ANTH1102 Final Exam Short Answer Questions

What do we use to explain the biological variation between modern human populations today? In other words, what is the explanation for why different groups of people have certain physical traits that makes these populations biologically different from others. In addition, provide an example of one of these specific population traits with the environmental explanation for it.

-explaining the human phenotype-adpating to specific eco-nicheslarge long nose- cold weathershort flat nose- warm weather

How did domestication of plants OR animals occur? What physical/morphological changes happened and how were people thinking about it?

-human interference with reproduction of another speciesplant domestication-opportunistic (most productive plants get selected for )-intentional (purposefully planted and selecting traits)AFTER DOMESTICATION : larger, grains stay on, outside normal environment, changes in pollenanimal domestication-opportunistic-earliest were dogs-intentional is a mobile food sourceAFTER DOMESTICATION:-smaller-outside natural environment-morphological-increased population-abnormal sex/age ratio

How do industrial and non-industrial societies differ in terms of creating, producing, learning, and appreciating art?

-in both it is a formally learned process -non-industrial: art is seen as a group effort; little credit given to the individual because it is given to the group-industrial societies: produced by an individual with little criticism given beforehand; society view art here as a more professional act; used to express the artist's cultural background -function of art: to produce a reaction from others and aesthetically please someone

Briefly discuss the three different paths of hominin evolution. Describe each path separately by discussing where it was happening, how the evolving species are marked by the four hominin evolutionary trends, as well as naming as many species as you can.

1)The first path started in East Africa and the three evolving species are anamensis, afarensis, and boisei. The species were marked by the evolutionary trends in that all showed increasing cranial capacity and increasing bipedalism. They were also omnivores and herbivores, so differences and changes in facial structure could be observed based on a changing diet. 2)The second path was in Southern Africa. The species that evolved include afarensis, africanus, and robustus. The gracile body types and larger skeletal builds continued to be selected, showing evidence of the evolutionary trends.3)The third path was in Eastern Africa. The species that evolved include afarensis, homo habilis, and homo erectus. Both species showed an increase in cranial capacity and material culture like tool making. They had smaller teeth and increased bipedalism.

Define rite of passage, describe the three stages of a rite of passage, discuss how each stage affects the initiate, and provide a specific cultural example.

A rite of passage is a ritual marking transitions between places or stages of life. During rites of passage there are three stages: separation, liminality, and incorporation. When the initiate has entered the incorporation phase they reenter society having completed a right that changes their status.

Briefly discuss what is meant by applied anthropology. Use one example to explain how applied anthropology works in a field setting.

Applied anthropology is the practical application of anthropological research to everyday problems. For example, an entity or corporation an anthropologist works for will give them questions/ issues to solve in areas such as education and business. They can work in hospitals, business offices, and governmental structures etc.

What are the four trends of hominin evolution? Discuss which trends happen and when (not necessarily specific dates, but relative to each other in chronological order). Use species names as examples.

Bipedalism: walking upright on two feet; ability increased throughout time Ex.- Ardipithecus Dental changes: facial changes; reduced size and altered shape of jaw due to changing diets Ex.- Australopithecines Cranial capacity: expanding area in hominin cranium; brain::body ratio increased over time Ex.- Homo genus Material culture: complexity of human made objects increasing over time Ex.- Archaic homo sapiens

Discuss two BIOLOGICAL traits that are shared by humans and other apes and that are distinct from monkeys and other primates (do NOT discuss behaviorial traits).

Body sizes tend to be larger and lifespans are longer. We can see that humans and other apes have larger bodies than monkeys and other primates. Humans and apes also tend to live longer.

What are some of the factors (consequences and the benefits) that various people around 10-12,000 years ago throughout the world could have reacted to when deciding to both create and adopt new adaptive strategies of domestication and sedentism?

CONSEQUENCES1)population change- large population increase2) environmental degradation-agriculture changes the environment3) insecure food supply- greater susceptibility to disastersBENEFITS1)Farmers needed less land than a hunter-gatherer2)Farmers have a more predictable food source3)Farming was less damaging to the body (less violent deaths and longer life-spans)

Archaeologists have given at least four different explanations about why and how complex societies arose. Please briefly describe and name one of those explanations and provide a name of a Primary State culture or region from the lectures or your readings that fits the theory.

Charismatic leaders: attract followers to where they are and follow them and settle into a societies, increasing populations, function based on that leader who they follow based on their divine traits

How is human communication that we call language different in comparison to non-human communication, particularly given the human verbal traits?

