Anthro - hastings exam 3

Which of the following would NOT be an effective way for a culture to survive when faced with change? Question options: proceed as if the change isn't happening take a global approach by learning what is working in other cultures refer to past knowledge and past mistakes use ingenuity and innovation to solve problems

proceed as if the change isn't happening

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of chiefdoms? Question options: use of coercive power to force people to carry out commands major building projects religious ideology as a legitimization of power reliance on the extended community in making decisions

reliance on the extended community in making decisions

What occurs when a social movement changes the structure of the political system, whether through peaceful or violent action? Question options: reform political organizing protest movement revolution

revolution

Which of the following is NOT considered an example of material culture? Question options: the furniture in a bedroom stone tools used by early humans a mobile phone seashells found on a beach

seashells found on a beach

What term describes organized action by a group outside of the government to create social change? Question options: coercive power social movements authority postcolonialism

social movements

Which description BEST defines evolutionary social theory (cultural evolution)? Question options: societies moving from one form of social organization to another in a linear evolutionary sequence the transition from a gathering and hunting to a farming mode of subsistence the cultural changes associated with the rise of the industrial age in the 19th century the transition from an egalitarian society to a rigid social hierarchy

societies moving from one form of social organization to another in a linear evolutionary sequence

What subfield of linguistics examines the social context of language? Question options: symbolic linguistics neurolinguistics sociolinguistics protolinguistics

sociolinguistics

British historian Basil Davidson has argued that African societies such as the Asante and Zulu were proto-states, which means what? Question options: preagricultural societies states that are declining in power states in formation at the time of European colonization states without a leader

states in formation at the time of European colonization

Geertz states that an anthropological skill set is critical in the 21st century. What would NOT be considered part of this skill set? Question options: the ability to think systematically and to understand interrelationships the ability to be flexible and adapt to a changing world the ability to view and judge other cultures through the lens of one's own worldview the ability to engage with complex issues and to find solutions

the ability to view and judge other cultures through the lens of one's own worldview

Which of the following is the BEST example of how anthropologists in the 19th century used Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to understand culture? Question options: the belief in the survival of the fittest the belief that gathering and hunting cultures existed before agricultural societies the belief that primitive cultures evolve to more complex cultures the belief that knowledge of the natural world is passed down through culture

the belief that primitive cultures evolve to more complex cultures

Which of the following BEST defines or describes social structure? Question options: a fixed and immobile social institution that is not likely to change a social institution that explicitly defines the rules and standards of a community the framework according to which society is organized, with practices that are subject to change a social hierarchy that accords special powers to elite members

the framework according to which society is organized, with practices that are subject to change

Which of the following BEST describes French philosopher Michel Foucault's concept of biopower? Question options: the power of the state to regulate the bodies of citizens the power held by insurance and pharmaceutical corporations the power of biological threats in a population, such as pandemic disease the power of the state over health care companies

the power of the state to regulate the bodies of citizens

Which of the following BEST describes the primary focus of political anthropologists? Question options: the classification of societies by stages the role of history and the dynamic relationships of a culture the role of evolutionary social theory the classification of modes of subsistence

the role of history and the dynamic relationships of a culture

Martin Gilens found that when poor people and rich people disagree on an issue, government policy nearly always supports which portion of the population? Question options: those who protest the wealthy those in poverty the most educated

the wealthy

Anthropologist Arnold van Gennep identified three stages in what he called "rites of passage." These stages are known as separation, in-between, and _____________. Question options: evolution transition regression

transition

What term did Elman Service use for a type of acephalous society that relies on extended family structures for leadership, decision-making, and conflict resolution? Question options: village democracy gathering and hunting bands royal lineage tribal societies

tribal societies

Cultural anthropologist Clifford Geertz used the example of winking and blinking to illustrate important aspects of culture. According to Geertz, which of these is an aspect of culture? Question options: both blinking and winking winking but not blinking neither blinking nor winking blinking but not winking

winking but not blinking

How can anthropology contribute to a better future? Question options: by studying people's connection with the natural world by understanding how humans have survived changing climates in the past by educating others about human diversity All of the above

All of the above

Having access to material resources such as crops or oil is an example of: Question options: Cultural capital Symbolic capital Economic capital Social capital

