Anthro Final

In the Caves of Mt. Carmel, like Skhul, Tabun, and Kebara, TL dating (trapped charge) surprised the world by showing that:

AMH remains were often as old or older than Neanderthal remains

One method of tool manufacture practiced by anatomically modern humans produced Solutrean laurel leaf bifaces in the Upper Paleolithic of Europe, but was developed much earlier in Africa.

Ground stone

Dogs are a domesticated descendant of which wild animal?

Old World and New World wolves

Some of the earliest indisputable evidence for the use of fire by hominins was found at (BLANK) in South Africa.

Wonderwerk

Some evidence of the hunting capabilities of Homo erectus have been provided by an interesting archaeological find at Schoningen in Germany. What did they find?

Wooden spears.

What type of genetic evidence supports the recent African origins or out of Africa hypothesis for origins of modern humans?

Y-Chromosome DNA and Mitochondrial DNA

"AMH" stands for:

Anatomically modern human

The remains of a partially blind amputee discovered in Shandahar Cave in Iraq (nicknamed Ned), suggest that Neanderthals:

Assisted handicapped individuals in their societies, allowing them to live longer than would have been possible alone

The oldest hominin remains in Europe date to about 800 kya and were found at the (BLANK) site.

Atapuerca Gran Dolina

The tool that allowed Upper Paleolithic individuals to throw spears at animals from a safe distance with speed and accuracy is also known as a(n):

Atlatl or spear-thrower

Which of the following was an Upper Paleolithic tradition associated with the earliest anatomically modern humans in Europe?

Aurignacian

The dry land connection between Asia and America that was the entrance of people to the New World?

Berengia

Although the earliest AMH in Europe overlapped with Neanderthals, (BLANK) is evidence that AMH were behaviorally modern in their capacity of abstract thinking, planning depth, and symbolic behavior, that Neanderthals may not have been capable of?

Elaborate burial customs with grave goods; trade of shell and stone over great distances; elaborate cave art; symbols such as Venus figurines suggesting widespread belief systems

Venus figurines are most commonly found on what continent?

Europe

A genetic heritage from Neanderthal ancestors is most often found in contemporary people of (BLANK) ancestry.

European, Asian, Melanesian, and Australian (NOT AFRICAN)

Which of the following is a potential advantage of using fire by early hominins?

Fire makes meat and roots more digestible and kills bacteria; fire protects against animals and the elements; fire produces light; fire can be used to modify the environment in beneficial ways

Although archaeologists have often emphasized the importance of hunting by men and carnivory in human evolution based on the study of faunal remains, ethnoarchaeological studies of the Hadza and the occurrence of menopause if modern human populations suggest that gathering by (BLANK) also played a critical role in a cooperative breeding strategy among hominins.

Grandmothers

Java man and Peking man belonged to the hominin species:

Homo erectus

The oldest site in Sahul yielding evidence of hominin occupation about 65kya:

Madjedbebe Cave

The large, extinct herbivores of the Pleistocene era are referred to as:

Megafauna

You are a paleoanthropologist excavating a site in western Eurasia. You come across several bodies buried in graves. Their brains are at least the size of modern humans. Their front teeth are large and worn down from use, the facial projection of their noses and teeth form a kind of prow, and both sexes are muscular and robust. At the back of the skull is a bony mass for the attachment of powerful neck muscles. None have chins or foreheads. You decide that they are:

Neanderthal

Studies comparing the DNA of anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals show all of the following except:

Neanderthal DNA is more closely related to Europeans than to any other modern human population

Which red pigment source was found in Blombos Cave and is considered definitive evidence of artwork by many archaeologists?

Ochre.

Which site has provided evidence that Homo erectus hunted or scavenged giant baboons, and also evidence of early use of red ocher and non-local obsidian by early anatomically modern humans?

Olorgesaile

Although traditional skeletal indicators based on modern forensics suggest Nariokotome Boy was about 13 years old when he died, studies of annually deposited tissue lining the surface of tooth roots, suggest he was actually:

Only about 8 years old, suggesting that shorter childhoods and more rapid growth in Homo erectus

Which technique of making tools was used by Neanderthals to make flake tools by flaking a core into a preplanned form?

Prepared Core

Which of the following appear earliest in caves like Blombos and Pinnacle Point in Africa:

Shell beads; paint made from ochre; pressure flaked bifaces; blade and microblade tools

The discovery of a Neanderthal hyoid bone at Kebara Cave and the FoxP2 gene in Neaderthal remains:

Suggests that they were capable of many of the same speaking abilities as modern humans

The combined landmass of the contemporary islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Bali that was continuous with mainland Southeast Asia at times of low sea levels is known as:

Sunda.

