ANTHR 2201 Prelim 2 Study Guide

Kortik Tepe Site

> Located in Upper Mesopotamia during the Epipaleolithic > Used wild cereals > A year round settlement > Stable isotope analysis suggests that people stayed sedentary

'Ain Mallaha Site

> Located in the Levant during the Epipaleolithic > One of the earliest settlements with three layers of settlements > There were three layers of permanent villages with round houses > Collective burials -> Primary = as soon as the person dies vs. Secondary = body is exposed first and then buried

Hilazon Tachtit Site

> Located in the Levant during the Epipaleolithic > Shaman burial of tortoise shells and extra feet

Ohalo II Site

> Located in the Levant during the Epipaleolithic > The community was semi-sedentary, spending most of the year fishing, gathering, and hunting in the Jordan valley, and moving away to higher ground for shorter periods of gathering and hunting.

Zarzian Culture

> Located in the Zargos during the Epipaleolithic > This cultures tech included blades, bladelets, small scrapers, and geometric microliths much as in the Kebaran, and there are also small coarse grinding stones. > Plant foods were probably much less plentiful than in the Levant, making goats the main species hunted.

Hallan Cemi Site

> Located in upper mesopotamia during the Epipaleolithic > Marks the end of the Natufian culture > Houses are built on top of each other > Larger structures suggest buildings > Subsistence based on acorns, but not necessarily on cereals

Abu Hureyra Site

> Located in upper mesopotamia during the Epipaleolithic and PPNA > The largest known site from the era when plants and animals were initially being domesticated. > The wide array of plant and animal remains found here show that its residents were exploiting significant amounts of wild einkorn, rye, and gazelle.

The Tigres and Euphrates River System

A great river system of southwestern Asia. The two rivers follow roughly parallel courses through the heart of the Middle east.

Epipaleolithic

A lot of microliths are observed. > Geometric type of tools > the term used primarily in reference to the Near East and southwest Asia, designating the time of Middle Stone Age foragers and collectors.

The Taurus Mountains

A mountain range that runs parallel to the Mediterranean coast. The system extends along a curve from Lake Egridir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates River in the East.

Himalayas

Great mountain system of Asia forming a barrier between the Plateau of Tibet to the north and the alluvial plains of the Indian subcontinent to the south. > Drained by the Indus river

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A - PPNA

Known as the time of plant domestication. > Architecture and settlements are similar to that of the epipaleolithic > Settlements are moving to alluvial planes > Female figurines, as opposed to animal figurines, were seen more often > Skull cult --> graves contained people without their skulls

Çatalhöyük Site

Located in Central Anatolia during the PPNB > Most of the sequence has pottery (suggesting late PPNB) > Houses are very close together, making the roof the walk space for people > Animal statues were found on the walls of the homes, but have a belly button suggesting that they are related to humans > Home to the famous "Goddess" human figurine > Ceramic pots were more than likely used for cooking and storage > An example of a mega village

Khirokitia Site

Located in Cyprus during the PPNB > Cattle are not introduced until the Bronze Age > Observe animal and human figurines with the use of Ray Green stone to decorate them > Houses are round and have a flat roof > Skull cults are observed here -> head is exposed so that it is easier to take off later on

Shillourokambos Site

Located in Cyprus during the PPNB > Instead of the normal rectangular houses observed during the PPNB, this site shows round houses. > A lot more animals are found here (Fox, Fallow deer, Sheep, pigs) > The dog is morphologically domestic > Cat burials are observed! > Cat head statues were also observed

Jerf el-Ahmar Site

Located in Upper Mesopotamia during the PPNA > found on two small hills south of the Turkish border > Houses were first round, but then slowly became rectangular > Wild barley and legumes are found, but some of the barley showed signs of early domestication > Outdoor spaces with sunken storage pits are observed > Large public buildings & head decapitation > Observe a lot of animal imagery > Spread eagle decapitated body found in the middle of a ceremonial building

Göbekli Tepe Site

Located in Upper Mesopotamia during the PPNA > Primarily an area for that typically held ceremonies/feasts > Fauna and flora are wild > considered a forager site > The buildings contained large T-shaped pillars that had animal carvings > Each building had a specific animal that dominated its pillar

Nevali Çori Site

Located in Upper Mesopotamia during the PPNB > This was an actual settlement with rectangular stone houses > Public buildings were used for rituals and also contained T-shaped pillars with human characteristics > People's diets consisted a lot on legumes > To preserve their stock, people ate less meat

Indus Valley

Located in south Asia by the Indus River > Earliest known agriculture in the area > Also known as the Harappan civilization

Jericho Site - PPNA

Located in the Levant > similar to other sites in terms of closely packed homes, sloping/stepped entrances, stone foundations, and walls built out of mud brick > infant skulls were found under the homes (skull removal) > Home to famous monuments such as the Tower of Jericho and the Town Wall > Both are seen as a defense strategy but no warfare is observed during this time (PPNA)

Jericho Site - PPNB

Located in the Levant > Houses become rectangular with carefully plastered floors colored red and roofs made out of mud plaster. Additionally, burials are found and skulls may be found plastered > More sheep and goats are found instead of gazelles

'Ain Ghazal Site

Located in the Levant during the PPNB > Known as a mega village > Houses are rectangular and are made of stone instead of brick. They were often remodeled to accommodate family growth > The home burials often were headless, with plastered skulls facing the same direction > Goats were the most common > Domesticated wheat and barley are seen > Observe some sort of accounting systems with clay tokens > Found half life-size statues in pits. Every face is different suggesting that they are portraits

Ganj Dareh Site

Located in the Zagros during the PPNB > Diet consisted mainly of animals rather than plants > Analysis of large faunal samples revealed that the goats were mainly adult females and males under a year old, indicative of herd management.

Natufian Culture

Mesolithic culture of Palestine and southern Syria. Mainly hunters, the Natufians supplemented their diet by gathering wild grains. They had sickles of flint blades set in straight bone handles for harvesting grain and stone mortars and pestels for grinding it.

Cyprus

More of a campsite during the PPNA, but more settlement is observed during the PPNB

The Zagros Mountains

Mountain range in southwestern Iran, extending northwest-southeast from the border areas of eastern Turkey and northern Iran to the Straight of Hormuz.

Indus River

One of the longest rivers in the world. > Located in Sindh > permits some cultivation by irrigating the soil

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B - PPNB

The time of animal domestication > Sheep and goat were the first to be domesticated > Signs of mixed farming are observed > Larger settlements are being found > Homes become more rectangular > Religion began to change -> skull cults took off > Observe more egalitarian societies