Exam 3
Connective
- binds the cells and organs of the body together, protection, support
Epithelial
- cover surfaces, line internal cavities, form glands
Muscle Tissue
- responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement
Nervous Tissue
- send and receive signals
The names of the extrinsic tongue muscles commonly end in ________.
-glossus
Name the six level of organization of the human body.
1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism
Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.
1. an understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential for any career in the health professions. 2. it can also help you make choices that promote your health, respond appropriately to signs of illness, make sense of health-related new. 3. help you in your roles as a parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, and caregiver.
the muscles of a professional marathon runner are most likely to have
20 % fast-twitch muscle fibers and 80 % slow-twitch muscle fibers
. What is the total number of bones found in the foot and toes?
26
. How many bones fuse in adulthood to form the hip bone?
3
How many bones are there in the upper limbs combined?
30
the muscles of a professional sprinter are most likely to have
80 % fast-twitch muscle fibers and 20 % slow-twitch muscle fibers
Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?
A layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers cartilage. No blood vessels supply cartilage tissue. Injuries to cartilage heal very slowly because cells and nutrients needed for repair diffuse slowly to the injury site.
What regulatory processes would your body use if you were trapped by a blizzard in an unheated, uninsulated cabin in the woods?
Any prolonged exposure to extreme cold would activate the brain's heat-gain center. This would reduce blood flow to your skin, and shunt blood returning from your limbs away from the digits and into a network of deep veins. Your brain's heat-gain center would also increase your muscle contraction, causing you to shiver. This increases the energy consumption of skeletal muscle and generates more heat. Your body would also produce thyroid hormone and epinephrine, chemicals that promote increased metabolism and heat production.
What are the functions of astrocytes?
Astrocytes regulate ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain-barrier.
The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the ________. A. frontal bone B. occipital bone C. other parietal bone D. temporal bone
B. occipital bone
One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role.
Blood carries nutrients, salts, and waste to be dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body.
________ reactions release energy. a. Catabolic b. Exergonic c. Decomposition d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?
Columnar
Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.
Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.
Which medical imaging technique is most dangerous to use repeatedly, and why>
Ct scanning subjects patients to much higher levels of radiation than X-rays, and should not be performed repeatedly.
A fontanelle ________. A. is the cartilage model for a vertebra that later is converted into bone B. gives rise to the facial bones and vertebrae C. is the rod-like structure that runs the length of the early embryo D. is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones
D. is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones
Identify the four types of tissue in the body, and describe the major functions of each tissue.
Epithelial - cover surfaces, line internal cavities, form glands Connective - binds the cells and organs of the body together, protection, support Muscle Tissue - responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement Nervous Tissue - send and receive signals
Identify three different ways that growth can occur in the human body.
Growth can occur by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the size of existing cells, or increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells.
Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+
H2
In which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the frontal plane, and in which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the sagittal plane?
If the body were supine or prone, the MRI scanner would move from top to bottom to produce frontal sections, which would divide the body into anterior and posterior portions, as in "cutting" a deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions.
When you open a bottle of sparkling water, the carbon dioxide gas in the bottle form bubbles. If the bottle is left open, the water will eventually "go flat." Explain these phenomena in terms of atmospheric pressure.
In a sealed bottle of sparkling water, carbon dioxide gas is kept dissolved in the water under a very high pressure. When you open the bottle, the pressure of the gas above the liquid changes from artificially high to normal atmospheric pressure. The dissolved carbon dioxide gas expands, and rises in bubbles to the surface. When a bottle of sparkling water is left open, it eventually goes flat because its gases continue to move out of solution until the pressure in the water is approximately equal to atmospheric pressure.
If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? a. Merkel cells b. keratinocytes c. Langerhans cells d. melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?
NA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars
Which physical features of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse?
Neurons are well suited for the transmission of nerve impulses because short extensions, dendrites, receive impulses from other neurons, while a long tail extension, an axon, carries electrical impulses away from the cell to other neurons.
Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?
