in the Fertile Crescent.

Over-hunting of wild animals

Archaeologists who specialize in _____ study plant remains from archaeological contexts.

Paleoethnobotany

What is the difference between the two structures?

Centralized systems have permanent public decision making instiution (eg. chiefdom, king or queen, etc) Uncentralized system groups and individuals enjoy equal status and autonomy.

The _____ is the cultural period that spans the time from the first stone tools to the invention of agriculture.

Paleolithic

In the article, Shakespeare and the Bush, the anthropologist is collecting her data by using the techniques of?

Participant-observation

_____ is the method that characterizes fieldwork among living societies in which anthropologists take part in community life while they study it.

Participant-observation

With which form of descent do people join their father's group automatically at birth?

Patrilineal

Matrilocal residence

Pattern for residence after marriage in which the couples lives with or near the wife's family

Neolocal residence

Pattern of residence after marriage in which the couple establishes a new, independent household separate from their relatives

Patrilocal residence

Pattern of residence after marriage in which the couple lives with or near the husband's relatives

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 3) Adaptive

People adapt to their environment through culture means

Consanguines (blood related)

People related by blood ex) biological mother, fathers brothe

_____ anthropologist use methods that observe and documents what people actually do to help modify and develop commercial products or to study the organization of businesses.

Corporate

Blended Family

Created when a previously divorce/widow people marry and bring their children from previous family.

civilized, primitive and race. since they are offensive

Cultural Anthropology tends to ignore three terms, what are they and why?

Anthropology advocates _____, the attempt to understand cultural practices on their own terms.

Cultural relativism

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 5) Symbolic

People's behaviours and understandings are based on meanings expressed through symbols

_____ is the field of applied anthropology that documents, preserves, and investigates archeological sites before they are affected by development.

Cultural resources management

According to the film, Masai Women, _____ is a ceremony that women undergo around the time of puberty.

Circumcision

Lineages are sometimes grouped into _____ whose members trace their common ancestry back to some mythical ancestor.

Clans

4 Sub fields of Anthropology 1) CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Culture anthropologist use ethnographic fieldwork and the perspective of cultural relativism

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 1) Shared

Culture consist of behaviours and beliefs that are "Shared" by members in a group

The earliest form of written language, which used a series of wedge-shaped marks to convey text, is called?

Cuneiform

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 2) Learned

Peoples behaviours are the result of learning and not instinct

Social Birth

Social recognition of the transition to personhood

Franz Boas

Coined the term culture as "learned behaviours" truly the first person to develop an ethnography which is a descriptive account of anthropological studies.

Non-verbal Communication

Communication through gestures, facial expressions, body languages and use of space

Fischer suggested the complexity of 3 key overlapping areas that should be of concern to contemporary anthropologists, what are they?

(1)Centrality of science and tech (2) decolonization, post colonialism, and reconstruction of societies after social trauma (3) Role of relatively new electronic and visual media

mind: ideas, meanings, beliefs. OR matter: the physical environment (climate, geography, biology, or economic production)

(determinism) - human behaviour is determined by one force: the 2 competing forces are?

Single-parent family

Consisting of one parent and their children

The judgement of other cultures based solely on one's own culture is known as ____.

Ethnocentrism

The interpretation that cows are sacred in Hinduism because of functional, adaptive reasons is an example of the ____ perspective.

Etic

Which of the following has NOT been used to study the origins of language?

Fossil teeth

Egalitarian societies

Societies in which all members have equal access to valued resources, including land, social prestige, wealth and power

Multiple modernists Colonialism and shared patterns Dialectical engagement: Social Forms Transnational Corporations

"White mans Burden is an example of othering, Explain few recognition of "Othering"

name Examples of Unilineal cultural evolution, and who they were discovered by ?

"three age system" - C.J. Thomsen "ethnical stages" - Henry Lewis Morgan

What was the colonial political economy; what did it do?

(1) the centrality of economic interests in the organization of society (2) the use of people (politics) to protect & enhance these interests (3) Global connections (eg. Spanish american colonies were shipped to Spanish controlled philippines, where they were used to buy chinese textiles, which were sold in euro markets. Profits were used to fund colonial projects in North America.