Economic capital

Learning the ways of a culture in an authentic, experiential way, often also defined as the process of one generation passing on cultural values to the next is called: Question options: Cultural imperialism Enculturation Socialization Modernization

Enculturation

Primitivism and orientalism are types of cultural relativism. Question options: True False

False

Cultural relativism was the basis for: Question options: Functionalism Sociology Historical Particularism Cultural Evolution

Historical Particularism

What percentage of the world's languages are in danger of dying out in the next hundred years? Question options: 20% 40% 50% 75%

40%

Transparency of power (such as the use of open-source materials) and categorizing power (through defining different types) can help minimize the malicious use of unequal power. Question options: True False

True

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that the language you speak influences how you do what? Question options: relate to others do mathematics show creative expression think about reality

think about reality

Which statement does NOT describe European colonialism in Africa? Question options: Africans were encouraged to start import-export trade and their own factories. Europeans asserted authoritarian and militaristic power over African populations. Europeans imposed power over existing African political systems. Africans became forced labor on colonial projects like mining and building roads.

Africans were encouraged to start import-export trade and their own factories.

Which statement about communication is false? Question options: It involves the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver. It is practiced by animals as well as humans. It can be voluntary or involuntary, simple or complex. It is synonymous with the term language.

It is synonymous with the term language.

What is meant by the phrase "the homeyness of culture"? Question options: It refers to the idea that culture is what is familiar and what feels like home. It refers to the cultural evolution from simple homes to more complex. It refers to cultures that construct homes to better adapt to their environment. It refers to the material culture of homes across cultures.

It refers to the idea that culture is what is familiar and what feels like home.

Examining how people use a language in real settings rather than studying language as a formal set of rules is which kind of linguistics? Question options: Evolutionary linguistics Sociolinguistics Descriptive linguistics Historical linguistics

Sociolinguistics

Environmental degradation, healthcare denial, and the oppression of free speech are examples of: Question options: Structural violence Mechanical solidarity Organic solidarity Agency and structure

Structural violence

The capacity of individuals to act freely and make their own choices is called: Question options: Agency Structure Solidarity Culture

Agency

Which area of linguistics focuses on the social contexts in which language is acquired? Question options: linguistic universals language acquisition linguistic relativity language socialization

language socialization

Which term reflects the concept that all languages have some things in common? Question options: linguistic universals linguistic relativity folk taxonomies adaptive mimicry

linguistic universals

What area of study looks at the ways in which political and economic systems reinforce or contradict one another over time? Question options: political economy social evolution biopower political ideology

political economy

Which anthropologist proposed that culture was a complex system of symbols and that through studying the structure and binary opposites of these symbols, one could determine the patterns and thoughts of members of that culture? Question options: Victor Turner Bronisław Malinowski Claude Lévi-Strauss A. R. Radcliffe-Brown

Claude Lévi-Strauss

The formal rules of a language, including how it sounds, is the study of: Question options: Historical linguistics Evolutionary linguistics Descriptive linguistics Sociolinguistics

Descriptive linguistics

Which type of colonization happens when large areas of land are occupied by imperial forces for resource extraction and locals are forced to build the infrastructure of their own subjugation and environmental ruin? Question options: Settler colonization Cultural imperialism Economic colonization Neocolonization

Economic colonization

The biological ability of humans to make sounds and put them into meaningful sequences is the study of: Question options: Historical linguistics Evolutionary linguistics Descriptive linguistics Sociolinguistics

Evolutionary linguistics

Anthropologists are exclusively interested in studying culture. Question options: True False

False

Culture does not change, people change. Question options: True False

False

Culture has an ideal and traditional form that all people strive towards. Question options: True False

False

Dialects and accents that vary from the standard language are incorrect and should be corrected. Question options: True False

False

National news always manages to be unbiased in their framing of events. Question options: True False

False

Social capital is the use of an education to bring about power. Question options: True False

False

The suggestion that we should standardized language and require all humans to share one common language to make business, education, and communication easier is an idea reflective of: Question options: Functionalism Cultural relatavism Historical lingustics Language ideology

Language ideology

The continued influence of a nation-state on a former colony after official political occupation is called: Question options: Cultural imperialism Neocolonization Settler colonization Economic colonization