PET
Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the formation of blood clots and is taken regularly by individuals with a heart condition. Steroids such as cortisol are used to control some autoimmune diseases and severe arthritis by down-regulating the inflammatory response. After reading the role of inflammation in the body's response to infection, can you predict an undesirable consequence of taking anti-inflammatory drugs on a regular basis?
Since NSAIDs or other anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the formation of blood clots, regular and prolonged use of these drugs may promote internal bleeding, such as bleeding in the stomach. Excessive levels of cortisol would suppress inflammation, which could slow the wound healing process.
What is the function of synovial membranes?
Synovial membranes are a type of connective tissue membrane that supports mobility in joints. Contains fibroblasts that produce synovial fluids
Which of the following statements is correct about what happens during flexion?
The angle between bones is decreased.
If a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic body cavities would it enter, and which layer of the serous membrane would it encounter first?
The bullet would enter the ventral, thoracic, and pleural cavities, and it would encounter the parietal layer of serous membrane first.
You are watching cells in a dish spontaneously contract. They are all contracting at different rates; some fast, some slow. After a while, several cells link up and they begin contracting in synchrony. Discuss what is going on and what type of cells you are looking at.
The cells in the dish are cardiomyocytes, cardiac muscle cells. They have an intrinsic ability to contract. When they link up, they form intercalating discs that allow the cells to communicate with each other and begin contracting in synchrony.
What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"
The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward, used as a reference in describing the relation of body parts to one another.
The female ovaries and the male testes are a part of which body system? Can these organs be members of more than one organ system? Why or why not?
The female ovaries and the male testes are parts of the reproductive system. But they also secrete hormones, as does the endocrine system, therefore ovaries and testes function within both the endocrine and reproductive systems
Identify the four components of a negative feedback loop and explain what would happen if secretion of a body chemical controlled by a negative feedback system became too great.
The four components of a negative feedback loop are: stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector. If too great a quantity of the chemical were excreted, sensors would activate a control center, which would in turn activate an effector. In this case, the effector (the secreting cells) would be adjusted downward.
As an individual ages, many symptoms begins the decline to the point where an individual's functioning is compromised. Identify and discuss two factors that have a role in factors leading to the compromised situation.
The genetic makeup and the lifestyle of each individual are factors
Which statement is true concerning the knee joint
The medial meniscus is attached to the tibial collateral ligament
The structure of a tissue usually is optimized for its function. Describe how the structure of the mucosa and its cells match its function of nutrient absorption.
The mucosa of the intestine is highly folded, increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption. A greater surface area allows more nutrients to be absorbed per unit time.
Which arrangement best describes a bipennate muscle?
The muscle fibers feed in on an angle to a long tendon from both sides.
On his midsummer trek through the desert, Josh ran out of water. Why is this particularly dangerous?
The primary way that the body responds to high environmental heat is by sweating; however, sweating requires water, which comes from body fluids, including blood plasma. If Josh becomes dehydrated, he will be unable to sweat adequately to cool his body, and he will be at risk for heat stroke as his blood pressure drops too much from the loss of water from the blood plasma.
The zygote is described as totipotent because it ultimately gives rise to all the cells in your body including the highly specialized cells of your nervous system. Describe this transition, discussing the steps and processes that lead to these specialized cells.
The zygote divides into many cells. As these cells become specialized, they lose their ability to differentiate into all tissues.
Why is it important to watch for increased redness, swelling and pain after a cut or abrasion has been cleaned and bandaged?
These symptoms would indicate that infection is present.
Discuss changes that occur in cells as a person ages.
They become larger, and many cannot divide and regenerate. Transport of oxygen and nutrients into the cell and removal of carbon dioxide and waste products are not as efficient in the elderly
Which of the following is unique to the muscles of facial expression?
They insert into the skin.
Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c. Ty's blood is highly acidic. d. Ty's blood is within the normal range
Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.
Explain why ultrasound imaging is the technique of choice for studying fetal growth and development.
Ultrasonography does not expose a mother or fetus to radiation, to radiopharmeceuticals, or to magnetic fields. At this time, there are not known medical risks of ultrasonography.
