anthro week 9
_____ and _____ have the cognitive ability to associate signs with concepts and then to combine them in original ways
Chimps and apes
"Why Isn't the Sky Blue": Which society was the earliest to have a term for the color blue in the written literature? Greeks Egyptians Chinese Persians
Egyptians
French linguist who suggested a difference between the structure of a language and how people actually speak it (langue vs parole)
Ferdinand de Saussure
used American Sign Language with the Chimp Washoe
Gardeners
hypothesized that English, German, Latin, Greek, Slavic and Sanskrit all came from a common ancestor
Grimm's Law
he argued that the social effects of speaking this way can marginalize women
Lakoff
described how "talking like a lady" involved the expectation that a woman's speech patterns should include things such as tag questions (... isn't it?) intensifiers (very) hedge (I'm pretty sure) or hesitation and the repetition of expression
Lakoff's study of gendered speech
this anthropologist distinguished three kinds of key symbols- elaborating, summarizing and key scenarios
Ortner
worked with a female gorilla named Koko
Patterson
descriptive linguistics consists of
Phonology, morphology and syntax
he urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research
Sapir
he urged that a language inclines its speakers to think about the world in certain ways because of its specific grammatical categories
Sapir
the cow is an elaborating symbol among these people of southern Sudan
The Nuer and Dinka
had studied the language of the Hopi Indians and found that his knowledge of the grammars of European languages was little help in understanding Hopi grammar
Whorf
he expanded on Sapir's work and concluded that people who speak different languages actually do perceive and experience the world differently
Whorf
Which of the following is a feature of language? it is used to communicate it is symbolic it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar all of the above
all of the above
non-genetic model of change in language
being in contact with other languages
patterned sounds or utterances that express meaning
call system
People speaking different languages don't see color differently, they just ____ it differently
classify
The communication systems of nonhuman species consist of a finite (limited) number of signals for finite specific meanings. Such systems are said to be: open arbitrary symbolic closed
closed
words in two languages that show the same systematic sound shifts as other words
cognate words
a language of mixed origin that has developed from a complex blending of two parent languages that exists as a mother tongue for some part of the population
creole language
the systematic analysis and description of a language's sound system and grammar
descriptive linguistics
regional accents (Brooklyn vs. Alabama)
dialects
the ability to communicate about things and ideas not immediate in space and time
displacement
units of sounds and units of meaning that those units of sound are combined to create
duality
____ Symbols help us sort out complex feelings and relationships
elaborating
By the late 1960s, ______ had largely dismissed the hypothesis as having no significance for understanding human cognition
ethnoscience
the study of how people classify things in the world, usually by considering some range or set of meanings
ethnoscience
Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak. True False
false
this linguistics focus on how and where the languages people speak today emerged
historical
The branch of linguistics that attempts to classify and construct a family tree of languages and to reconstruct extinct languages is known as structural linguistics sociolinguistics descriptive linguistics historical linguistics
historical linguistics
_____ can communicate about past, present and future
humans
As speakers became ______ from one another for geographic, political, or cultural reasons, consonants, vowels, and pronunciation diverged until they were speaking two or more new languages
isolated
implies how people should act. (the American dream/ rags to riches)
key scenario
a system of communication consisting of sounds, words and grammar
language
referring to the dying out of many minority languages. Some linguists argue that nearly half the world's 5,000 or 6,000 languages are in jeopardy of dying out within a century. Cultural disruptions created by rapid social changes such as colonization and globalization have undermined the use of native languages.
language death
non-deterministic version of the linguistic relatively argument
language habits lead people to think about the world in certain ways
i. Links language use with identity, morality, and aesthetics ii. Deeply felt beliefs that are considered truths, reflected in social relationships
language ideology
widespread assumptions that people make about the relative sophistication and status of particular dialects and languages
language ideology
the formal structure of language
langue
animals cannot speak because they do not have a
larynx
The fact that we are able to make sounds and put them into meaningful sequences suggests two different biological abilities that separates us as humans: make linguistic sounds using the mouth & ____ and reproduce these sounds in an infinite variety of ways to produce an equally ____ _____ of _____
larynx, diverse range of thoughts
the idea that people speaking different languages perceive or interpret the world differently because of differences in their languages
linguistic relativity
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady" - contributes to gender equality in the workplace - marginalizes women's voices in work contexts - demonstrates that women and men are equal - builds certainty and trust
marginalizes women's voices in work contexts
implicit comparisons of words or things that emphasize the similarities between them
metaphors
unit of meaning in a language, made up of phonemes
morpheme
the structure of words and word formation in a language
morphology
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on parole langue phonetics morphology
parole
the actual speech used in any community
parole
the comparative study of ancient texts and documents
philology
a unit of sound we make
phoneme
the structure of speech sounds; the systematic pattern of sounds in a language
phonology
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as a pidgin language a creole language a national language slang
pidgin language
a mixed language with simplified grammar, typically borrowing its vocab from one language but its grammar from another
pidgin language
a hypothetical common ancestral language of two or more living languages
proto-language
the study of how sociocultural context and norms shape language use and the effects of language use on society.
sociolinguistics
sounds that are formed by closing off and reopening the oral cavity so that it stops the flow of air through the mouth, such as consonants p,b,t,d,k and g
stops
______Symbols sum up a variety of meanings and experiences and link them to a single sign (i.e. American flag).
summarizing
elaborations on signs
symbols
pattern of word order used to form sentences and longer utterances in a language
syntax
these cattle are elaborating symbols that the people of the community use to make sense of social differences
the dinka
"Why Isn't the Sky Blue": What conclusion did Prime Minister William Gladstone make about how the Greeks saw color? They were colorblind They simply had different terms to describe what everyone sees Their terms were limited to the colors they could manufacture Their terms and perception were the same as ours; Homer had simply been mistranslated into English
they were colorblind
Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake. True False
true