Anthropology Chapter 2 study guide
claiming the exclusive right to the symbols that give it power and meaning
"owning" culture means
big man political system -achieve social status; everyone wanted to become a coffee planter
A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that
culture helps shape the basic things all humans must do for biological survival (food preferences)
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
values
A focus on __________________ helps anthropologists understand intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people.
interpretative
An ___________________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Clifford Geertz, Victor Turner, and Mary Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings
cross cultural perspective
Anthropologist believe that analyzing human cultural phenomenon by comparing those phenomena across different societies, called the ________________________ approach, is necessary to appreciate how "artificial" our beliefs and actions are.
true
Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.
Franz Boas
The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named
post-structuralism
The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represents
through systematic connections of different parts
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
people make sense of their worlds through binary oppositions--> expressed in social institutions
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?
Renato Rosaldo
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
relativism--> interpret and make sense of another culture in terms of the other culture's perspective
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
integrated
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
construction
Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural ________________________.
it denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on human behavior; justifies horrific actions (atrocities); all human action is product of culture alone
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
Culture is (includes what characteristics?)
the assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct
Ethnocentrism is
patterns of kinship and marriage (domestic arrangements, the organizations of sex and reproduction, raising children), economic activities (farming, herding, manufacturing, and trade), religious institutions (rituals, religious organizations), and political forms for controlling power
Examples of social institutions are
important to understand Native American claims from their point of view but it doesn't mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation
this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals; obedience to authority - social institutions
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
everyday interactions
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on
new/ invented
Many anthropologists are wary about traditions, because, while they may feel antiquated to some people, they are often
interpretive theory
Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia because he believed in _________________________.
people learn them from an early age and because of the social pressure to conform
Norms are stable because
the interconnections between different domains of a society
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals
the power of tradition
The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association schools using mascots illustrates
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo unique processes of change
The defining feature of historical particularism is
ethnocentrism
The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called
a way of explaining how the world works
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
social evolutionism
The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as ___________________.
tradition
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
holistic perspective
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
enculturation
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
functionalism
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
functionalism
The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called __________________.
cultural appropriation
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of other is called _________________.
false
True or False: Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans.
false
True or False: All humans are born with some culture.
false
True or False: Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.
false
True or False: Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defined all the things that people in other cultures do.
true
True or False: Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.
false
True or False: Culture is uniquely human.
true
True or False: Most anthropologists believe in a single unified theory of culture.
false
True or False: People rarely hold conflicting values.
responded by challenging the right of foreign anthropologists even to study Maya culture
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders
Bronislaw Malinowski
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
E.B. Tylor
Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?
something that represents something else; the basis of human behavior; includes numbers and the alphabet
a symbol is