Why does skeletal muscle look striated?
Under the light microscope, cells appear striated due to the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin.
Explain why the smell of smoke when you are sitting at a campfire does not trigger alarm, but the smell of smoke in your residence hall does.
When you are sitting at a campfire your sense of small adapts to the smell of smoke. Only if that smell were to suddenly and dramatically intensify would you be likely to notice and respond. In contrast, the smell of even a trace of smoke would be new and highly unusual in your residence hall, and would be perceived as danger.
After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.
a control center
A meniscus is
a fibrocartilage pad that provides padding between bones
A syndesmosis is
a fibrous joint that unites parallel bones
The hair matrix contains ________. a. the hair follicle b. the hair shaft c. the glassy membrane d. a layer of basal cells
a layer of basal cells
What is the linea alba?
a long tendon that runs down the middle of the rectus abdominis
Which of the following is a type of synovial joint
a plane joint
Which of the following helps an agonist work?
a synergist
Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome
a. DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively? a. GABA b. acetylcholine c. glutamate d. norepinephrine
a. GABA
A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following?
a. a cell with additional genetic material than normal b. cancer c. a cell with less genetic material than normal d. any of the above*
The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking? a. a hole b. a facet c. a canal d. a fissure
a. a hole
Wolff's law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________ a. a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left b. a right-handed cyclist will have thicker bones in her right leg compared to her left c. a broken bone will heal thicker than it was before the fracture d. a bed-ridden patient will have thicker bones than an athlete
a. a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left
A typical lumbar vertebra has ________. a. a short, rounded spinous process b. a bifid spinous process c. articulation sites for ribs d. a transverse foramen
a. a short, rounded spinous process
The paranasal sinuses are ________. a. air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only b. air-filled spaces found within all bones of the skull c. not connected to the nasal cavity d. divided at the midline by the nasal septum
a. air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only
Yellow marrow has been identified as ________. a. an area of fat storage b. a point of attachment for muscles c. the hard portion of bone d. the cause of kyphosis
a. an area of fat storage
Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________. a. epiphyseal plate b. perichondrium c. periosteum d. medullary cavity
a. epiphyseal plate
Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt? a. estrogen and testosterone b. calcitonin and calcitriol c. growth hormone and parathyroid hormone d. thyroxine and progesterone
a. estrogen and testosterone
Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones. a. irregular b. sesamoid c. flat d. short
a. irregular
The tubercle of a rib ________. a. is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra b. is for articulation with the body of a thoracic vertebra c. provides for passage of blood vessels and a nerve d. is the area of greatest rib curvature
a. is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra
Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton? a. long bone b. sesamoid bone c. short bone d. flat bone
a. long bone
What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage behind the blood-brain barrier? a. microglia b. astrocyte c. Schwann d. cell satellite cell
a. microglia
Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?
a. mitochondria
Which structure predominates in the white matter of the brain? a. myelinated axons b. neuronal cell bodies c. ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves d. bundles of dendrites from the enteric nervous
a. myelinated axons
Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column? a. nuchal ligament b. ligamentum flavum c. supraspinous ligament d. anterior longitudinal ligament
a. nuchal ligament
Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively.
a. nucleus; cytoplasm
What type of glial cell provides myelin for the axons in a tract? a. oligodendrocyte b. astrocyte c. Schwann cell d. satellite cell
a. oligodendrocyte
Which of the following is a bone of the brain case? a. parietal bone b. zygomatic bone c. maxillary bone d. lacrimal bone
a. parietal bone
The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bones is the _______________. a. periosteum b. epiphysis c. endosteum d. diaphysis
a. periosteum
What does a mechanically gated channel respond to? a. physical stimulus b. chemical stimulus c. increase in resistance d. decrease in resistance
a. physical stimulus
Which of the following is a function of the rough ER?