Creative and complex manipulation of sounds and gestures. Human communication is learned, shared, and taught. Non-human communication is simply call systems which is a use of symbolism.

What is cultural relativism and why is it used in anthropological research?

Cultural Relativism is the idea that behavior should be evaluated not by outside standards but in the context of the culture in which it occurs. It counteracts ethnocentrism. It is a method to understand other cultures within the cultural context. It is used in anthropological research so that scientists can objectively study different society's cultures (sometimes extremely different than their own), and understand them to the fullest extent without allowing their own views to get in the way.

Think about what culture is and give the anthropological definition of culture. What are some attributes that define it for anthropologists?

Culture is a set of learned, shared behavior and ideas that humans acquire as members of society; all abstract beliefs,values, and perceptions of the world. Some attributes are: learned (passed between generations), symbolic (something that comes to stand for something else), and all encompassing (culture includes all aspects of human group behavior).

One of the big research questions for anthropologists is to describe how economies are organized including the adaptive strategies. Name and describe each of the five adaptive strategies. For one of the non-industrial adaptive strategies give one specific cultural example of a society that engages in it as their primary subsistence strategy.

Economies are organized in many unique ways across a variety of cultures however they are all influenced by how societies are socially constructed. For example, in chiefdoms (like those found in Polynesia) there are ranked horticulturalist and agriculturalists societies with single leaders and redistributive economies. In a redistributive economy, wealth is redistributed throughout a community (taxation).

What are the two primary determinants that best explain the Neolithic changes leading to domestication and sedentism as a global phenomenon and how did they shape the direction of these cultural changes?

Environmental determinants: receding ice age and warming climatesSocial determinants: population size, social networking opportunities

Recall our last in-class discussion on cultural concepts of gender and gender types. Please quickly describe the anthropological understanding of gender. How do gender categories used in Hawaiian culture fit in this description? How does this idea of alternative or third genders compare to how in the U.S. we use our gender categories and focal vocabulary of gender?

Gender is a cultural construction of sexual differences, includes shared ideas about categories female to male based both in biology and culture. In Hawaiian culture, gender has always been viewed on a general spectrum female to male and those who find themselves in the middle have a unique or individual role and purpose in society. In American culture, gender has not always been so fluid and males & females have assumed specific roles defined by cultural expectations. However, America does appear to be moving towards a more accepting, open, and fluid view on gender and gender roles.

Describe each of the three Out-of-Africa Models discussed in class and tell me which one is the most widely accepted model in anthropology today.

H. erectus they had the first use of fire and could be the reason why we cook our food the way we do today. 2. Archaic sapiens. Replaced most of all erectus. 3. Homo sapiens (modern humans).

Think about how we put fossil primates and hominins into evolutionary order. What is the difference between homologies and analogies and what are the dating methods used?

Homologies are used to assign a fossil to a taxon based on its adapted traits derived from natural selection. Analogies are used to assign a fossil to a taxon based on its common traits that are not derived from shared evolution or genetic connection. Homologies are traits derived from a common ancestor. Analogies are adaptive traits derived from convergent evolution. The dating methods used include absolute dating, or dating fossils in numbers or ranges of numbers, and relative dating, or establishing a time frame for a fossil in relation to other strata or materials.

Briefly describe the point of the article by Horace Miner that we covered in our first group in-class discussion. Dr. Miner wrote this article for anthropologists, what was the point/purpose he was trying to make with this article?

Horace Miner wrote the article we read titled "Naricema". It describe the traditions and cultures of the Naricema people and their relatively harsh practices. An example of one practice was when the villagers consistently returned to the holy mouth men even though they drilled holes in their teeth and stuffed various items in them. In reality the Naricema represents America ( the same word spelled backwards). The point Dr. Miner was trying to make with writing the article was to teach anthropologists not to judge cultures and societies that seemed 'extreme' to them. He wants them to practice cultural relativism so that they can efficiently study a culture without allowing their own to cloud their research. Our first thoughts (us as students) were that these people were too extreme and seemed wild. This is exactly what Miner was trying to teach anthropologists to not go into the field thinking.

What is Darwinian evolution? What are the 3 things that Darwin was missing in his version and how have they been filled in getting us to the Modern Theory of Evolution?

How inheritance worked, where variation came from, and how populations changed. Mendelian genetics which is the discovery of genes solved how inheritance works. Biochemical genetics used crossing over method during meiosis and mutations to solve where more variation comes from. Population genetics used natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow to solve how populations changed.

