BIO281: Exam 1 Study Guide

A farmer sprays insecticides on her crops to successfully get rid of weevils, a beetle pest. After a few years of spraying the insecticide, she finds that weevils are becoming more and more common again. What is the most likely explanation for this? Select only ONE answer choice. A) Weevils that are resistant to the insecticide are favored by natural selection over weevils that are susceptible to the insecticide. B) Weevils that are susceptible to the insecticide are increasing their rates of mutation (changing their genetic information) to become resistant to the insecticide. C)The insecticide is attracting weevils that are resistant to the insecticide from other areas. D) Weevils are becoming resistant to the insecticide by random chance E) Female weevils, regardless of their resistance, are attracted to and thus more likely to mate with male weevils that are resistant to the insecticide.

A

A plant population growing on high-zinc-soil is able to grow at concentrations which are otherwise lethal to plants of the same species. This is an example of ___________ selection: Select only ONE answer choice. A) Directional B) Balancing C) Disruptive D) Stabilizing E) Not enough information to determine

A

distruptive selection

A natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of traits.

Define evolution

descent with modification; a change in the genetic makeup over time

questions to ask yourself for the reasoning?

does it connect to the evidence and claim?

acclimation

Acclimations is an adjustment made by an individual to their environment over time (not passed on).

Which of the following statement(s) regarding evolutionary adaptation is/are true? Select ALL that apply. A) Adaptations arise because they are needed in particular environments. B) A trait that is adaptive in one environment may not be adaptive in a different environment. C) An adaptation is the result of individuals adjusting to their environment. D) The adaptive value of a trait can change over time as the environment changes. E) Natural selection occurs in order to benefit individuals in a population.

B, D

Abiotic

Non-living (pH, sunlight, moisture, temp)

Vicariance

Occurs when a physical barrier splits a widespread population into subgroups that are physically isolated from each other

How do you determine if a population is undergoing through evolution by natural selection?

Removes individuals that are less suited for living in the current environment, amplifies the presence of favorable traits in a population, requires genetic variation, time, and has a feature for survival.

Explain the requirements for natural selection to occur?

Reproduction, heredity, a variation of fitness and variation in phenotypes among members in a population

allopatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

Why is variation important?

The more variation within a species, the more likely it will survive

Define phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

components of a scientific argument?

claim, evidence, and reasoning

explain how enzymes shape the niche?

enzymes allow/predict the species to be able to tolerate variating environmental conditions (CT min, CT max)

Define genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Where do you find more stiff/less flexible enzymes?

hot enviorments

questions to ask yourself for evidence?

is it observational? does it connect to the claim? is it sufficient enough?

questions to ask yourself for a claim

is it the main point? can it be tested? is it an answer to a question?

Biotic

living things (food availability, hosts, and competition)

What are the four mechanisms of evolution?

mutation, genetic drift, migration, natural selection

directional selection

occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait

explain what trade offs are?

one trait decreases while the other traits increases because energy cannot support two traits at once

dispersal

the movement of organisms from one place to another

Adaption

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

What differences in enzyme flexibility and stability would you expect to see between species adapted to colder versus warmer climates? Select ALL that apply. A) Greater stability at higher temperatures B) Greater stability at lower temperatures C) Greater flexibility at lower temperatures D) Greater flexibility at higher temperatures

A,C

What are the core principles necessary for natural selection to occur in a population? Select ALL that apply. A) Traits need to be passed on from parents to offspring B) All the organisms in the population should exhibit the same phenotype C) There needs to be variation in a population D) All organisms should have the same amount of reproductive success E) Some organisms have a higher reproductive success than others

A,C,E

factors that influence a fundamental niche?

Abiotic factors

What is variation?

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

House finches were found only in western North America until 1939, when a few individuals were released in New York City. These individuals established a breeding population and gradually expanded their range. The western population of house finches also expanded its range somewhat eastward, and the two populations have recently come in contact. If the two forms were unable to interbreed when their expanding ranges met, it would be an example of _____. A) reinforcement B) allopatric speciation C) sympatric speciation D) None of the above

B

How does artificial selection differ from natural selection? Select ALL that apply. A) Natural selection is non-random, whereas artificial selection is random. B) Artificial selection usually results in larger changes over a shorter period of time than natural selection. C) Artificial selection usually produces organisms that are better suited to their environment than natural selection. D) Both natural selection and artificial selection are non-random. E) True or False: Sexual selection is a case of natural selection that describes evolution due not to variable survival rates, but rather due to variable reproductive rates stemming from characteristics that allow an individual to successfully attract a mate. Natural selection acts on the phenotype, whereas artificial selection acts on the genotype.

B

The realized niches of two coexisting species of pond snail of the same genus are likely to be similar, but not identical, because of which of the following? Select only ONE answer choice. I. Closely related species use similar resources. II. Competitive interactions exist between these species. III. Unlimited resources are available. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II E) I and III

B

Which of these individuals is most likely to be successful in an evolutionary sense? Select only ONE answer choice. A) a reproductively sterile individual who never falls ill B) an organism that dies after 5 days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce C) a male who mates with 20 females and fathers 1 offspring D) an organism that lives 100 years and leaves 2 offspring, both of whom survive to reproduce E) a female who mates with 20 males and produces 1 offspring

B

what is the bsc

Biological Species Concept

factors that influence a realized niche?

