Anthropology Chapter 2 study guide

claiming the exclusive right to the symbols that give it power and meaning

"owning" culture means

big man political system -achieve social status; everyone wanted to become a coffee planter

A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that

culture helps shape the basic things all humans must do for biological survival (food preferences)

A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal

values

A focus on __________________ helps anthropologists understand intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people.

interpretative

An ___________________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Clifford Geertz, Victor Turner, and Mary Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings

cross cultural perspective

Anthropologist believe that analyzing human cultural phenomenon by comparing those phenomena across different societies, called the ________________________ approach, is necessary to appreciate how "artificial" our beliefs and actions are.

true

Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.

Franz Boas

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named

post-structuralism

The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represents

through systematic connections of different parts

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

people make sense of their worlds through binary oppositions--> expressed in social institutions

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?

Renato Rosaldo

The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is

relativism--> interpret and make sense of another culture in terms of the other culture's perspective

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

integrated

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

construction

Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural ________________________.

it denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on human behavior; justifies horrific actions (atrocities); all human action is product of culture alone

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because

knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

Culture is (includes what characteristics?)

the assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct

Ethnocentrism is

patterns of kinship and marriage (domestic arrangements, the organizations of sex and reproduction, raising children), economic activities (farming, herding, manufacturing, and trade), religious institutions (rituals, religious organizations), and political forms for controlling power

Examples of social institutions are

important to understand Native American claims from their point of view but it doesn't mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue

How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation

this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals; obedience to authority - social institutions

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that

everyday interactions

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on

new/ invented

Many anthropologists are wary about traditions, because, while they may feel antiquated to some people, they are often

interpretive theory

Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia because he believed in _________________________.

people learn them from an early age and because of the social pressure to conform

Norms are stable because

the interconnections between different domains of a society

The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals

the power of tradition

The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association schools using mascots illustrates

individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo unique processes of change

The defining feature of historical particularism is

ethnocentrism

The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called

a way of explaining how the world works

The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as

social evolutionism

The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as ___________________.

tradition

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

holistic perspective

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called

enculturation

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

functionalism

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

functionalism

The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called __________________.

cultural appropriation

The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of other is called _________________.

false

True or False: Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans.

false

True or False: All humans are born with some culture.

false

True or False: Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.

false

True or False: Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defined all the things that people in other cultures do.

true

True or False: Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.

false

True or False: Culture is uniquely human.

true

True or False: Most anthropologists believe in a single unified theory of culture.

false

True or False: People rarely hold conflicting values.

responded by challenging the right of foreign anthropologists even to study Maya culture

When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders

Bronislaw Malinowski

Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?

E.B. Tylor

Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?

something that represents something else; the basis of human behavior; includes numbers and the alphabet

a symbol is