A continuous, projecting ridge of bone above and across the eye orbits is called the:

Superorbital torus.

Thus far, what do the remains of the Dmanisi hominins indicate?

The first hominins to leave Africa were possibly a very early and diverse form of H. erectus, possibly more like H. habilis.

Dating to about 780 kya, the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (GBY) site in Israel is important because it documents (BLANK) by Homo erectus.

Using fire to cook a diverse range of edible plants

Neandertal brain size:

was larger, on average, than that of modern humans

Anatomically modern humans are currently identified in the fossil record, in part, through:

A distinct chin

The standardized, teardrop-shaped hand axe made by soft hammer percussion was characteristic of which tool tradition?

Acheulian

The earliest Americans are known to have arrived in the Americas no later than:

14,000 kya

Homo erectus appeared in East Africa between (BLANK) million years ago.

2.0 and 1.8

The unique physical characteristics of Neandertals may have arisen as adaptations to a (BLANK) environment.

Cold

In Homo erectus, the size of the hypoglossal canal may indicate the ability to:

Communicate through a series of grunts.

Lascaux, Chauvet, and Altamire:

Are famous for their elaborate cave paintings.

The (BLANK) are the most ancient undisputed hominin fossils outside Africa, dated to around 1.7-1.8 million years ago.

Dmanisi fossils

The oldest anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco have been dated to about (BLANK) years ago.

300,000

An interglacial is:

A period when ice melts and temperatures rise.

During the Pleistocene, the Sahara Desert frequently was:

A savannah grassland attractive to hominin habitation; a desert barrier to hominin occupation

Early anatomically and behaviorally modern humans in South Africa appear to have adapted to a:

A seashore, estuarine environment

Archaeological evidence clearly demonstrate that "behaviorally" modern humans of the Late Pleistocene differed from many earlier hominins in their ability to:

Adapt to radically new environments culturally rather than by physical evolution; think symbolically, as evinced by their creation of painting, figurines, and jewelry

Current evidence indicates that the earliest anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils are from which geographical location?

Africa

Archaeological analyses of the assemblages of Middle Paleolithic cave sites in the Dordogne Valley in Europe suggest that Neanderthals:

All of the above?

Ethnoarchaeological studies of contemporary Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania are informative about the foraging ecology of Homo erectus, because the Hadza:

Although fully anatomically and behaviorally modern, contemporary Hadza forage for many of the same foods as Homo erectus; ecological analysis of behaviorally modern Hadza foraging can reveal what was possible for premodern Homo erectus foragers

DNA is:

An acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, self-replicating molecule made up of nucleotides; contains the genetic code by which heredity works; found in chromosomes of cells

The Sunghir burial site near Moscow is important because:

Analysis of DNA extracted from the graves of AMH's suggest they maintained far-flung social networks with little evidence on interbreeding, much like modern hunter-gatherer societies

The first to people the Americas were:

Anatomically modern humans (H. sapiens)

With an average elevation of 4000 meters above sea level (13,000 ft), recent fossil findings suggest the Tibetan Plateau is important:

As the homeland for the hobbit; as the most likely region where Denisovans adapted to high altitudes with the EPAS1 Gene that improves oxygen transport

In what modern-day country do we find the Lake Mungo and Cuddie Springs sites?

Australia

Made first in Africa, and later in Europe and Siberia, anatomically modern humans of the Upper Paleolithic used this specially prepared flake, more than twice as long as wide, to make other tools from bone, antler, wood and hide?

Blade

The (BLANK) site in England is about as far north as Homo erectus have been found, and dates to a warm interglacial period, demonstrating the limits to which Homo erectus could adapt to high latitudes in the middle Pleistocene.

Box Grove

Under current climatic conditions, continental glaciers are found only in Antarctica and Greenland. However during cold "glacials" of the Pleistocene, massive continental glaciers also developed in:

Canada and Northern Europe

Stratified assemblages from cave sites Blombos, show that from 125 to 60 kya, AMH had a technology and material culture that:

Changed dynamically in response to climate change, progress, and cultural preference

Between 1.4 million and 400,000 years ago, Achulean handaxe technology:

Changed only slightly, if at all, through periods of dramatic climate change; was rare, if not absent from East Asia

Of the Upper Paleolithic culture period of Europe, one may have been produced by the last Neanderthals interacting with immigrating anatomically modern humans.

Chatelperronian

European remains of anatomically modern humans after about 40,000 years ago are usually classified as:

Cro-Magnon.