Neocolonization

Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states are differentiated by: Question options: Their beliefs about their own origins Population size Political and subsistence patterns Environments

Political and subsistence patterns

Which type of colonization best describes what happened to the Indigenous people of North America? Question options: Cultural imperialism Neocolonization Settler colonization Economic colonization

Settler colonization

Someone who succeeds in college because they have a large family network that supports them while they study is cashing in on: Question options: Economic capital Social capital Cultural capital Symbolic capital

Social capital

The ways that individuals perceive aspects of social and natural reality and divide that reality into categories that are culturally variable are called: Question options: Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Social constructions Modernization

Social constructions

The creation of classes in a society to reflect different levels of capital is referred to as: Question options: Social stratification Colonization Cultural imperialism Hegemony

Social stratification

Which of the following is NOT one of the anthropological values? Question options: The encouragement of economic growth The dignity of all humans Celebrating diversity of knowledge Cultural relativism

The encouragement of economic growth

A shared culture helps us trust people we do not know, but share norms with. Question options: True False

True

All humans practice, use, and express culture. Question options: True False

True

Anthropologists can use the scientific method, but their findings are often not objective. Question options: True False

True

Culture is integrated into society's infrastructure, social structure, and superstructure. Question options: True False

True

Culture is learned from others around you. Question options: True False

True

Culture is something that is understood by both actor and audience, outside of formal rules. Question options: True False

True

Culture is the unique beliefs, behaviors, norms, values, ideas, and actions that are taken for granted as a shared way of life. Question options: True False

True

Culture manifests in both the material and ideological. Question options: True False

True

For most of humanity's existence, groups of humans were relatively isolated. Question options: True False

True

Humans are capable of learning other human language because they are all members of the same species. Question options: True False

True

Humans have the ability to ascribe meaning to things, allowing for knowledge structures to form that make life and social relations possible. Question options: True False

True

In social settings, meaning emerges from conversation and social interaction, not (just) from rules. Question options: True False

True

Most anthropologists these days see cultural relativism as tool rather than a rule. Question options: True False

True

People are generally ethnocentric because they are most familiar with their own experiences, which feels "right" to them. Question options: True False

True

Power is maintained through the manipulation of different types of capital, structural violence, the control of ideologies, and mass surveillance. Question options: True False

True

Social constructions feel very real because we are surrounded by people immersed in the same cultural context. Question options: True False

True

Which of the following BEST describes a fragile state? Question options: a tribal community that lacks a centralized institution of power a state that can no longer adequately perform the functions of a state a leader who is on the verge of losing power a state that has lost its military force

a state that can no longer adequately perform the functions of a state

What term refers to a cultural group without an official leader? Question options: lineage order acephalous Precolonial tribal

acephalous

The selling of cultural artifacts obtained illegally is an example of what? Question options: European colonialism the process of museum acquisitions cultural evolution cultural appropriation

cultural appropriation

Which term is defined as the way humans develop culture as an adaptation to various environments? Question options: cultural ecology cultural complexity environmentalism cultural frames

cultural ecology

Shared values, ideas, technologies, adaptation to the environment, and belief systems are best defined as what? Question options: material culture cultural appropriation cultural evolution culture

culture

Which event does NOT meet the criteria for being considered a rite of passage? Question options: getting a promotion graduating from high school or college going to work every day getting married

going to work every day

Which of the following is considered the most advantageous of an anthropologist's skills? Question options: being able to read a map understanding primate classification having an attitude of respect and dignity toward diverse people being able to teach scientific approaches to the people they study

having an attitude of respect and dignity toward diverse people

Bronisław Malinowski proposed that the function of culture is to _________________. Question options: advance technology meet basic needs to survive progress to a more complex culture or civilization

meet basic needs to survive

French philosopher Michel Foucault used which term to describe how people engage in risky public speech in order to speak truth about power? Question options: parrhesia comedy profanity protest

parrhesia

What term refers to the ability to convince others and build group consensus? Question options: positions of authority persuasive power coercive power political power

persuasive power

Which of the following would NOT be considered an asset in facing current global challenges? Question options: the ability to harness new technologies political positions that place the nation at the center scientific knowledge about the current issues cultural wisdom and knowledge

political positions that place the nation at the center