Brief explanation of colonialism in canada

-european settlers stayed on indigenous land, took over indigenous people from their lands - sought to disconnect indigenous people from the land, history, identity, and rights so others can benefit

Social structural typologies, characteristics;

- Associated with British anthropology - related to colonial enterprise - indirect rule - through traditional leaders - focus on the enduring aspects of social forms - Social structure (eg. kinship and political system)

Who discovered Historical Particularism?

- Franz Boas

What are the characteristics describing the boasian Approach?

- Societies are not bounded or timeless - patterns of cultural borrowing (not only independent invention) - focused on cultural traits and how much they spread into neighbouring societies.

Anthropology has 4 subfields or (specialties) what are they?

- biological anthropology - archeology - cultural anthropology - linguistic anthropology

Reflexivity challenges the positivist approach, how ?

- challenges past certainties about truth, science, and objectivity - reflexivity focuses on the researcher's own involvement - subjective situated knowledge

what are social forms?

- collective ways of interacting with our surroundings/people we encounter - often taken for granted - encoded forms of behaviour; enforced by group

An anthropologist's field work is translation which makes it what?

- complicated and delicate - full of false starts & misunderstandings

What are some methods of collecting information?

- consult published literature and archives - conduct structural interviews - participate observation

what are the effects on researchers?

- culture shock - friendship, career, and learning

What is capitalism?

- economic system dominated by a supply and demand market designed to create capital & profit - conversion of all things into commodities - reduction of people to commodities

what does reflexivity take into account ?

- ethical and political context - background of researcher - role of informants (collaboration) - recognizes that there are many voices and perspectives

Define field work

- extended period of close involvement with the people the anthropologist is interested in. - involves a lot of time

What is cultural shock ?

- feelings of anxiousness and isolation in the field - no familiarity - no common sense - no relationships (to take for granted)

What makes anthropology, anthropology?

- holistic perspective - long term field work - focus on culture - attention to history and power - concern w/ injustice and inequality

What are the limitations of doing field work in a globalized world?

- may dilute the intensity of involvement and depth of understanding - may weaken researcher's political commitment to their primary informants.

what is the definition of openness?

- most important feature - ability to talk about the same experiences from different perspectives - allows people to conceptualize, label, and discuss the same experience in different ways.

What does it mean to say that knowledge is produced and open minded?

- no single interpretation is final - research involves dialogue b/t researcher and informant - ongoing process of knowledge production

What were the 6 design features discussed?

- openness - displacement - prevarication - arbitrariness - duality of patterning - semanticity

What does the term "displacement" mean?

- our ability to talk about absent or non-existent objects and past or future events as easily as one can discuss immediate events- - allows us to talk about things that do not exist (permits the extinction of linguistic creativity)

define neocolonialism

- persistence of social and economic ties linking former colonial territories to former rulers - (continuing affects of colonialism on people) - through past injustice that continue in the present

The consequence of openness is the design feature ______________________.

- prevarication - linguistic messages can be false and meaningless, in the logical sense - people can lie and form grammatically correct statements that make no sense what so ever. - major consequence of open symbolic systems

What was Eric Wolf's main point in "Europe & the people without history"?

- societies are not isolated; apart of a larger world system - connected thought colonialism and capitalism.

Rabinow refers to "dialectic of fieldwork"

- the "connection" (bridge) of understanding between the anthropologist and the informant; each begins to understand the other.

what is the plural meaning of languages?

- used to indicate the actual symbolic systems of groups that people use to communicate

Describe the early 20th century history regarding anthropology

-anthropologists (eg. Franz boas) rejected these ideas about "race" -used info about human biology and human culture to challenge racist stereotypes

Describe the early 19th century history of discipline of anthropology

-efforts to understand physical variations -context of exploration and colonization -effort to classify different "races" based on physical characteristics -justified discrimination and exploitation of groups thought to be inferior

Characteristics of Anthropology

1) HOLISTIC: - Looking at the "bigger picture" -Considering knowledge, sub field's and discipline to understand or see the bigger picture 2) COMPARATIVE: Considering the similarities in different culture 3) EVOLUTIONARY: - Considers change over time - The world is constantly evolving

What are the three technological stages of the age system?

1.) Stone age (paleolithic) 2.) Bronze age 3.) Iron Age

What are the 3 faulty assumptions about human nature and society?

1.) all cultures have their own boundaries (isolated) 2.) every culture offers only one way to interpret experience; no variety or contradictions 3.) people living in these closed cultures are only able to view a culture in only one way are unable to develop another view

The colonial order as a political economy created 3 kinds of connection: what are they?