Hominin bone remains from Vindija Cave in modern Croatia have been important in yielding:

DNA showing the genetic relationship between Neanderthals with modern human populations and other hominins; genetic evidence that Neanderthals lived in small, isolated inbred groups; nitrogen isotope evidence that Neanderthals were top-level carnivores

The name given to a group of archaic H. sapiens from southern Siberia identified by recovery of their DNA from a small sample of fossil bone is:

Denisovans

The Late Pleistocene Mal'ta Boy Burial, the Naia skeleton from Hoyo Negro, and coprolites from Paisley Cave are significant for proving ancient DNA relationships between:

Denisovans and modern Native Americans

Recent genetic analysis of living members of the L0 MTDNA haplogroup among the Khosian-San, suggest what region as the possible homeland the of the Mitochondial "Eve"?

Great Rift Valley

Recent analyses of the genes in modern human populations believed to have been inherited from Neanderthal or Denisovan ancestors are:

Frequently related to modern human immune systems; sometimes help contemporary populations adapt to extreme environments like high altitudes; although certainly adaptive during the Pleistocene, sometimes cause health and medical problems today

Taking place around 200,000 years ago in Africa and Europe, a technological breakthrough called (BLANK) required the affixing of small stone bifaces and flakes in handles of wood to make composite tools like spears and knives.

Hafting

A group of similar sequences of Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences that must share a common ancestor because they share the same single mutation is a:

Haplogroup

Located in South Africa's "Cradle of Humankind" region, Rising Star Cave yielded fossils of at least 15 fossil Homo Naledi that surprised scientists by being only between 236,000 and 335,000 years old. They have previously believed Homo Naledi to be much older because:

Homo Naledi had a brain size similar to the much earlier homo habilis

The first proven use of fire by hominins is associated with:

Homo erectus

Up until about 1.8 million years ago, the only home of bipedal primates was Africa. However, after that time, humans began to spread into China, Western Europe, Georgia, India, and Java. Which species was probably the first to migrate out of Africa?

Homo erectus

Which of the following is best describes the current position on the role of humans in megafaunal extinctions in Australia?

Humans likely played only a small role in this event, which was largely driven by climate change.

A most likely explanation for the presence of H. florensis (hobbit) on the Ling Bua site at Flores Island is that they are descended from:

Java man (homo erectus) who arrived on Flores accidentally and gradually evolved their small body size to be better adapted to island ecology

Although the earliest hominins in Sahul used a lithic technology reminiscent of premodern hominins, (BLANK) is evidence that they were behaviorally modern in their capacity for abstract thinking, planning depth, and symbolic behavior:

Intentional sea crossings; burial practices using red ochre; widespread rock art; shell jewelry

When Neanderthal DNA was compared to that of modern human beings, it was determined that:

Is different from modern human DNA suggesting that the two population underwent perhaps half a million years of evolutionary divergence since their last common ancestor; Neanderthal DNA is more primitive than modern and shows that Neanderthals are ancestral to modern humans

The famous Mungo Man skeleton is important because it:

Is the oldest hominin skeleton yet found in Sahul; is clearly an anatomically modern human; was intentionally buried and painted, suggesting behavioral modernity; probably is at least 40,000 years old

Which of the statements below about the "Nariokotome (Turkana) Boy" fossil is true?

It is one of the most complete H. erectus skeletons ever found

All of the following statements are true of cooking food except:

It led to an increase in the size of the human stomach and teeth.

The Yana RHS site in Siberia is significant because:

It shows that humans had developed the skills to survive above the Arctic Circle 27-32 kya; it shows that humans were capable of migrating across Berengia 27-32 kya

Fossils at sites like Trinil were some of the examples of Homo erectus found and document that H. erectus arrived in the region as early as 1.6 mya and survived until 110 kya. Homo erectus may have even etched cross-hatch designs into a marine shell there. Trinil is located in:

Java

Which of the following is associated with cold periods of the Pleistocene?

Large areas of Eurasia and North America were covered by glacial ice; sea levels were dramatically lower than today; land masses like Sunda, Sahul, Doggerland, and Berengia were exposed; parts of Africa and Australia were exceptionally dry

Australian megafauna:

May have gone extinct as a result of Pleistocene climate change; may have gone extinct as a result of overhunting by AMH; may have gone extinct as a result of ecological changes caused by AMH

A genetic heritage from Denisovan ancestors is most often found in contemporary people of (BLANK) ancestry:

Melanesian and Australian

Which of the following best describes the nature of Paleoindian occupations in the New World?

Modern Native Americans are genetically most similar to northeast Asians (Siberians) suggesting an Upper Paleolithic common ancestry; the upper paleolithic site of Yana RHS shows that peoples from northeast Asia were culturally and geographically capable of entering the New World by 30,000 years ago

Securely dated remains from (BLANK), a site in south central Chile, indicate that modern human populations had spread as far as the southern part of South America by 14,800 years ago, if not earlier.