Biotic factors

Determine if several organisms are using distinct species using the bsc

Breed with each other not with others otherwise, they're infertile.

A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is: Select only ONE answer choice. A) the appearance of new species in the midst of old ones. B) asexually reproducing populations. C) geographic isolation. D) artificial selection. E) large populations.

C

Phenotypic plasticity occurs when one __________ produces multiple __________. Select only ONE answer choice. A) allele / proteins. B) protein / alleles. C) genotype / phenotypes. D) phenotype / genotypes. E) None of the above are correct.

C

Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation? Select ALL that apply. A) Speciation as a result of mating preference by female cichlids within a single African rift lake B) Reproductive isolation progressively increases in a lizard population with differing habitats on opposite ends of its range C) Evolution of genetic reproductive barriers between populations of angelfish isolated on either side of the Isthmus of Panama D) Speciation observed in the fossil record, such as during the evolution of fully aquatic whales from a terrestrial ancestor E) None of the above are examples of allopatric speciation

C

where do you find more flexible enzymes?

Cold enviroments

Evolution of a new trait typically takes many generations. Yet a dramatic shift in the extent of armor plating in the Lake Washington stickleback population occurred in the 50 years following the cleanup of the lake. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of the rapid evolution of the armor phenotype in the Lake Washington sticklebacks? Select only ONE answer choice. A) Pollutants in Lake Washington forced the sticklebacks to increase their mutation rate. B) The rapid change in the Lake Washington ecosystem required individual sticklebacks to evolve complete armor quickly. C) The increase in visibility in Lake Washington allowed sticklebacks to visually select mates with low armor. D) New selective pressures favored individuals with the plated phenotype, causing the plated allele frequency in the population to quickly increase.

D

If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____. Select only ONE answer choice. A) change its fundamental niche B) decline in abundance C) become the target of specialized parasites D) expand its realized niche E) None of the above

D

Which of the following is a fitness trade-off (compromise)? Select ALL that apply. A) In some hornbill species, the male helps seal the female in a tree with her nest until the young are ready to fledge. B) Hummingbirds are the best pollinators of certain flowers, but bees are the best pollinators for orchids. C) The strong, thick beak of a woodpecker helps it find insects in trees. D) Turtle shells provide protection but are heavy and burdensome when moving. E) None of the above represent fitness tradeoffs.

D

According to the biological species concept, the main criterion for identifying a species is: Select only ONE answer choice. A) morphological distinctiveness. B) behavioral distinctiveness. C) physiological distinctiveness. D) geographical isolation. E) reproductive isolation.

E

In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In rangelands of the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another. If some of these fleas develop a strong preference, instead, for cattle blood and mate only with fleas that, likewise, prefer cattle blood, then over time which of these should occur, if the host mammal can be considered as the fleasʹ habitat? 1.reproductive isolation 2.sympatric speciation 3.habitat isolation 4. prezygotic barriers A) 1 only B) 2 and 3 C)1, 2, and 3 D)2, 3, and 4 E) 1 through 4

E

Which of the following is NOT an example of a tradeoff? Select only ONE answer choice. A) Marine algae (such as kelp) increasing nutrient uptake vs. reducing the probability of dislodgment by waves or currents. B) Plants producing defenses against herbivores vs. growing rapidly. C) Birds having beaks suited for eating large seeds vs. having beaks suited for eating small seeds. D) Producing many offspring vs. investing many resources in each offspring E) All are examples of tradeoffs. F) None of these are examples of tradeoffs

E

Which of the following is/are a criticism(s) of the usefulness of the biological species concept? Select only ONE answer choice. A) Individuals within a species can vary considerably in their appearance. B) It is difficult to tell whether two individuals are actually or potentially capable of producing fertile offspring. C) Some species only reproduce sexually. D) Genetic data are unavailable for most species. E) All of the above F) B and C only

F

Continuous desert tortoise populations across the Sonoran desert have adapted to different climates, where the climate near the northern edge of the Sonoran desert is extremely hot and dry, while the climate near the southern edge has more scrub, shade, and access to water. Evidence suggests that there are now two species of desert tortoises. True or False: This is an example of Allopatric speciation.

False

True or False: The genotype of an organism describes the physical traits that one can observe.

False

fundamental niche vs realized niche

Fundamental= all possible niches with no limiting factors Realized= With competitor present...actual niche

reproductive isolation

Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

explain how species are determined using the bsc

Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Must produce fertile offspring

Explain how new species form in allopatric speciation, including the roles that reproductively isolating mechanism plays in this process?

They're reproductively isolated due to pre-zygotic barriers of spacial isolation

True or False: Sexual selection is a case of natural selection that describes evolution due not to variable survival rates, but rather due to variable reproductive rates stemming from characteristics that allow an individual to successfully attract a mate.

True

You collect individuals from different allopatric populations of a leaf-eating beetle. In the laboratory, you conduct mate-choice experiments to assess levels of reproductive isolation among beetles from different populations. True or False: In order to determine if these different populations are different species, you would need to find information indicating complete reproductive isolation among all of the populations.

True

When does adaption occur?

a gene mutates or changes by accident! Some mutations can help an animal or plant survive better than others in the species without the mutation.

compare and contrast trade offs in terms of specialists and generalist

a generalist is a species is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions, and can make use of different resources. a specialist species can thrive only in narrow range of environmental condition

Adaption

a heritable characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in an environment

stabilizing selection

a natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

phenotypic plasticity

the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.