1.) between conquered communities within a conquered territory 2.) B/t different conquered territories and 3.) between conquered territories and the country of the colonizers

What are the three reasons anthropologists are so interested in language?

1.) fieldwork progresses thru oral communication 2.) language contains grammatical and conceptual complexities that can be analyzed 3.) everyone uses language to structure their understanding of the world and of themselves, & with people they interact with.

what are the three steps to a successful anthropological study?

1.) gathering data from different cultures, past and present 2.) comparing data and creating hypotheses - about what it means to be human 3.) finding anything that is universal in terms of the human condition

Why is it that culture is problematic?

1.) reinforces differences (instead of our common humanity) 2.) makes it seems that each group is internally homogenous (uniform) & bounded (sealed off from others) 3.) ignores history and historical changes 4.) assumes that people are passive and are indoctrinated into a world view 5.) Threats non-western people's as "exotic others" 6.) sometimes ignores politics; marketing

A field project's success depends on what 2 things?

1.) researcher must contain appropriate authorization to work in a particular place. 2.) must gain acceptance from participants of the study

when thinking about culture we need to remember 3 things

1.) the role of history and politics - culture does not exist in isolation (exchange between cultures, trade, commerce) 2.) Adaptability - culture is not state preserving, "traditions" can serve to maintain identity -culture involves both tradition and the potential for change 3) Human Agency - the ability to exercise control over our lives (free will)

the foundation of culture contains 5 elements, what are they?

1.) transmission - ability to copy behaviour by observation or through instruction 2.) Memory - ability to remember new behaviours 3.) reiteration - ability to reproduce or imitate behaviour or info that has been learned 4.) innovation - ability to invent and modify behaviours 5.) selection - the ability to pick which innovations to keep and which ones to discard

Agriculture was first invented by human groups approximately ____ years ago.

10,000

After the war, the worlds have been categorized differently, categorized new worlds

1st world (development world) 2nd world (significant developing world) 3rd world (undeveloping countries) 4th world (neocolonial world)

Potts added 3 more innovations later on. what are they?

6.) symbolic coding, or symbolic representing the ability to use symbols to represent elements of reality 7.) complex symbolic representation - able to communicate freely about the past, the future, and the real and unreal. 8.) institutional development - able to create complex and variable forms of social organ's unique to our species

Incest taboo

A ban on sexual relations or marriage between parents and their children and between siblings

The relationship between brain growth and tool use in hominin evolution is an example of?

A bio-cultural relationship

Parallel cousin

A child of one's mother's sister or of one's father's brother

Cross Cousin

A child of one's mother's sister or of one's father's brothers

Personality

A constellation of behavioural traits and dispositions

Race

A cultural category that groups people according to so-called "racial" distinctions

"White Mans Burden"

A european sense that it was their duty to colonize, rule and civilize all people they viewed as being SAVAGE

Language

A fundamental part of Language, it is the primary meaning of interacting and communicating with others

In the reading Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief, the author does not have a place in society because he does not have a place in _____.

A kin group

Family

A married couple or other group of adult kinfolk who co-operate economically and in the upbringing of children

Positionality

A person's uniquely situated social position, which reflects his/her gender, nationality, political views and previous experiences

Holism

A perspective on the human condition that assumes that mind and body, individual and society, and individuals and environment interpenetrate and even define one another.

Structural Functional Theory

A position that explores how particular social forms function from day to day in order to reproduce the traditional structure of the society

Ethnicity

A principle or social classification used to create groups based on selected cultural features, such as; language, dress, religion

Judgement Sample

A sample of informants according to how well they represent the larger population

Norms

A set of behaviours and expectations people have on appropriate behaviour

Magic

A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes

Lineage

A set of relatives tracing descent from a known common ancestor

Human rights

A set of rights that should be accorded to all human beings everywhere in the world

Two unusual marriage practices among the Nuer illustrate the importance of the pater, which can be defined as ______.