What is the eco-niche that Homo erectus first adapted to? Discuss at least 4 environmental, adaptive traits it had for that econiche. The traits can be anatomical or behavioral factors that are relevant to explain why H. erectus was successful in this eco-niche.

Hunter-gatherer econiche. The species was able to create more advanced tools. These tools were used for different jobs. With these tools they were able to acquire more meat and dig up tubers, roots, nuts, and seeds more efficiently. Dietary changes eased the burden on the chewing muscles and they in turn developed less. Jaws and cranial crests were also reduced. They also developed smaller teeth because of their smaller jaws.

You recently graduated from UGA with a degree in anthropology and an archaeology certificate. Your new CRM employer has a big road contract and wants you to help assess the archaeological resource impact. What fieldwork techniques are you going to use?

I would use archaeological and ethnographic fieldwork techniques. The archaeological technique I would use is systematic survey. I would survey the large area and use this info to answer research questions and protect/describe cultural resources. A few ethnographic techniques I would use are interviews, key consultants (experts are certain aspects of the local society's life), genealogical methods (procedures used to understand kinship,descent and marriage), and life histories (a personal cultural portrait of existence or change in a culture).

Globalization is about culture change. Discuss popular culture and indigenization, where some idea, behavior, or object from western European or American culture moved to non-western or indigenous societies and culture. Provide one example you learned from your textbook or class lecture of how this phenomenon operates in the world.

Indigenization is a process of naturalizing Indigenous knowledge systems and making them evident to transform spaces, places, and hearts. In the context of post-secondary education, this involves bringing Indigenous knowledge and approaches together with Western knowledge systems. This benefits not only Indigenous students but all students, teachers, and community members involved or impacted by Indigenization.Indigenous knowledge systems are embedded in relationship to specific lands, culture, and community. Because they are diverse and complex, Indigenization will be a unique process for every post-secondary institution.It is important to note that Indigenization does not mean changing something Western into something Indigenous. The goal is not to replace Western knowledge with Indigenous knowledge, and the goal is not to merge the two into one. Rather, Indigenization can be understood as weaving or braiding together two distinct knowledge systems so that learners can come to understand and appreciate both. Therefore, we recommend that you use the word Indigenization cautiously and take care not to use it when Indigenous content is simply added to a course or when something Western is replaced with something Indigenous. Rather, it refers to a deliberate coming together of these two ways of knowing.

Given our second group in-class discussion, in regards to what Dr. Lamoureux said and what you all discussed, how is evolution a scientific endeavor and intelligent design is not?

Intelligent design was based on some form of creationism while evolution is a scientific theory. It is the theory of how species change over time that leads to new species emerging. Evidence for evolution includes fossil records and living species traits and genetic codes.

Given the first discussion we had in class for this unit, how does thinking about species hybridization help us better understand hominin evolution and human variation?

It allows us to understand that animals from the genus can mate and produce offspring, despite not being of the same species. This is how evolution has allowed us to create new traits over time that are more efficient in the environments we live in.

Please define ethnocentrism and state how anthropologists deal with it in their fieldwork and interpretations.

Judging other cultures using one's own cultural standards. By inhibiting cross-cultural understandings, which shapes one's view of the other. Also, by using cultural relativism which is a technique to understand the incomprehensible.

What is the difference between kin terms and biological types (genealogical kin types in textbook)? Why would an anthropologist want to make such a distinction?

Kin terms are words used for different relatives in a particular language and language and system of kinship calculation, they are largely based on cultural and linguistic roots. Genealogical kin types, by contrast, refer to biology, an actual genealogical relationship. Understanding the biological relationship between families helps anthropologist understand how families were formed from a cultural and evolutionary stand point.

What is the relationship between language and culture; briefly describe how anthropologists understand that relationship and provide an example of that relationship with a focal vocabulary that is focused on a single culture particular experience and/or activity (it can be yours or another)?

Language and culture have a reciprocal relationship. Language shapes the way people see the world according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and focal vocabularies impact the way people think.

First, define the expression of religion that we call mana. Second, provide ONE example of mana in contemporary American culture, whether personal experience, observation, or societal fiction.

Mana is the belief in supernatural impersonal forces. Mana is believed to reside in people, animal, plants, or objects. Object including "good luck charms" like a rabbit's foot or heads up penny.

