anthro week 9

_____ and _____ have the cognitive ability to associate signs with concepts and then to combine them in original ways

Chimps and apes

"Why Isn't the Sky Blue": Which society was the earliest to have a term for the color blue in the written literature? Greeks Egyptians Chinese Persians

Egyptians

French linguist who suggested a difference between the structure of a language and how people actually speak it (langue vs parole)

Ferdinand de Saussure

used American Sign Language with the Chimp Washoe

Gardeners

hypothesized that English, German, Latin, Greek, Slavic and Sanskrit all came from a common ancestor

Grimm's Law

he argued that the social effects of speaking this way can marginalize women

Lakoff

described how "talking like a lady" involved the expectation that a woman's speech patterns should include things such as tag questions (... isn't it?) intensifiers (very) hedge (I'm pretty sure) or hesitation and the repetition of expression

Lakoff's study of gendered speech

this anthropologist distinguished three kinds of key symbols- elaborating, summarizing and key scenarios

Ortner

worked with a female gorilla named Koko

Patterson

descriptive linguistics consists of

Phonology, morphology and syntax

he urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research

Sapir

he urged that a language inclines its speakers to think about the world in certain ways because of its specific grammatical categories

Sapir

the cow is an elaborating symbol among these people of southern Sudan

The Nuer and Dinka

had studied the language of the Hopi Indians and found that his knowledge of the grammars of European languages was little help in understanding Hopi grammar

Whorf

he expanded on Sapir's work and concluded that people who speak different languages actually do perceive and experience the world differently

Whorf

Which of the following is a feature of language? it is used to communicate it is symbolic it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar all of the above

all of the above

non-genetic model of change in language

being in contact with other languages

patterned sounds or utterances that express meaning

call system

People speaking different languages don't see color differently, they just ____ it differently

classify

The communication systems of nonhuman species consist of a finite (limited) number of signals for finite specific meanings. Such systems are said to be: open arbitrary symbolic closed

closed

words in two languages that show the same systematic sound shifts as other words

cognate words

a language of mixed origin that has developed from a complex blending of two parent languages that exists as a mother tongue for some part of the population

creole language

the systematic analysis and description of a language's sound system and grammar

descriptive linguistics

regional accents (Brooklyn vs. Alabama)

dialects

the ability to communicate about things and ideas not immediate in space and time

displacement

units of sounds and units of meaning that those units of sound are combined to create

duality

____ Symbols help us sort out complex feelings and relationships

elaborating

By the late 1960s, ______ had largely dismissed the hypothesis as having no significance for understanding human cognition

ethnoscience

the study of how people classify things in the world, usually by considering some range or set of meanings

ethnoscience

Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak. True False

false

this linguistics focus on how and where the languages people speak today emerged

historical

The branch of linguistics that attempts to classify and construct a family tree of languages and to reconstruct extinct languages is known as structural linguistics sociolinguistics descriptive linguistics historical linguistics

historical linguistics

_____ can communicate about past, present and future

humans

As speakers became ______ from one another for geographic, political, or cultural reasons, consonants, vowels, and pronunciation diverged until they were speaking two or more new languages

isolated

implies how people should act. (the American dream/ rags to riches)

key scenario

a system of communication consisting of sounds, words and grammar

language

referring to the dying out of many minority languages. Some linguists argue that nearly half the world's 5,000 or 6,000 languages are in jeopardy of dying out within a century. Cultural disruptions created by rapid social changes such as colonization and globalization have undermined the use of native languages.

language death

non-deterministic version of the linguistic relatively argument

language habits lead people to think about the world in certain ways

i. Links language use with identity, morality, and aesthetics ii. Deeply felt beliefs that are considered truths, reflected in social relationships

language ideology

widespread assumptions that people make about the relative sophistication and status of particular dialects and languages

language ideology

the formal structure of language

langue

animals cannot speak because they do not have a

larynx

The fact that we are able to make sounds and put them into meaningful sequences suggests two different biological abilities that separates us as humans: make linguistic sounds using the mouth & ____ and reproduce these sounds in an infinite variety of ways to produce an equally ____ _____ of _____

larynx, diverse range of thoughts

the idea that people speaking different languages perceive or interpret the world differently because of differences in their languages

linguistic relativity

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady" - contributes to gender equality in the workplace - marginalizes women's voices in work contexts - demonstrates that women and men are equal - builds certainty and trust

marginalizes women's voices in work contexts

implicit comparisons of words or things that emphasize the similarities between them

metaphors

unit of meaning in a language, made up of phonemes

morpheme

the structure of words and word formation in a language

morphology

When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on parole langue phonetics morphology

parole

the actual speech used in any community

parole

the comparative study of ancient texts and documents

philology

a unit of sound we make

phoneme

the structure of speech sounds; the systematic pattern of sounds in a language

phonology

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as a pidgin language a creole language a national language slang

pidgin language

a mixed language with simplified grammar, typically borrowing its vocab from one language but its grammar from another

pidgin language

a hypothetical common ancestral language of two or more living languages

proto-language

the study of how sociocultural context and norms shape language use and the effects of language use on society.

sociolinguistics

sounds that are formed by closing off and reopening the oral cavity so that it stops the flow of air through the mouth, such as consonants p,b,t,d,k and g

stops

______Symbols sum up a variety of meanings and experiences and link them to a single sign (i.e. American flag).

summarizing

elaborations on signs

symbols

pattern of word order used to form sentences and longer utterances in a language

syntax

these cattle are elaborating symbols that the people of the community use to make sense of social differences

the dinka

"Why Isn't the Sky Blue": What conclusion did Prime Minister William Gladstone make about how the Greeks saw color? They were colorblind They simply had different terms to describe what everyone sees Their terms were limited to the colors they could manufacture Their terms and perception were the same as ours; Homer had simply been mistranslated into English

they were colorblind

Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake. True False

true