A social father

EUGENICS

A social philosophy that agitates the improvement of human traits through various interventions. Manipulate human hereditary traits, try to read out the unfit people

Achieved status

A social position attained by a person's own efforts and skills - A status that we chose, or achieve through our own effort and skill (such as; husband, doctor, criminal)

Ascribed status

A social position that a person attains by birth. A person is born into an ascribed status - We think about our biological sex as ascribed (cannot change)

Symbol

A sound or object that represents an idea, sentiment, event or meaning

Big men

A status within egalitarian societies that places people in leadership positions based on personal wealth and influence over supporters

The berdache is a status among many Native American societies that is best understood as an example of _______.

A supernumerary gender category

Code-switching

A variety of language spoken by a particular group of people based on regional and social differences

Dialect

A variety of language spoken by a particular group of people based on regional and social differences

Assimiliation

A whole sale section of the entire value and meaning system of another culture and abandonment of ones belief's

_____ is an example of applied anthropology.

All of the above (Corporate, Medical, Forensic, Cultural resources management.)

A/an _____ is a physical trait shared by all primates.

All of the above (Emphasis on grasping, large and complex emphasis on vision over smell, generalized diet and dentition).

Cross-cultural comparisons have shown that ____ is defined differently by each society.

All of the above (Family, marriage, kinship, gender)

Marriage _____.

All of the above (Involves a change in social status, stipulates sexual access, ensures the legitimacy of children, establishes relationships among kin groups within a society)

Culture includes _____.

All of the above (Knowledge to operate efficiently in an environment, ideas about what is acceptable behavior, material culture, norms.)

Which of the following is an example of a status, a position one occupies in society?

All of the above (Married, student, female, adult)

The trends in the fossil record that characterize hominin evolution include _____.

All of the above (More efficient bipedalism, increases in brain size, more sophisticated tool use, reduction of the size of teeth).

_______ has/have been recognized in the archeological record as an attribute of modern human behavior.

All of the above (Ritual practices, personal adornment, the construction of houses, a modern foraging strategy)

Bioarcheological evidence from eastern North America shows the adoption of corn agriculture was associated with which of the following changes in health.

All of the above (Shorter life spans, malnutrition, higher rates of infection, higher rates of trauma/violence)

Which of the following is an attribute of anthropology?

All of the above (Studies humans, focuses on culture, based on fieldwork, holistic in perspective.)

Some of anthropology's major contributions to knowledge include insights to ____.

All of the above (The evolution of our species, the adoption of agriculture, the development of complex societies around the world, de-bunking race as a biological category.)

Which of the following characterizes gender relationships in Cherokee society?

All of the above (The work of men and women is valued equally, men are prominent in politics and warfare, and women are prominent in kin groups and household activities, the tasks and social worlds of men and women are mostly separate, women and their families own the farmland and its produce)

Primatologists have discovered that among bonobos, sex is _____.

All of the above (Used as a strategy for making alliances, separate from reproduction, used as a way to diffuse tension in the group.)

You are ______.

An anatomically modern H. sapien

The article Shakespeare in the Bush is about ____.

An ethnocentric interpretation of Hamlet

A detailed description of a particular community, society, or culture produced by a cultural anthropologists is known as ____.

An ethnography

Phomenics

Analysis of the use of sounds to differentiate the meaning of words

Applied Anthropology

Applications of techniques and theories on anthropology to solve real world problems

____ anthropology is defined as the use of anthropological methods and data to solve specific problems.

Applied

Positivist Approach Reflexive Approach Mutli sited Fieldwork/Ethnography

Approaches to fieldwork

Neandertals are an example of _____ species that lived in Europe and the MIddle East.

Arcaic H. Sapiens

The study of the origins of farming is only possible through _______, the study of people through their material remains.

Archaeology

One of the key reasons that agriculture has spread around the world is that agricultural populations _____ more than foraging populations.

Are larger

Ancient volcanic eruptions are important for paleoanthropology because _____.

Ash layers can be dated

Holism in anthropology refers to the discipline's _____.

Attempt to understand the entire human experience

What famous person's mother was/in an anthropologist?

Barack Obama

Religion

Beliefs and practices about spirit beings and supra-normal and super human forces and their relationship to everyday life

The other name the two forces are referred to in dualism is called?

Binary opposition

The effects of agriculture on human health is a topic that has been studied within ______ through the analysis of human skeletal remains.

Bioarchaeology

_____ is the study of human biological diversity in time and space.

Biological anthropology

Sex

Biological differences between males and females

______ is the first hominin trait to appear in the fossil record.

Bipedalism

A unique feature of Ardipithecus is its _____.