a. production of proteins
Parts of the sphenoid bone include the ________. a. sella turcica b. squamous portion c. glabella d. zygomatic process
a. sella turcica
The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of ________. a. seven vertebrae b. 12 vertebrae c. five vertebrae d. a single bone derived from the fusion of five vertebrae
a. seven vertebrae
What ion enters a neutron causing depolarization of the cell membrane? a. sodium b. chloride c. potassium d. phosphate
a. sodium
All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D
a. thyroxine
Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking. a. vitamin D b. vitamin K c. calcitonin d. fluoride
a. vitamin D
Movement at the shoulder joint that moves the upper limb laterally away from the body is called
abduction
Which of the following terms would be used in the name of a muscle that moves the leg away from the body?
abductor
A shoulder separation results from injury to the ________.
acromioclavicular joint
What structure is an extension of the spine of the scapula?
acromion
The location of a muscle's insertion and origin can determine ________.
action
Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?
adipose tissue (white fat)
Which of the following are joined by a symphysis
adjacent vertebraea
Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?
all classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.
Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose
amino
the joint between adjacent vertebrae that includes an invertebral dsic is classified as which type of joint?
amphiarthrosis
When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes a. an ion b. an anion c. nonpolar d. all of the above
an ion
a sprinter would experience muscle fatigue sooner than a marathon runner due to
anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter
a Gomphosis is
anchors a tooth to the jaw
What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?
anterior horn
Sebaceous glands ________. a. are a type of sweat gland b. are associated with hair follicles c. may function in response to touch d. release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste
are associated with hair follicles
Synovial joints
are joints where the bones articulate with each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity
Eccrine sweat glands ________. a. are present on hair b. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat c. produce sebum d. act as a moisturizer
are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat
Bedsores ________. a. can be treated with topical moisturizers b. can result from deep massages c. are preventable by eliminating pressure points d. are caused by dry skin
are preventable by eliminating pressure points
In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________. a. are glands on the skin surface b. can lead to excessive sweating c. are responsible for goose bumps d. secrete sebum
are responsible for goose bumps
Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?
astrocytes
which of the following properties is not common to all three muscle tissues?
at rest, uses shielding proteins to cover actin-binding sites
The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________. a. electron b. atom c. elemental particle d. isotope
atom
What type of ganglion contains neurons that control homeostatic mechanisms of the body?
autonomic ganglion
Which muscles stabilize the pectoral girdle?
axial and scapular
The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.
axon
How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated? a. +30 mV b. +15 mV c. +10 mV d. -15 mV
b. +15 mV
Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis?
b. G1
The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features?
b. a double cell membrane
The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ________. a. include the lumbar curve b. are remnants of the original fetal curvature c. include the cervical curve d. develop after the time of birth
b. are remnants of the original fetal curvature
Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis?
b. attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand
Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)? a. somatic b. autonomic c. enteric d. central
b. autonomic
Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________. a. in the medullary cavity b. beneath the periosteum c. in the epiphyseal plate d. within the metaphysis
b. beneath the periosteum
What does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open? a. increase in concentration of Na+ ions b. binding of a neurotransmitter c. increase in concentration of K+ ions d. depolarization of the membrane
b. binding of a neurotransmitter
The skeletal system is made of __________. a. muscles and tendons b. bones and cartilage c. vitreous humor d. minerals and fat
b. bones and cartilage
Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated? a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D
b. calcitonin
Which of the following can be found in areas of movement? a. hematopoiesis b. cartilage c. yellow marrow d. red marrow
b. cartilage
Embryonic development of the axial skeleton involves ________. a. intramembranous ossification, which forms the facial bones. b. endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum c. the notochord, which produces the cartilage models for the vertebrae d. the formation of hyaline cartilage models, which give rise to the flat bones of the skull
b. endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum
The diaphysis contains ____________. a. the metaphysis b. fat stores c. spongy bone d. compact bone
b. fat stores
The axial skeleton ________. a. consists of 126 bones b. forms the vertical axis of the body c. includes all bones of the body trunk and limbs d. includes only the bones of the lower limbs
b. forms the vertical axis of the body
The sternum ________. a. consists of only two parts, the manubrium and xiphoid process b. has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body c. receives direct attachments from the costal cartilages of all 12 pairs of ribs d. articulates directly with the thoracic vertebrae
b. has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body
Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________.
