Anthropology 1010

When a hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives and neighbors without specifying what is expected in return he is practicing A. generalized reciprocity B. negative reciprocity C. redistribution D. market exchange

A. generalized reciprocity

A _____ is a fulltime religious specialist who occupies an office with a certain rank and function. A. shaman B. priest C. witch D. magician

B. priest

The most widely used terminological system is

Hawaiian

An example of balanced reciprocity would be A. a Tlingit Indian sponsoring a potlatch B. giving a birthday gift to your best friend C. when someone tries to get more out of each exchange than he gives D. the Yolmo exchange of a day's labor for a day's labor

D. the Yolmo exchange of a day's labor for a day's labor

The Branch Davidian group, which underwent the siege at Waco, and the Heaven's Gate cult, who committed suicide after the comet Hale-Bopp passed by the earth, are both examples of

supernatural beings.

Which of the following is a rite of passage?

graduation party

Among the Inuit, where men provide most of the food,

men dominate the household.

Sometimes individuals who become shamans are chosen because

of their apparent ability to survive an extraordinary event, like getting hit by lightning.

The kind of political organization that a nomadic foraging society would be most likely to have is ___________. A. a band B. a tribe C. a nation D. a chiefdom

A. a band

The Chinese government's violent response to the 1989 student protests in Tiananmen Square represented A. a loss of legitimacy for the communist government B. the legitimate use of force by a government C. the use of free speech in China

A. a loss of legitimacy for the communist government

The major difference between animism and animatism has to do with whether the supernatural entity is The major difference between animism and animatism has to do with whether the supernatural entity is A. a personal being or an impersonal power B. natural or supernatural C. a god or ancestral spirit D. a priest or shaman

A. a personal being or an impersonal power

An example of a rite of passage is: A. a wedding B. a harvest ritual among the Hopi C. prayer D. the Koran

A. a wedding

According to William Ury A. conflict is inevitable, but violence is not B. violence is inevitable, but conflict is not C. both conflict and violence are inevitable D. neither conflict nor violence is inevitable

A. conflict is inevitable, but violence is not

According to the video, the Ju/'hoansi rarely have a surplus of food, but when they do, such as when they have killed an elephant, they A. give it away B. keep it for the winter months C. sell it to neighbors D. store it underground

A. give it away

Supernatural beings who are rather remote from humans, yet who often have humanlike qualities, and control the universe while taking an interest in human activities are called: A. gods and goddesses B. ancestral spirits C. nature spirits D. mana

A. gods and goddesses

The cultivation of crops with simple hand tools, such as digging sticks or hoes, is called A. horticulture B. pastoralism C. convergent evolution D. ecosystem E. food foraging

A. horticulture

According to the video, the self-censorship practiced by some Internet users in mainland China, who are trying to avoid social pressure from neighbors or government interference by voluntarily not searching for controversial topics online, seems to function as a form of A. internalized control B. externalized control C. positive sanction D. negative sanction

A. internalized control

A method of resolving disputes in which the disputing parties voluntarily arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement is called _______. A. negotiation B. mediation C. adjudication D. sanctions

A. negotiation

An economic system involves the ____ of goods and services. A. production, distribution and consumption B. global exchange, local distribution, and international taxation C. taxation, consumption, and redistribution D. reciprocity, taxation and consumption

A. production, distribution and consumption

A belief in _____ enables people to explain why things go wrong by blaming certain individuals who are said to have the internal psychic ability to cause harm to others. A. witchcraft B. magic C. divination D. contagion

A. witchcraft

The archaeological record supports that the earliest subsistence strategy used by humans was

foraging

Law refers to cultural rules that are formulated by societies and are backed up by

formal sanctions

Which of the following terms refers to the socially and culturally assigned roles dictating how males and females should behave?

gender roles

Which of the following forms of reciprocity usually occurs between kin with no one keeping track of what is being given or received

generalized reciprocity

The negative consequences of early agriculture include all of the following EXCEPT

improved nutrition

Matrilocal residence includes all of the following situations EXCEPT living

in the house of the groom's mother.

In North America, the household division of labor is most equal in _________ relationships.

lesbian

The production maximization model of agricultural production has the following advantages EXCEPT

less profit.

The Berawan of Borneo believe that a person's soul

lingers until the body has decomposed leaving only bones.