Bipedalism with a divergent big toe

______, defined as the transfer of goods and wealth from the family of the groom to the family of the bride, is a feature of many pastoral societies where it is often paid in cattle.

Bridewealth

Cultural hybridity

Bringing together of local and global

____ refers to the vocal communication system used by non-human primates.

Call System

Call systems (Animal Communication)

Call systems (Animal Communication) Consist of a relatively small number of sounds and vocalizations that express moods and sensations

Means of Production

Capital goods; tools, skills, knowledge and technology that go in the production of goods

The revitalization movements of Melanesia were distinctive because of their focus on ____.

Cargo

SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS 1) Evolutionism (central theory that built "school of thoughts")

Definition: Focused on clarifying and comparing people and their culture MORGAN: Referred to the 3 stages of family units TYLOR: Believed everyone in different locations were equally capable of developing and progressing through stages 3 Stages: 1) Savagery: Dawn of humanity, the discovery of fire and bow and arrow 2) Barbarism: The invention of pottery 3) Civilization: Rise of farming, agriculture, theory and state of political form

SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS 2) Structural Functionalism

Definition: Society is a product of its own experience RADICLIFFE-BROWN: - Social groupings and social roles and the norms attached to them - Culture practices function to maintain social structure, harmony in relationship, integration and stability EMILIE DURKHEIM: "People's values and behaviour are determined by their role in society" MALINOWSKY: = Biological needs - Functions and roles are dictoring - Uniform psychological responses are correlates of psychological needs

SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS 4) Historical Particularism

Definition: Society is a product of its own experiences FRANZ BOAS: " Culture is socially constructed meaning system that determines how people see, think about and act on their world."

Among all biological species, humans are unique because we _____.

Depend on the culture to survive

A ______ is a kin group that is a permanent social group whose ancestors claim a common ancestry.

Descent group

Matrilineal Descent

Descent system in which kinship group membership and inheritance pass through the female line

Patrilineal Descent

Descent system in which kinship group membership and inheritance pass through the male line

structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken

Describe sapir whorf principle

Charles Darwin's major contribution to science was that he ____.

Developed the principle of natural selection

A.R. Radcliffe Brown

Discovered the theory of Structural functionalism

Social stratification

Division of society into two or more groups, or strata, that are hierarchically ordered

_______ is defined as the human creation of a new form of plant or animal that is identifiably different from its wild ancestors.

Domestication

The _____ is a geological feature that has produced some of the most important early hominin fossil discoveries.

East African Rift Valley

Each society's rules about kin ship and post-martial residence are strongly influenced by ______.

Economic conditions

The subject of a kinship diagram is known as ______.

Ego

Which of the following is NOT a place where written language was created independently?

Egypt

____ is the hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the origins of bipedalism.

Energy efficiency

Cultural rules regarding exogamy seem to be related to the importance of _______.

Establishing relationships outside of one's own kin group

what is the "white man's Burden", Explain

European's sense that it was their duty to colonize, rule and "civilize" all people they viewed savage.

Negative reciprocity

Exchange of goods and services in which each party seeks to benefit at the expense of the other, thus making a profit ex) The seller wants to get the most and the buyer wants to get the most for the least.

______ can be defined as the practice of seeking a spouse outside of one's own group.

Exogamy

True or false is field data is subjective?

False field data is not subjective but it is intersubjective.

true of false assumptions of how to speak can be shared with people who speak a different language

False! not with people speaking a different language

True or False. Binary oppositions are universal

False, not the same in all cultures.

Nuclear Family

Family consisting of parents and their children

Extended Family

Family formed with three or more generations ex) Parents, children and grandparents

Culture Shock

Feelings of anthropologist have in the beginning of field work in unfamiliar surroundings

The practice of adoption into a kin group among the Cherokee was given as an example of _____ in Cherokee society.

Female power

Redistribution

Food and other goods collected by an organizer

According to the studies of cultural anthropologists, ______ is the most efficient subsistence strategy and people who practice it work less than those using other strategies.

Foraging

For most of our existence as a species, humans have made a living though ______.

Foraging

_____ anthropologists recover human remains from crime scenes, disasters, and massacres.

Forensic

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 4) Integrated

Forming relatively consistent and coherent systems

Which of the following is NOT a skeletal adaption associated with more efficient bipedalism?

