Anth Midterm
Holism
A cultural anthropologist studying the meaning of marriage in a small village in India might consider local gender norms, existing family networks, laws regarding marriage, religious rules, and economic factors. This is an example of
Anything that serves to refer to something else, but has an arbitrary meaning, is best referred to as
A symbol
Who was Zhang Qian?
A. One of the first people to systematically study and document cultural differences B. A military officer born in the second century BCE C. A traveler who discovered many of the trade routes used in the Silk Road D. All of the answer choices are correct D is correct
Sometimes an anthropologist does research on a particular group in order to lend their expertise to help fight for justice and equality for that group. In your text, this approach to research is called
Activist Anthropology.
The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics stresses which of the following ethical responsibilities?
All of the answer choices are correct
Suitable field sites for conducting ethnography include
All of the answer choices are correct.
The bipedal position of humans, in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion of other animals, led to some changes in the vocal anatomy. This includes
All of the answer choices are correct.
The importance of gift-giving to reciprocity is that
All of the answer choices are correct.
The oralist approach to the education of Deaf and hard-of-hearing people
All of the answer choices are correct.
What causes language variation?
All of the answer choices are correct.
What is armchair anthropology?
An approach that uses the stories and experiences of others to measure other cultures from one's own (superior) vantage point
An etic perspective would include which of the following?
Analyzing a cultural practice by examining how it fits into the recent economic practices of a region
The increasing number of razor blades
Anthony Kwame Harrison argues that anthropology places taken-for-granted notions of progress within the broader context of human culture. What example does he give of a taken-for-granted notion of progress?
why pockets of extreme poverty persist in the United States.
Anthropologist Philippe Bourgois lived with Puerto Rican crack dealers in East Harlem in order to find out
Which subfield of anthropology aims to solve specific practical problems in collaboration with governmental, non-profit, and community organizations?
Applied anthropology
Deductive
Biological anthropology and archaeology use what kind of approach when conducting research?
Societies with tributary production generally share which of the following features?
Communities of kin own and work the land; tribute collected is used by the ruling class.
The principle that a culture must be understood on its own terms rather than compared to an outsider's standard is called
Cultural relativism
Which of the following best describes the relationship between cultural relativism and ethnocentrism?
Cultural relativism emphasizes understanding from an insider's view, and ethnocentrism judges other cultures from an outsider's view.
"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" is Tylor's definition of
Culture
One of the main differences between the anthropology that developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries in North America and Europe was that
European anthropology focused more on social institutions (such as family or political organizations), and how they interact with culture.
Which of the following anthropologists is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern North American anthropology, with its focus on fieldwork and cultural relativism?
Franz Boas
What was the problem with Flaherty's "documentary" film, Nanook of the North?
He staged certain scenes and provided traditional props to recreate an imagined past for the Inuit.
After studying Hopi language, linguistic anthropologists Sapir and Whorf concluded that
Hopi speakers understand time in a fundamentally different way than English speakers.
Chapter author Linda Light uses the analogy of a fish in water to make which of the following points about human language?
Humans are so deeply immersed in our culture and language that we do not usually think about its importance.
All mental aspects of culture
In cultural anthropology, the term "belief" refers to
Immersive Fieldwork
In order to study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups, what must cultural anthropologists do?
Their own societies and subgroups within them
Instead of studying social groups that differ from their own, to where are cultural anthropologists increasingly turning their focus?
How do anthropologists understand the concept of The Other?
It is a term that describes people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are different from one's own; an outsider or stranger.
What is ethnocentrism?
It is the belief that one's own culture is better than others.
Which of the following does NOT describe culture?
It is the genetic range of a society or subgroup.
A. explore the environmental, social, and cultural conditions that impact the experience of illness. B. draw on all four subdisciplines of anthropology. C. undertake both applied and theoretical anthropology D. all of the answer choices are correct. D is correct
Medical anthropologists
To which of the following does ethnography NOT refer?