Which of the following insects is eaten by the Washo?

locusts (Mormon crickets)

Among the Nayar of India after marriage a man lives with his

mother and sisters.

In horticultural and pastoral societies, where more wives means more workers and higher status, a common form of marriage is

polygyny

An ethnographer's view of class includes

the idea that class can exist if an outsider can identify inequities between groups.

The textbook uses the term supernaturalism rather than religion because

the term religion invokes some ethnocentric ideas.

Negative reciprocity typically takes place among

unrelated individuals

Among the Maori of the Cook Islands, the local paramount chief is known as the

Ariki

State societies are characterized by these two features that are not found in tribes or chiefdoms.

divisibility of currency and economic specialization.

Foragers exist on what type of energy budget?

low

To become a headman or a Big Man, individuals must

persuade others to follow them.

The aboriginal Washo people ate

pinon nuts and mule deer

The pastoralist strategy of moving cattle seasonally for grazing purposes is described as:

transhumance

To best understand sexual orientation and sexuality within a culture, one should

try to understand the behavior within the cultural context.

Parallel cousins consist of Ego's

MoSiCh and FaBrCh

Friedl suggests that foragers are egalitarian because

both women and men contribute directly to the group's survival

Moieties are usually

exogamous.

Among the Inuit (Eskimo) disputes are usually settled by

song duels.

Group marriage was practiced by

the Kaingang of Brazil.

The Mae Enga men are afraid to have sex with women because

they believe it will deplete their vitality.

As shown in the video, the markets of the Asante in Ghana A. are based on generalized reciprocity B. are primarily run by women C. are organized by men who hire women to do the selling D. are primarily run by men

B. are primarily run by women

Sanctions are used as externalized social controls A. only in industrialized societies B. in all societies C. only in bands and tribes D. only is societies with laws

B. in all societies

Which of the following describes the taxation system that is practiced by the trust group of the Yolmo of Nepal, which maintains the village temple and the land associated with it? A. it is a form of generalized reciprocity B. it represents a system of redistribution of resources in the community C. it allows certain men to become quite wealthy D. it involves all of the above

B. it represents a system of redistribution of resources in the community

_____, also known as swidden farming, is a form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash burned, and plants then planted among the ashes. A. food foraging B. slash-and-burn cultivation C. transhumance D. intensive agriculture

B. slash-and-burn cultivation

When the Ju/'hoansi people were persuaded, or forced, to live in villages, A. their lives became much easier, more comfortable, and more healthful B. their entire cultural system broke down C. they discovered they loved cornmeal D. women became dominant

B. their entire cultural system broke down

Which of the following anthropologists is NOT associated with an evolutionary model of cultural development

Benjamin Whorf

When did the transition from food foraging to food production begin? A. 100 years ago B. 1000 years ago C. 10,000 years ago D. 100,000 years ago

C. 10,000 years ago

According to the video a current anthropological definition of religion useful for cross-cultural studies says that religion is A. a set of ideas that involve both magic and science B. a system of ethics C. a set of beliefs and behaviors concerning the supernatural D. organized beliefs about God

C. a set of beliefs and behaviors concerning the supernatural

. ____ is the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques. A. culture area B. culture core C. carrying capacity D. transhumance

C. carrying capacity

Which is NOT and aspect of a food-foraging society? A. social equality B. equal distribution of resources C. high value of wealth D. egalitarianism

C. high value of wealth

Ceremonies that help the group cope together with a crisis, such as an epidemic, are rites of A. separation B. passage C. intensification D. incorporation

C. intensification

Political organization refers to the way: A. external affairs, such as warfare, are managed B. wrongdoing is punished C. power is distributed in society D. a society's economic structure is managed

C. power is distributed in society

Slash-and-burn cultivation is also known as A. greenhouse gardening B. landscaping C. swidden farming D. none of the above

C. swidden farming

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is used as an alternative to which of the following? A. sanction B. war C. laws D. a formal court trial

D. a formal court trial

Food foraging is defined as A. hunting B. fishing C. gathering wild plant foods D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above a. hunting b.fishing c. gathering wild plant foods

Which of the following factors distinguishes North American ranchers from pastoral societies? A. they breed and manage herds of domesticated grazing animals B. they are not nomadic C. they identify with a larger society D. b and c.