Forward facing eyes that provide overlapping field of vision

Which of the following is the anthropologists LEAST likely to study?

Fossil dinosaur bones

Serial monogamy

Marriage pattern that stimulates that a person can be married to only one person at a time, although individuals may have two or more spouses during their lifetime. More than one spouse over a lifetime, but one at a time

Levirate

Marriage preference rule in which a widow marries her deceased husband's brother The obligation that a man's post-relative (usually brother) marries the widow (their wife)

Exogamy

Marriage principle in which people cannot marry members of their own lineage or clan but instead must forge alliances with members of other groups ex) Marry someone in a different lineage

Endogamy

Marriage principle in which people marry members of their own group ex) - within one owns lineage - within ones matrilineage/patrilineage

Monogamy (one, marriage)

Marriage rule that stipulates a union between two people

Intersubjective meaning

Meaning rooted in the symbolic systems of a culture and shared by the participants in that culture.

subjective meaning

Meaning that seems true to a particular person, based on his or her personal values, beliefs, opinions, and assumptions.

The first stone tools were made by _____.

Members of the genus homo

Economic system

Methods of allocating resources and the production, distribution, consumption and exchange of goods and services

______ refers to a situation where different characteristics evolve at different rates.

Mosiac Evolution

______ can be defined as the deferential survival and reproduction of organisms because of their biological characteristics.

Natural Selection

The ability to digest lactose by individuals in some populations is an example of biological variation within our species that has been produced by _____.

Natural selection

The significant changes in lifeways associated with the development of food production in the Fertile Crescent has been called the _____ Revolution.

Neolithic

The earliest evidence for modern human behavior appears in _____.

None of the above

The sub-disciplines of anthropology include _____.

None of the above

Which attribute is unique to humans and distinguishes us from all other species?

None of the above

Woman-to-woman and ghost marriages among the Nuer are ______.

None of the above

_____ is the sub-discipline that focuses on the study of human speech and language.

None of the above

_____ are cultural guidelines about what is appropriate behavior in a given society.

Norms

Human crossed into ______ above 15-12kya.

North America

Data in anthropological research were most likely collected from ____.

Observations of what people do in their natural context

The data collection methods of anthropology set it apart from the other social sciences because anthropologists _____.

Observe what people do in their natural context.

Ethnography

Observing and documenting peoples way of life

______ is a well-preserved site in northern Israel submerged beneath the Sea of Galilee that contained the remains of several brush huts that were used by a small group of mobile foragers.

Ohalo

_____ are the first evidence we see of culture in the archaeological record.

Oldowan tools

Spirit possession

One surrender's ones body to unseen forces

it was often objective facts, people of the culture at question were regarded more as lab subjects than actual human beings

Positivist approach was very successful in recording previously unknown data about different peoples, but it was bad in what sense?

The Visual Predation hypothesis attempts to explain the origins ______.

Primate traits

______ appeared about 60mya.

Primates

The article entitled Gombe by Jane Goodall discusses her work as a _______.

Primatologist

Bilateral Descent

Principle or descent in which people think of themselves related to both their mother's kin and their father's kin at the same time.

shared humanity, multiple modernities

Privilege of "the Great Gift"

positivist anthropology

Provides sensory analysis of causes, value free disinterest and objectivity in fieldwork

Culture-specific psychological disorders

Psychological disorders that is frequency in come cultures but rare or absent in others

Diffusionism

Recognizes the change of society over time, and its interchanges

Culture

Refers to customs, values, attitudes, and beliefs of a member in a society

_____ is defined as belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces.

Religion

Key Informant

Representatives of a large community who are reliable and are well versed in the the local cultural knowledge

Permission and Ethics

Requirements of fieldwork

Numerous societies around the world turned to _____ as ways to deal with the massive outside encroachment brought about by colonialism.

Revitalization movements

Initiation Rites

Rituals that marks a person transition from childhood to adulthood

In the Fertile Crescent during the early Natufian period, the people living in villages like Ain Mallaha were ______.

Sedentary foragers

_____ is a term that refers to living in more permanent settlements.

Sedentism

______ refers to cultural rules that determine the different tasks performed by men and women in a society.

Sexual division of labor

Socialization

Similar to enculturation but focuses more on the social factors instead of culture

The current evidence supports the ______ hyopthesis for the appearance of anatomically modern humans.

