Anthropology 1050 Exam 4 Study Guide Chapter 16

Which of these is a common task for young children?

tending animals

What factor, in addition to calorie yield, is likely to contribute to a forager's choice of what foods to collect?

predictability

What do anthropologists call the transformation of resources into food, tools, and other goods?

production

Systems regulating the way goods and services are distributed are closely associated with the society's __________.

food-getting technology

Taxation is an indirect form of __________.

forced labor

All societies divide labor by what two factors?

gender and age

Bills, coins, and electronic transfers of wealth in our own society represent what type of money?

general-purpose

In contrast to food collectors, horticulturalists __________.

generally grant individual families the exclusive right to land while in use

In contrast to foraging societies, horticulturalists __________.

have part-time trade specialists

great deal of the cross-cultural variation in economic systems is related to __________.

how a society gets its food

What is an important basis for work organization in nonindustrial societies?

kinship ties

Which of the following is an important social consequence of commercial agriculture?

laborers migrate to urban centers in search of employment

Commercialization through which means is associated with the formation of a peasantry?

subsistence agriculture

In which societies can there be no profit motive for work?

subsistence economies

Among the Mundurucú of Brazil, who controls the rights to use land?

the village

In which groups of pastoralists is private ownership most likely to develop?

those that use their animals to represent wealth

What factor can predict whether a particular food item will be shared with others?

unpredictability

What kind of exchange takes place at a potlatch ceremony?

A chief gives away food and gifts to guests in order to enhance his social status.

Studies have shown that many foraging and small-scale horticultural societies work just a few hours a day on subsistence and have much more leisure time than workers in complex societies. Which of the following statements explains this model?

Any surplus food these societies collect or produce cannot be stored for long and will rot.

What is the difference between market exchange (when money is not involved) and balanced reciprocity?

In market exchange, supply and demand determine the price.

Why do members of food-collecting societies not have private ownership of land?

Land has no intrinsic value to foragers; only the animals and plants on the land have value.

What happens to generalized reciprocity in times of scarcity?

Sharing tends to increase during times of food shortage, but not famine.

Which of the following statements best describes the land ownership situation among the Hadza of Tanzania?

The Hadza do not believe that they have exclusive rights over the land they use.

Why do state authorities have a particularly unfavorable view of mobile pastoralists?

Their mobility makes them difficult to control.

Among pastoral nomads, wealth is usually measured in __________.

animals

Researchers studying the Tsimane have found that, among foragers who also farm, those who grow a cash crop __________.

are most likely to clear more forest

If you were to trade a pair of shoes you no longer want for a friend's discarded jacket, you would be participating in __________.

balanced reciprocity

In all societies, generalized reciprocity exists among __________.

families

Researchers have found that cooperation is __________.

common across cultures and seems to evoke pleasure for people

What do anthropologists mean when they refer to peasant economies?

communities that are somewhat more commercialized than traditional subsistence economies

For most horticulturalists, people __________.

do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it

In an anthropological sense, an economic system refers to __________.

exchange rates of different monetary systems on a global market

The different forms of reciprocity are connected by the fact that they all __________.

exist without the use of money

Among horticulturalists __________.

individuals almost always make all their own tools

Many have suggested that the United States and other developed countries are now transitioning from __________ to __________.

industrialism; post-industrialism

Which of these subsistence strategies finds the individual ownership of land most important?

intensive agriculture

On what does the form of reciprocity used between people usually depend?

kinship distance

The term "transnationals" refers to migrants who __________.

move back and forth between their homelands and their adopted countries

The Aché prefer to hunt peccaries rather than armadillos, because peccaries have a higher calorie yield per work hour. This is an example of __________.

optimal foraging

Compared to horticulturalists, nomadic pastoralists __________.

own relatively few personal goods

What happens to customs of sharing when money is introduced into a society?

people tend to be less inclined to share after money is introduced

Private individual ownership is __________ associated with intensive agriculture.

rarely

When the federal government collects a portion of our wages as taxes and then returns that money in the form of national security, roads, education, and other goods and services to its citizens, it is demonstrating which type of economic exchange?

redistribution

Redistribution is found in all societies but only becomes an important mechanism in __________.

societies with a political hierarchy

In parts of Melanesia, pigs can be purchased using strings of shells, which cannot be used to buy any other goods or services. This is an example of __________.

special-purpose money

Chayanov's rule states that when resources are converted primarily to household consumption, people will work harder if __________.

there are more consumers in the household

Which of these groups of foragers are more likely to have individual or family ownership of land?

those dependent upon fishing in rivers

In a(n) __________ production system, most people produce their own food, but an aristocracy controls a portion of the production.

tributary

After what point could the Mundurucú be considered a society with a market economy?

when migrant workers abandoned their homes for permanent settlements near their rubber crops

Based on Hardin's arguments in "The Tragedy of the Commons," in which case would resources be best conserved in order to maximize yield?

with private ownership of land and resources