Monte Verde

Which theory suggests that anatomically modern humans evolved simultaneously in various parts of the Old World after Homo erectus spread out of Africa almost 2 mya?

Multiregional theory

An Upper Pleistocene premodern hominin species that evolved in western Eurasia was:

Neaderthals

Mitochondrial DNA is:

Only found in energy-converting structures of the cell, not the nucleus; passed onto children only from their mother, not their father; an important source of genetic evidence for evolutionary relationships through the molecular clock technique; suggests all living humans, but no Neanderthals, share a common female ancestor about 200-300 kya

According to which theory did Neanderthals become extinct and not evolve into modern humans?

Out of Africa theory

Which theory suggests that anatomically modern humans evolved from Homo erectus in only one part of the world, and replaced all other descendants of Homo erectus between 200 and 30 kya?

Out of Africa theory

When measured in microscopic exoskeletons extracted from deep seas cores, isotopes of which element have proven that the answer to the question above drove Pleistocene climate change?

Oxygen

The method of extracting ancient DNA from bone by producing copes of a DNA segment is abbreviated:

PCR

Which theory for the settlement of the New World relies on a passage using canoes, kayaks, or forms of water transport?

Pacific Coast Migration Model

The analysis of fossil pollen to study the effects of Pleistocene climate change on vegetation and plant communities is:

Palynology

The above epoch was marked by:

Periods of cooling of the earth's climate, separated by shorter warm intervals.

About 1.8 million years ago the planet entered the (BLANK) epoch, that has also been called the "Ice Age":

Pleistocene

Which of the following was found in the 14,000 year old deposits of Paisley Cave in Oregon:

Preserved human feces containing human mtDNA with links to Siberian haplogroups

Studies of Pleistocene climate demonstrate a direct link between glacial ice and sea levels on a global scale that is relevant to anticipating the effects of climate warming today. When continental glaciers, like those in Antarctica and Greenland, melt, sea levels (BLANK)

Rise.

Sites in Eurasia and Africa that date roughly between 400,000 and 200,000 years ago usually contain only parts of one or a very few individuals. The exception contained the remains of multiple individuals of both sexes - juveniles as well as adults - who, possibly as an early form of burial, were deliberately dumped by their contemporaries into a deep cave shaft known today as:

Rising Star Cave and Sima de los Huesos

Although there are some claims for older Neanderthal rockart, (BLANK), located on the island of Sulawasi has some of the earliest well-dated artwork (44kya), apparently depicting a hunting scene by mythical half-human-half-animal figures. Because of its location and age, AMH were almost certainly the artists.

San Maros Cave

Although hominins lived on the Sunda continental plate for more than a million years, anatomically modern humans appear to be the earliest hominin to appear on the Sahul plate (Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania).Most archaeologists believe that this reflects the ability to use (BLANK) technology by anatomically modern humans.

Seafaring boat

The appearance of bone needles made with blade tools in the Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia, demonstrates that anatomically modern people were capable of:

Sewing clothes

Which of the following sites is NOT a Late Pleistocene site of the New World?

Shanidar Cave

The Altai Mountains in south-central Siberia are an important region in prehistory because:

Some of the earliest evidence of dog domestication was found there; the indigenous people are the Eurasian population most genetically similar to Native American populations suggesting Pleistocene links; Denisova Cave, where the ancient Denisovan hominins were genetically discovered occurs there

The skeletal remains of homo floresiensis or Hobbits at Ling Bua Cave are notable for each of the following characteristics or assumptions except:

They came to Flores on rafts, the remains of which were discovered by archaeologists on the island of Flores

High ratios of Nitrogen 15 to Nitrogen 14 in Neanderthal bone suggests that Neanderthals wer:

Top level carnivores who consumed mostly meat in their diet.

Which site has provided evidence of carnivory by Homo erectus in the form of faunal remains of large mammals, procured either by hunting or scavenging:

Torralba; Ambrona; Olorgesailie; Kalinga

Early archaeological evidence of hominin behavior indicating similar subsistence, cultural, language, and symbolic thinking capabilities as modern humans, recovered from caves like Blombos:

Use of coastal, marine resources; manufacture of shell beads; discovery of a paint mixing kit; possible production of the tips of projectile weapons for hunting

The explosion of the supervolcano, Mt. Toba, about 75 kya may have:

Wiped out many premodern hominin populations around the Indian Ocean; been the catalyst that stimulated the evolution of the modern capability for culture, and symbolic thinking; created a founder effect that "pruned" away much of the genetic diversity of AMH populations in Africa

Scientists understand today that climatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene were predominantly caused by:

orbital-forcing - Milkanovitch cycles