Single Origin

Bands

Small groups of people who live by hunting (the norm; standard)

what two human capabilities are needed for human beings to develop human nature?

Social living and Cultural sharing

Stratified societies

Societies in which people have differential access to valued resources, including land and property, social prestige, wealth and political power - Society in which there is a permanently hierarchy or structured inequality whereby some members of society are accorded privileged access to wealth or occupation

A _____ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language.

Society

Pre-industrial political system

Structural functionalists only analyze ___________

Archaeology is distinct from the other sub-disciplines of anthropology because it ____.

Studies human culture through material remains

Franz boas

Suggest that we think about how societies got to where they were through interchanges between societies.

Many anthropologists relate the origins of culture to the appearance of _____.

Symbolic communication

Kinship systems

Systems for determining relatives and relationships

The phrase that anthropology should "make the strange familiar" refers to the fact that anthropology often _____.

Takes a cross-cultural, comparative perspective

Male berdaches expressed their new gender role primarily by ______.

Taking up the tasks and clothing of women

Dialectics

Tensions and possibility created by co existence of difference. How to put holism into practice

CJ Thomson

The "Three Age System" was theorized by

Climate change and population pressure played important roles in the domestication of plants in ______.

The Fertile Crescent

The earliest evidence in the world for domestication is found in _____.

The Fertile Crescent

CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN LANGUAGE 2) Productivity

The ability to add words and join in different combinations

CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN LANGUAGE 2) Displacement

The ability to communicate about something that is not happening at that moment

COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE 2) MORPHONOLOGY

The analysis of word structure

Reflexive Anthropology

The anthropology of anthropology that focuses on cultural and political biases

Deviance

The behaviour that violates culture norms and expectations

Syncretism

The blending of two or more (often 2) religious traditions to form a new one

Ethnology

The comparative study of two or more culutres

Colonialism

The cultural domination of a people by larger, wealthier powers

Unilineal Descent

The idea that you chase descent through the fathers line only or through the mothers line. or: Principle of descent in which people define themselves in relation to only one line, either their mother's line traced back through a series of women or their father's line traced back through a series of men

Emic Perspective

The insider's point of view

Globalization (???)

The intensification of global interconnectedness

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The language people speak influences the way they think

Ethocentrism

The opinion that ones way of life is the most natural, correct, or fully human way of life

Etic Perspective

The outsider point of view

Idealism

The philosophical view (dating far as plato in western thought) that ideas or the mind that produces such ideas contribute the essence of human nature

Acculturation

The process by which a group adjusts to the dominant culture but is still maintaining the original identity

Enculturation

The process by which children acquire their culture

Enculturation is ____.

The process by which we learn our culture.

Marriage is marked in the Trobriand Islands by _______.

The public eating of yams by the married couple

Supernumerary gender refers to______.

The recognition of gender categories other than male and female

Gender

The roles that people perform in their households and communities and the values and attitudes that people have regarding men and women

COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE 3) SYNTAX

The rules that generate the combinations of words to form sentences and phrases

Social Fatherhood (pater)

The status of a man who fulfills the responsibilities of parenting, a role that may or may not be the same as biological paternity

4 Sub fields of Anthropology 2) LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

The study of Language of indigenous people, language change and the relationship between language and other aspects. ex: Beliefs, culture, thoughts

4 Sub fields of Anthropology 4) BIOLOGICAL/PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

The study of human origins and biological diversity

Phonetics

The study of human speech sounds

Anthropology

The study of humanity, from its evolutionary origins millions years ago to the current world wide diversity

Anthropology can be simply defined as ____.

The study of humans and their ancestors

4 Sub fields of Anthropology 3) ARCHAEOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY

The study of society through material cultur

COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE 1) Phonology

The study of sound systems in Language

COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE 4) SEMANTICS

The study of systems of Languages

Sociolinguistics

The study of the interplay of variables ex: race, class, gender

Henry Lewis Morgan

The three ethnical stages were developed by

Bridewealth

The transfer of goods from the family of the grooms to the family of the bride

Dowry

The transfer of wealth from parents to the daughter at the time of marriage

The Single Origin Multiregional models are hypotheses that attempt to explain.

The transition from archaic H. Sapiens to anatomically modern H. Sapiens

Define imperialism

a system where one country controls, less powerful territories through colonization.