Novels written by cultural anthropologists
All of the following are accurate statements about African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), EXCEPT
Only African Americans are capable of speaking AAVE
The Garbage Project and "African Burial Ground" are examples of which branch of anthropology?
Paleoanthropology
What term is used to refer to the immersive, long-term research that cultural anthropologists undertake?
Participant-observation fieldwork
How do anthropologists understand the ritual of Christmas for its participants?
Participants engage in the process of buying, wrapping, and giving gifts to celebrate personal social relations within a sphere of monetary exchange
Of the following, which is the LEAST likely position for an applied anthropologist to hold?
Professor at a research university
Which of the following is NOT a major subfield of anthropology in the United States?
Sociopolitical anthropology
Why do the authors of this chapter decide to talk to a patron of a coffee shop?
The authors are interested to know how non-anthropologists define culture.
The general idea of Chomsky's Universal Grammar is that
a basic template for for all human languages is embeddedin our genes (in other words, when we are young we are capable of making a wide range of sounds)
The minimal unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning, but that does not carry meaning itself (such as /b/ in "bit" or /p/ in "pit") is
a phoneme
Code-switching is a speech act in which
a speaker uses coded or secret language to get a message across to another speaker.a speaker uses several language varieties in a particular interaction
Armchair anthropology is a term used to refer to
a type of early anthropology based on the tales of others who had traveled to foreign lands.
The term primitive is a term that implies all of the following EXCEPT
an objective and neutral approach to newly encountered peoples.
The Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islands, a ceremonial exchange of arm bands and necklaces, best illustrates
balanced reciprocity
When something is given or traded with the expectation that something of equal value will be returned within a specified time period, it shows
balanced reciprocity
The study of human origins, evolution, and variation is known as
biological anthropology.
Most often, ethnographers include in their writing
both emic and etic perspectives.
The communication of animals using sounds and visual cues (such as color changes, expressions, or body movements) is referred to as a
closed system
Foraging societies are characterized by
collective ownership of the primary means of production and lower rates of social domination
The American Anthropological Association's (AAA) Code of Ethics specifies all of the following guidelines EXCEPT
complete your research by any means necessary.
North American anthropologists stress the importance of holism, or
considering the entire context of a society, including its history.
The idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own is called
cultural relativism.
Ethnographers tend to write two kinds of field notes:
descriptive field notes and personal observations.
Which of the following of Hockett's design features are unique to human language?
displacement
According to Wolf's typology, the three distinct modes of production are
domestic, tributary, and capitalist.
The ________ perspective focuses on how people perceive and categorize their own culture and experiences.
emic
In anthropology, the process of learning culture as it is transmitted by others is called
enculturation
Before beginning fieldwork, researchers usually must submit their plans to an Institutional Research Board (IRB). The role of the IRB is to
ensure that study participants are aware they will not be harmed by the research.
The idea that one's own group is better than any other is called
ethnocentrism.
The in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people is referred to as
ethnography
The theory of structural-functionalism, as used by Radcliffe-Brown, believed that social structures
functioned to maintain social stability over time.
At Halloween each year, the author joins in giving out handfuls of candy to neighborhood children. This type of reciprocity can best be called
generalized
Gifts that are given without agreeing upon the exact value of the gift, nor the time frame within which it should be returned, demonstrates
generalized reciprocity
An approach to culture that emphasizes the interrelationships between all aspects is referred to as
holistic
All of the following are true about human paralanguage, EXCEPT
it includes pitch, tone, and volume.
The Nuremberg Code is a document produced after WWII that is relevant to anthropology because
it provided a model code of ethics for how to treat human subjects ethically in medical or scientific research.
The authors mention many reasons for telling stories within a society. They identify all of the following reasons EXCEPT
keeping members glued to storytelling devices, such as televisions.