b. integral proteins
What is the target of an upper motor neuron? a. cerebral cortex b. lower motor neuron c. skeletal muscle d. thalamus
b. lower motor neuron
A fracture can be both ________. a. open and closed b. open and transverse c. transverse and greenstick d. greenstick and comminuted
b. open and transverse
Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________.
b. osmosis; pinocytosis
Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? a. storage of minerals b. protection of internal organs c. facilitation of movement d. fat storage
b. protection of internal organs
The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures
b. ribosomes
Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________. a. flat bones b. short bones c. sesamoid bones d. irregular bones
b. short bones
Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus? a. dendrite b. soma c. axon d. synaptic end bulb
b. soma
What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes?
b. stop certain cells from dividing
Which of the following is not made out of RNA?
b. the ribosome
How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream? a. the bone pierces fat stores in the skin b. the yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged c. the injury triggers the body to release fat from healthy bones d. the red marrow in the fractured bone releases fat to heal the fracture
b. the yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged
In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes? a. they develop into osteocytes b. they die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity c. they grow and form the periosteum d. they group together to form the primary ossification center
b. they die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open up reaching what state? a. resting potential b. threshold c. repolarization d. overshoot open upon
b. threshold
The internal and external calli are replaced by _____________. a. hyaline cartilage b. trabecular bone c. osteogenic cells d. osteoclasts
b. trabecular bone
Which type of joint provides the greatest range of motion
ball-and-socket
C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by __________.
breaking down stored energy
How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid?
c. 3
Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT?
c. CGAATATA
Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton?
c. They are all polymers of protein subunits.
Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________.
c. active transport
Why is cartilage slow to heal? a. because it eventually develops into bone b. because it is semi-solid and flexible c. because it does not have a blood supply d. because endochondral ossification replaces all cartilage with bone
c. because it does not have a blood supply
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate? a. proliferation, reserved, maturation, calcification b. maturation, proliferation, reserved, calcification c. calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved d. calcification, reserved, proliferation, maturation
c. calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved
What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents?
c. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth
Which of the following cavities contains a component of the central nervous system? a. abdominal b. pelvic c. cranial d. thoracic
c. cranial
How long does all the signaling through the sensory pathway, within the central nervous system, and through the motor command pathway take? a. 1 to 2 minutes b. 1 to 2 seconds c. fraction of a second d. varies with graded potential
c. fraction of a second
Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis? a. bone growth b. bone remodeling c. hematopoiesis d. shock absorption
c. hematopoiesis
Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells?
c. hematopoietic
A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this? a. depolarizing b. repolarizing c. hyperpolarizing d. non-polarizing
c. hyperpolarizing
Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone? a. Haversian systems b. Haversian canals c. lamellae d. lacunae
c. lamellae
A typical vertebra has ________. a. a vertebral foramen that passes through the body b. a superior articular process that projects downward to articulate with the superior portion of the next lower vertebra c. lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process d. a pair of laterally projecting spinous processes
c. lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process
Which one of the following foods is best for bone health? a. carrots b. liver c. leafy green vegetables d. oranges
c. leafy green vegetables
Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________. a. counterweight b. resistive force c. lever d. fulcrum
c. lever
What two types of macromolecules are the main components of myelin? a. carbohydrates and lipids b. proteins and nucleic acids c. lipids and proteins d. carbohydrates and nucleic acids
c. lipids and proteins
Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________. a. store phosphate b. store calcium c. make blood cells d. move like levers
c. make blood cells
If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations, what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to? a. light b. sound c. molecules d. vibration
c. molecules
Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis? a. osteoblasts and osteoclasts b. osteocytes and osteoclasts c. osteoblasts and osteocytes d. osteogenic cells and osteoclasts
c. osteoblasts and osteocytes
Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus?