Marriage ideas and practices exist in all societies, but why do people get married? What are some of the social and cultural meaning of marriage (the traits) and give at least one example?

Marriage is one of the basic building blocks of all societies therefore there are many reasons people may get married. Marriage is a social and culturally approved relationship and is primarily about descent and connections. In most societies, marriage implies certain permitted sexual access and connects two descent groups. One example of a connection made through marriage is economic wealth exchange between two unilinear groups like a bride wealth and dowry.

You learned about early state formation in several areas of the world from lecture and the textbook that includes the Middle East, Indus River Valley, African States, and Mesoamerica. Describe briefly one of these region state formation, where you talk about population growth, expanding socio-political systems, and reasons for that growth.

Mesoamerica: began with ranked societies and chiefdoms, ended with fully formed states and empiresEconomy included trade and exchangeSocial change changed rapidly due to competition on trade rather than supremacyIntensive agriculture lead to dense populationsWarfare and battles brought new areas of territory into play

Identify and describe the 3 different ways Population Genetic frequencies can change.

Natural selection, Random genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection is when organisms better adapted to the environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Random genetic drift refers to gene changes due to chance with methods such as the Punnett square. Gene flow is the exchange of genetic material through interbreeding.

How are non-industrial societies economic activities different from industrialized societies in terms of means and modes of production?

Non industrialized are often characterized by redistribution and reciprocity in contrast to industrialized societies which involve a market principle. Non industrialized societies focus more on the overall success of the community rather than individual success.

Discuss and describe two of the six primate biological tendencies/traits that were considered in the lecture and your textbook. For each, be sure to detail the evolutionary advantages of each of the tendencies.

One trait is grasping or opposability. The advantages of this trait include the ability to climb more easily in arboreal niches and the ability to grasp or hold items. After adapting to bipedal locomotion, humans eliminated most of the foot's grasping ability. Another trait is the shift from the importance of smell to the importance of sight. Primates' increased and improved ability to see depth and color helped them see their environment and even adapt to nocturnal tendencies.

First, please explain what punctuated equilibrium is and how it shows us how evolution works over time. Second, in addition to punctuated equilibrium, what are the four other parts that make up the Modern Synthesis of Evolutionary Theory.

Punctuated equilibrium- the evolutionary rate of change is directly related to the environmental rate of change; ex. A population won't change much if the environment around it does not changeDarwin's natural selectionMendelian geneticsBiochemical geneticsPopulation genetics

Give me the anthropological definition for race as well as compare and contrast it to ethnicity.

Race are cultural categories based on physical traits but ethnicity are self or group identification within an ethnic group. Ethnicity is more changeable than race meaning individuals can shift or be given different ethic identities and ethnic identities can be formed (ex multicultural interactions). Ethnicity and race both coexist and contribute to the an individuals identity and overall self-concept.

Discuss the differences between race and ethnicity using the AAA statement on race. Given this, why do people in the U.S. often confuse these two terms?

Race are cultural categories based on physical traits but ethnicity are self or group identification within an ethnic group. Ethnicity is more changeable than race meaning individuals can shift or be given different ethic identities and ethnic identities can be formed (ex multicultural interactions). Race and ethnicity are often assumed to be the same because ethnicity also is dependent on skin tone, however it is also influenced by many other physical and cultural attributes. They also both coexist and contribute to the an individuals identity & overall self-concept and are the cause of many social tensions.

Using your knowledge from the textbook and lecture, discuss why race is a discredited idea in biology. Use examples to make your points.

Race is a cultural construction of categories NOT a scientific biological categorical system There is human variation between race but often there is more human variation within a race than between races

Religion exists in all societies. In anthropology we focus on different cultural behaviors and understandings of connections to the supernatural. What are at least 3 of the social/cultural functions or purpose of religion and give at least one specific cultural example?

Religion is an important influencer, action promoter, and social controller for many cultures. For example, religion help people change their behavior so they may adapt to a local ecosystem as with the Bali water ritual.

Daenerys T is cultural anthropology graduate student studying the Dothraki culture. Name AND define three ethnographic techniques that Daenerys can use in her fieldwork to study the Dothraki.

She could use participant observation( learning a culture through social participation and personal observation over a long period of time), interviews (conversations that maintain rapport and provide knowledge), and key consultants (experts on particular aspects of local life).

What is Social Control in the political process? Name at least 2 ways we see how social control functions in a society and provide cultural examples.