The term for all forms of human body language is
kinesics
The Wampanoag project, led by Jessie Little Doe, is creating new native speakers of the Wampanoag language. This type of project is called
language revitalization
The abandonment of a language in favor of a new one is called
language shift
Margaret Mead's book, Coming of Age in Samoa (1925), was an important contribution to the nature-nurture debate, arguing that teenagers experience less stress in Samoa than in the United States. Her fieldwork provided evidence that
learned cultural roles are more important than biology in most types of behavior.
The mode of exchange that is characterized by regulation by supply and demand and transactions that are often impersonal (with strangers) but may be personal (with acquaintances or family members) is
market exchange
Deborah Tannen, linguistics professor at Georgetown University, argues that men and women have different speaking styles. Her research found that
men tend to use styles that show status and competitiveness, while women tend to use styles that are cooperative and assert equality.
A minimal unit of meaning in a language, that may be bound or unbound, is
morpheme
The term "vernacular" is used to identify
non-standard or stigmatized forms of a language, also may be called a "dialect."
Economic anthropologists have studied the results of Westernization around the world, and found that increasing numbers of McDonalds (or other Western commodities) have
not Westernized people in the ways originally feared, and in some cases have caused a resurgence of local identities.
The research technique in which an ethnographer records their own observations and thoughts, as well as what they do while engaging in daily community activities, is called
participant observation
Going native" means that an anthropologist
participates more fully in local life than an observer, potentially becoming romantically involved with Native people
Paul Farmer, working as both a __________ and a __________, demonstrates the applied potential of anthropology.
physician/medical anthropologist
Bronislaw Malinowski is best known in anthropology for
pioneering fieldwork methods, including participant observation.
Salvage ethnography was an approach that emphasized
preserving and collecting "authentic" and traditional ways of life that were disappearing.
Anthropologists focus on three phases of economic production, which are
production, exchange, and consumption
A sense of trust and a comfortable working relationship in which the informant and the ethnographer are at ease with each other is referred to as having
rapport
The three modes of exchange are
reciprocity, market exchange, and redistribution
The accumulation of goods and services by a person or institution for the purpose of dispersal at a later date is
redistribution
The collection of taxes by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, with the objective to disburse tax refunds and invest into infrastructure and federal services can best be seen as a form of
redistribution
Nineteenth century anthropologists identified three stages of "cultural evolution," which were called (in this order of development)
savagery, barbarism, and civilization.
Darjeeling tea companies are marketing their product with labeling practices that appeal to Western consumers. Meanwhile, the workers who pick tea leaves in Darjeeling, India
still work within a highly unequal system in which they rely on plantation owners for pay, food, housing, and medical care
A form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs is called
structural violence
The idea that a U.S. bride would wear a white dress to her wedding, but a Chinese bride would wear red, relies on the __________ meaning of colors in different cultures.
symbolic
Benjamin Whorf's research into the Hopi language led to
the idea of linguistic relativity.
Linguistic anthropologists Sapir and Whorf's main argument was that
the language one speaks plays a critical role in how one thinks about the world.
The social relations through which human labor is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge, is called
the mode of production
The theory of functionalism, as used by Malinowski, understood that cultural traditions developed as a result of
the need to regulate specific human needs, such as food, safety, reproduction, and livelihood.
Margaret Mead's book Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) provided an example of cultural determinism in that
the stress and anxiety of American adolescence were not experienced by Samoan youth, who grew up in a different cultural environment.
The fact that small-scale, semi-subsistence farmers - such as the indigenous coffee farmers of Central America and Mexico - own their own land, organize along a kin-based system, and also produce a commodity for the global market demonstrates that
their economic activity is uniquely adapted to the contemporary global economy by utilizing several modes of production simultaneously.
Widely known as the founder of American anthropology, Franz Boas insisted that
while cultures differ, they are not superior to nor inferior than one another.
Anthropologist Eric Wolf argued that human consciousness is determined by this basic human activity:
work