D. b. they are not nomadic and c. they identify with a larger society

Which of the following statements describes the Tsukiji wholesale fish market in Tokyo? A. the market is run primarily by women B. the market depends on face-to-face, personal transactions C. the market requires a higher quality of fish because much of it is eaten raw D. b and c

D. b.the market depends on face-to-face, personal transactions and c. the market requires a higher quality of fish because much of it is eaten raw

The number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques is called ________ capacity. A. gross agricultural B. resource allocation C. utilization D. carrying

D. carrying

The shaman's most common task is to: A. conduct formal religious services B. perform services on behalf of supernatural powers C. pray to increase his or her own powers D. identify the source of sickness and to heal it

D. identify the source of sickness and to heal it

Market exchange A. is the dominant form of exchange in the world today B. in a traditional market is primarily conducted in face-to-face bargaining C. is typically based on money exchange D. involves all of the above

D. involves all of the above

Environments do not determine culture, but they do present certain A. potentials B. limitations C. food-foraging skills D. economic interactions E. a and b

E. a.potentials and b. limitations

The Washo people are native to

Great Basin and Sierra Nevada mountains in North America

Which of the following statements about hijras is FALSE?

Hijras are half-male/half-female.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding marriage from an anthropological perspective?

In most cultures, marriage involves a change in role and status in the society for the husband and wife.

Cultures that practice unilineal descent are likely to have __________ kinship terminology.

Iroquois

Which kinship terminology pattern is a bifurcate system?

Iroquois

The Yanomamo peoples are native to:

South America

How did men of low social rank among the Yurok of California manage to arrange to pay bridewealth debt?

The groom agreed to live matrilocally.

The 23rd chromosome pair of biological females is designated as

XX

The Kula ring, found among the Trobriand Islanders, refers to

a complex system of balanced reciprocity.

A celebration of a nation's "birthday" is

a rite of intensification

Gender roles in a society may be affected by

all of the above.

Societies in which some members trace their descent through the mother's line and other members trace descent patrilineally have a descent pattern known as

ambilineal descent.

After the seal has been killed, the Alaskan Inuit offer seals a drink of water in order to

appease the goddess Sedna.

Economic anthropology includes all of the following EXCEPT

approaches to syntax

The shorthand designation of my MoSi refers to a person whom an American Ego would call

aunt

A newlywed couple moves into the house of the groom's mother's brothers to live. They are practicing

avunculocal residence.

The earliest domesticated plant in the Americas was probably

chenopodium

Formal leadership is common among

chiefdoms and states.

A group of kin united by a totem ancestor are members of a

clan

Segmentary lineages function in the same way as a

clan

Swidden (or slash and burn) methods are used by horticulturalists primarily to

clear land.

All of the following are distinct phases found with rites of passage EXCEPT

cohesion

Membership in a sodality is based on

common interest

In a kinship diagram, single lines joining symbols for a male and a female denote what type of relationships?

consanguineal ties

Belief systems function in all of the following ways EXCEPT to

counteract scientific teachings.

As a rule, the Yanomamo usually marry

cross-cousins.

The study of the processes by which a society adapts to its environment is called

cultural ecology

Statements such as "It is Karma," or "It is the will of Allah" illustrate which function of supernaturalism?

explanatory

Typical features of horticulturalist societies include

extensive technology, sedentary lifestyle, property ownership, and high energy budgets.

Property ownership in tribal societies occurs among

kin groupings.

Households consisting of single moms and their children in the United States are examples of

matrifocal residence.

Transgenerational homosexuality describes a homosexual relationship that

occurs between an older man and a younger man.

The most common residence pattern based on the number of societies that desire this form of residence after marriage is

patrilocal

The most diagnostic element for determining the sex of a skeleton is the

pelvis

The legal system in the United States is an example of the legitimate use of

power

Margaret Mead was what type of anthropologist?

psychological

Cephu's crime of stealing meat from the Mbuti pygmy group was punished by

ridicule and name calling.

The Nuer peoples of Sudan, Africa instead of having clan organizations have a kinship system consisting of

segmentary lineages

The purpose of moot in African societies is to

settle disputes between family members or neighbors.

Which of the following DOES NOT accurately describe state societies?

states are egalitarian.