Social control is how systems of power maintain social interactions. There are many ways we see social control function in our society. For example, informal processes of social control include social pressures like gossip or peer pressure accusations, such as Dr. Gonzalez's friend, Ellie, the supposed witch. Another example is informal political institutions like the United States' political parties.

1) name the three ways that cultural traits are shared or not shared between societies with examples and 2) name the ways that culture changes.

The 3 ways that cultural traits are shared/ not shared between societies are universals, generalities, and particularities. Universals are behaviors shared by all humans such as living in social groups and having families. Generalities are behaviors in most cultures such as concepts of descent and life cycle events (birth, puberty, marriage, parenthood, death). Particularities are specific exotic behaviors that identify a culture such as food sharing (specific example is how Ethiopians eat from one bowl and don't use utensils).

Why do anthropologist use cultural relativism to explain shared human behaviors?

The goal of this is understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one's own culture. To properly explain shared human behaviors, anthropologists must conduct research without including their own culture in the evaluation and explanation of foreign (to them at least) human behaviors shared among that society.

Describe the field of anthropology. What does it do, what are the subfields, and what are the two dimensions?

The study of human species and its immediate ancestors, the study of human nature, human society, and the human past. The comparative method allows anthropologists to derive insights from careful comparisons of two or more cultures or societies. Holism is the effort to synthesize these approaches into a single comprehensive explanation. The four subfields are Biological, Archeological, Linguistic, and Cultural. The two dimensions are Academic and Applied.

Why do biological anthropologists study non-human primates from the past? Who are the living primates who are most closely related to us and how do they inform us about human evolution?

The study of nonhuman primates (aka primatology) helps biological anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization and adaptive strategies of hominids. The living primates who are most closely related to us are terrestrial monkeys and apes and chimpanzees and gorillas. They inform us of similarities evident in anatomy, physiology, brain structure, and DNA. The evidence is derived from extensive biochemical homologies. These homologies confirm our common ancestry and joint classification as hominoids with apes.

Discuss the importance of the two methods of dating used by archaeologists to understand the past. Provide an example for each of the methods.

The two methods of dating are absolute and relative. Absolute dating is when archaeologists establish dates of fossils in numbers or ranges of numbers. An example is the carbon-14 technique which is used to date organic remains by measuring radioactive decay. Relative dating is when archaeologists establish a time frame a fossil may have existed in relation to other strata or materials. An example is the use of stratigraphy, or the study of earth sediments deposited in demarcated layers.

Describe the world-system theory by describing it as well as naming and discussing all its components.

The world system theory is the idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual countries. This system assigns countries to one of three poisons based on their economic and political clout. These three positions are the core, semi periphery or the periphery. The core is the dominant position in the world system; nations with advanced systems of production. The semi periphery are industrialized nations between the core and the periphery. The periphery is the weakest structural and economic position in the world system.

Anthropologists describe how economies are organized in regards to systems of distribution and exchange. Name and briefly describe the three systems of exchange (including the 3 types of the last one) and then for ONE of the systems or subtypes describe the adaptive strategy of the society in which it is primary, the kind of social connections it reflects, and a specific cultural example.

There are three primary ways economics are organized in regard to distribution and exchange. These are market economies, redistributive, and reciprocity. In a redistributive society, wealth is redistributed throughout the community through means such as taxation. This is indicative that while there are social hierarchies, societies value all individuals and strive for equality, with the exception of chiefs who hold most political, economic, and social power.

In terms of the second discussion about Pseudo-archaeological ideas, are these fantastic claims equally valid understandings to the more scientific archaeological explanations? Using what you learned in class and from the textbook, what is one of the cultural, social, or economic problems or issues associated with pseudo-archaeology? Explain it.

These fantastic claims are not equally valid understandings to the more scientific archaeological explanations. One problem associated with pseudo-archaeology is that it discredits the scientific explanations by rejecting data and analytical methods and provides inaccurate/faulty evidence to people.

What does non-human primate language and communication abilities tell us about human language and human abilities?

They emphasize the use of language while human communication is solely based on verbal and oral sounds. Primates use sign language and body postures to convey messages and emotion.

What are the three cultural factors that best correlate to female gender status and hierarchies in society? What activities, abilities, and/or descent principles seem to determine the status of women the most?

Three cultural factors that best correlate to female gender status is descent principles, economic roles, and domestic & public roles. The cultural view on the domestic-public dichotomy largely influences the status of women. The domestic-public dichotomy is the differentiation between the home and the outside the world. For example, if woman is primarily viewed as a homemaker or a child bearer than she will have little social status and will not be valued in the labor force.