What is the term "unilineal cultural evolutionism'?

a theory discovered in the 19th century that proposed a series of stages (that all societies must undergo or have done) in order to reach civilization

Unilineal cultural evolutionism

a 19th century theory that proposed a series of stages through which all societies must go (or had gone) to reach Civilization

Anthropologists like to come up with typologies which are?

a classification system based on systematic organization into types on the basis of shared qualities

what is the term ethnology?

a comparative study of 2 or more such groups

Capitalism

a economic system dominated by a supply and demand market designed to create capital and profit

Structured interviews

a method for gathering information whereby an anthropologist (or another researcher) asks a set of predetermined questions and records participants responses

What is a native speaker?

a person who has spoken a particular language since early childhood

reflexivity tends to get at positionality; which is ?

a person's own situated social position; reflecting themselves

What is the structural-functional theory?

a position that explains how particular social forms function from day to day in order to reproduce the traditional structure of the society

Define the term ethnography

a recorded description of a particular group of people's way.

What is the definition of grammar?

a set of rules that describe patterns of linguistic usage observed by members of a particular speech community

What is the (singular meaning of language)?

abstract property belonging to the human species as a whole

In uncentralized systems there are two subgroups which are?

band - small organization based on (values), dont farm or herd Tribe - larger organization, has domestic plants and animals

What does language provide us exactly?

basic tools for diverse forms of creativity; can also be barriers

how were people described wrongfully in colonialist times?

being without history

Human language is a _______________ phenonmenon

biocultural

define bio evolution

change in genetic makeup of a population that is passed on though generations

In centralized systems there are two subgroups (central institutionalized forms of authority) which are?

chiefdom - usually chief and family set above rest of society state - stronger higher people and society organized in a more centralized way.

cultural anthropology tends to reject what 3 terms bc ?

civilized, primitive, and race because they may be offensive

Define the Holism perspective?

considers human nature as a result of coevolution, coevolving and codetermining.

What is the reflexive approach ?

critically thinking about the way one thinks, reflecting on one's own experience

Reflexivity

ctricially thinking about the way one thinks; reflecting on one's own experience

every human language is a _______________ _________________.

cultural product

In the modern anthropological perspective, humans are capable of _______________ & ____________________

cultural sharing and learning

social forms

culturally conforming collective ways of interacting with our surroundings and the people we encounter, these forms of interaction, often taken for granted.

What does anthropology focus on?

culture

considers human nature as a result of coevolution, coevolving and codetermining.

define the holism perspective

looking at the whole and how different parts of the world are connected.

define the holistic approach

From the lecture notes please explain what cultural genocide is.

destruction of traditions, values, languages - eg.) residential schools for indigenous children

What do idealists believe about human nature ?

determined by a casual force of mind or spirit

Whats is this term? "unchanged core of features; unique to the things of the same type and makes them what they are"

essence

multi sited ethnography

ethnographic research on cultural processes that are not contained by social, ethnic, religious, or national boundaries in which the ethnographer follows the process from site to site.

What is the term Habitus?

everyday routine social activity rooted in habitual behaviour (that are learned)

Fieldwork. Participant Observation. Structured Interviews. Archival Material. Published Literature

methods anthropologists use for collecting information (5)

transects, surverys, structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, participant observation

methods of gathering data

if you were to ask North Americans what they believe about human nature. They would say that it is separated into 2 parts:

mind and matter, soul and body and spirit over flesh.

(determinism) - human behaviour is determined by one force: the 2 competing forces are?

mind: ideas, meanings, beliefs. OR matter: the physical environment (climate, geography, biology, or economic production)

True or false is anthropology comparative?

true

True or false is culture constantly changing ?

true

are societies interconnected? True or false

true

we are able to ignore the historical impact of global forces, true or false?

true

what are the limitations of humans?

two extremes - either we have free will or our behaviour is completely determined.

what are "rich points" >?

unexpected moments when problems in cross cultural understanding emerge - occur when words or actions signal gaps b/t the anthropologist's assumption about how the world works and those of the local people

semi-structured interviews

unlike rigorous set of questions asked, this type of interview is open, allowing new ideas to be brought up during.

how is culture useful in anthropology?

useful to depict racist stereotypes.

Every culture offers a ________________ of ways to interpret experience

variety


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