Given the significance of bipedalism in terms of hominin evolution and human attributes, think about what you learned in class as well as the textbook. Give and explain 3 biological/skeletal changes and/or markers of bipedalism and 2 possible behavioral/environmental explanations for the evolutionary advantage of bipedalism.

Two behavioral explanations for bipedalism include.One is the ability to stand and see over tall grasses and vegetation to detect threats and predators. The other is the reduction of the body's exposure to solar radiation which can be very harmful. A biological change is the appearance of a wider pelvis for balancing purposes. Another one is the expansion of the hominin brain and increased cranial capacity for tool making. A third biological change is...

What are the three reasons that anthropology is a unified field in the United States?

U.S because of historical reasons, topical reasons, and fieldwork reasons. Historically, research focused on culture and biology; Franz Boaz, the father of American Anthropology, did work in all 4 fields (biological, cultural, linguistic, and archaeology), so when he founded the first anthropological department in the U.S at Columbia University, he trained students to think like him (thus spreading the idea of it being a unified field). Topical Reasons: All 4 fields of anthropology are interrelated. For example, culture and evolution are specifically intertwined. Also there is human variation in time and space. Fieldwork Reasons: This involves more than one field also. For example, during fieldwork, scientists could research a society's culture through archaeology (studying their past behavior), excavating to find artifacts related to that society, and

Name and briefly describe the five different parts of the Modern Synthesis of Evolutionary Theory, which we now think of as the whole theory of evolution.

Variation expresses the idea that everyone is different from each other. Heredity describes that the children will resemble their parents in some way. Adaptation is a series of beneficial genetic adjustments to the environment. Environment changes expresses that fitness changes and genetic shifts. Superior fitness is the idea that variant individuals occur and if the environment is more suitable they will produce more.

Think about what you talked about in the in-class discussion on race and ethnicity. First, how do cultural biases impact everybody's behavior? Second, apply these concepts, Focal Vocabularies, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and, Hegemony, to American society by answering the question of how does our shared American focal vocabulary of Race shape how people act and think and reflect the internalized hegemonic structures?

a. Often the focal vocabularies describing race in the United States are terms that refer solely to skin tone (ex black, white, yellow) and are often considered derogatory or offensive. This may be a reflection of the American past where there were many great racial tensions and divides.b. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language shapes the way people see the world. Thus our focal vocabularies may be indicative the US has not yet fully overcome these racial barriers and prejudice.c. Hegemony occurs when inequalities become naturalized. The casual use of these derogatory words exemplify how racial divides have become the societal norms in the United States.

Discuss the relevance of anthropology for modern global society. Think about applied anthropology, modern cultural interactions, and culture change. What modern global economic, social, and/or political issue may be better understood or impacted by anthropological research (you need to provide a specific example)?

a. Understanding our anthropological past can help us solve our contemporary issues especially in a world where culture is constantly exchanged and evolving. b. anthropologists study, understand, and respect diverse cultural values which qualifies the to suggest, plan, and implement policies that effect all people. One example of this is controversies surrounding the native American education system like should native American children be required to go to traditional public schooling or should they receive their own government funded schooling on reserves that is tailored to the curriculum they deem valuable. Because anthropologists understand their past, traditions, and values, they may be a unbiased influence in what regulations should be implemented.

Discuss one of the key attributes of the Primary State that were discussed in your textbook and class. Briefly describe why you think that the attribute is unique to states and NOT in egalitarian and ranked societies.

stratified: clear distinctions and differences of people in societies; some have more some have less: leaders at topegalitarian - no social hierarchyranked - very little social hierarchy

There are four kinship classification systems (i.e., kinship terminology/focal vocabularies) discussed in class. Name the four systems. Choose one system and answer the following three questions:How many kinship terms are used in the parental generation in this system?Which adaptive strategies are associated with this system?What is an example of a group that uses this system?

the four kinship classification systems are: lineal terminology, bifurcate merging terminology, generational terminology, and bifurcate collaterale terminology.a. four parental generation terms: mother, father, aunt, uncleb. correlated with bilateral descent, foraging and industrial, adaptive strategiesc. the Inuits

Discuss one of the major culture theories of anthropology from the textbook. Be sure to detail how it looks at culture, people, and behavior and focus on the benefits that this theory offers to the understandings that are sought by anthropologists.

theory of evolution...