c. ribosomes
The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is __________ bone. a. compact b. lamellar c. spongy d. dense
c. spongy
Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton? a. allows for movement of the wrist and hand b. protects nerves and blood vessels at the elbow c. supports trunk of body d. allows for movements of the ankle and foot
c. supports trunk of body
Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone? a. canaliculi b. Volkmann's canals c. trabeculae d. Calcium salts
c. trabeculae
which element is important in directly triggering contraction?
calcium
according to the sliding filament model, binding sites on actin open when
calcium ion levels rise
muscle relaxation occurs when
calcium ions are actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
during muscle contraction, the cross-bridge detaches when
calcium ions bind to troponin
In general, skin cancers ________. a. are easily treatable and not a major health concern b. occur due to poor hygiene c. can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun d. affect only the epidermis
can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun
. Which region of the humerus articulates with the radius as part of the elbow joint?
capitulum
The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n)____________.
cell
Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?
cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
Brodmann's areas map different regions of the ________ to particular functions.
cerebral cortex
What is the action of the masseter?
chewing
Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?
childbirth
Movement of a body region in a circular movement at a condyloid joint is what type of motion
circumduction
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. a. melanocytes b. keratinocytes c. connective tissue d. adipose tissue
connective tissue
cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles in that they
contain intercalated discs
during which phase of a twitch in a muscle fiber is tension the greatest
contraction phase
Name the short, hook-like bony process of the scapula that projects anteriorly.
coracoid process
Which non-nervous tissue develops from the neuroectoderm?
craniofacial bone
Which of the following is probably going to propagate an action potential fastest? a. a thin, unmyelinated axon b. a thin, myelinated axon c. a thick, unmyelinated axon d. a thick, myelinated axon
d. a thick, myelinated axon
What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction? a. norepinephrine b. serotonin c. dopamine d. acetylcholine
d. acetylcholine
True ribs are ________. a. ribs 8-12 b. attached via their costal cartilage to the next higher rib c. made entirely of bone, and thus do not have a costal cartilage d. attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum
d. attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum
Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell? a. dendrites b. soma c. cell body d. axon
d. axon
In a compound fracture ____________. a. the break occurs at an angle to the bone b. the broken bone does not tear the skin c. one fragment of broken bone is compressed into the other d. broken bone pierces the skin
d. broken bone pierces the skin
With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other? a. estrogen and testosterone b. calcitonin and calcitriol c. estrogen and progesterone d. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
d. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
Which of these locations is where the greatest level of integration is taking place in the example of testing the temperature of the shower? a. skeletal muscle b. spinal cord c. thalamus d. cerebral cortex
d. cerebral cortex
Bone tissue can be described as ________. a. dead calcified tissue b. cartilage c. the skeletal system d. dense, hard connective tissue
d. dense, hard connective tissue
The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient
d. down; concentration
Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue? a. They develop from mesenchymal cells. b. They are surrounded by osteoid. c. They travel through the capillaries. d. Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.
d. formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers
The middle cranial fossa ________. a. is bounded anteriorly by the petrous ridge b. is bounded posteriorly by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone c. is divided at the midline by a small area of the ethmoid bone d. has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum
d. has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum
The bony openings of the skull include the ________. a. carotid canal, which is located in the anterior cranial fossa b. superior orbital fissure, which is located at the superior margin of the anterior orbit c. mental foramen, which is located just below the orbit d. hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa
d. hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa
The sternal angle is the ________. a. junction between the body and xiphoid process b. site for attachment of the clavicle c. site for attachment of the floating ribs d. junction between the manubrium and body
d. junction between the manubrium and body
What type of receptor requires an effector protein to initiate a signal? a. biogenic amine b. ionotropic receptor c. cholinergic system d. metabotropic receptor
d. metabotropic receptor
Which term describes a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system? a. nucleus b. ganglion c. tract d. nerve
d. nerve
When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected? a. skeletal system b. endocrine system c. digestive system d. nervous system
d. nervous system
Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells? a. osteoblasts b. osteoclasts c. osteocytes d. osteoprogenitor cells
d. osteoprogenitor cells
Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency.
d. pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency
Sesamoid bones are found embedded in _________. a. joints b. muscles c. ligaments d. tendons
d. tendons
Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification? a. the metatarsals b. the femur c. the ribs d. the flat bones of the cranium
d. the flat bones of the cranium
Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________.
d. the water
Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? a. shoulder bones b. thigh bone c. foot bones d. vertebral column
d. vertebral column
Which of the following substances is least able to cross the blood-brain barrier? a. water b. sodium ions c. glucose d. white blood cells
d. white blood cells
Which of the following voltages would most likely be measured during the relative refractory period? a. 30+ mV b. 0 mV c.-45 mV d.-80 mV
d.-80 mV
AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. a. anabolic b. endergonic c. decomposition d. exchange
decomposition
Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?
dense regular connective tissue
Synovial joints
develop at an interzone site
The clavicle ________.
develops via intramembranous ossification
Which muscle pair plays a role in respiration?
diaphragm, scalene
Cancer cells can by characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack _____________.
differentiation
The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________.
differentiation
What condition causes a stroke?
disruption of blood to the brain
In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix
double helix
Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?
dura mater
Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________.
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Which of the following is not a type of tissue?
embryonic
What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?
ependymal cell
An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? a. epidermis only b. hypodermis only c. epidermis and hypodermis d. epidermis and dermis
epidermis and dermis
Which motion moves the bottom of the foot away from the midline of the body
eversion
A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n)_______________.
exercise physiologist
muscle fatigue is caused by
exhaustion of energy reserves and buildup of lactic acid levels
Which muscle name does not make sense?
extensor minimus longus
What is the name for a bundle of axons within a nerve?
fascicle
which of the following statements is true?
fast fibers have large glycogen reserves
Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?
fever
the correct order for the smallest to the largest unit of organization in muscle tissue is
filament, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle
One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function? a. stratum lucidum b. desmosomes c. folic acid synthesis d. Merkel cells
folic acid synthesis
A synchondrosis is
found at the first sternocostal joint of the thoracic cage
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?
frontal
Which of these structures is not under direct control of the peripheral nervous system?
gastric plexus
What is the largest muscle in the lower leg?
gastrocnemius
Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________.
genetic factors
What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol
glucose
The large muscle group that attaches the leg to the pelvic girdle and produces extension of the hip joint is the ________ group.
gluteal
Which bony landmark is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus?
greater tubercle
During endochondral ossification of a long bone, ________.
growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening
Supination is the motion that waves the
hand from the palm backward position to the palm forward position
The radius bone ________.
has a head that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
the pelvis
has a subpubic angle that is larger in females
A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution
has both polar and nonpolar regions
C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above
hexose monosaccharide
What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?
high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals
Which type of joint allows for only uniaxial movement
hinge joint
When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?
histamine
The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.
holocrine; apocrine
Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________.
hyaline cartilage
Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium
hydrogen and hydrogen
Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center? a. nail bed b. hyponychium c. nail root d. eponychium
hyponychium
What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?
hypothalamus
Which bone? component forms the superior part of the hip
ilium
Where is the inferior oblique muscle located?
in the eye socket
Condyloid joints
include the radiocarpal joint
After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response? a. increased production of melanin by melanocytes b. increased production of connective tissue c. an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound d. an increased activity in the stratum lucidum
increased production of connective tissue
Aside from the nervous system, which other organ system develops out of the ectoderm?
integumentary
What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood?
internal carotid artery
The ankle joint
is a uniaxial hinge joint
A cartilaginous joint
is called a symphysis when he bones are united by fibrocartilage
The tibia ________.
is firmly anchored to the fibula by an interosseous membrane
The proximal radioulnar joint
is supported by the annular ligament
Which of the following supports body weight when sitting?
ischial tuberosity
Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells? a. basal cells of the stratum basale b. melanocytes of the stratum basale c. keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum d. Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum
keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
smooth muscles differ from skeletal and cardiac muscles in that they
lack myofibrils
The joints between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae can contribute to which movement
lateral flexion
The ischial spine is found between which of the following structures?
lesser sciatic notch and greater sciatic notch
Which bony landmark of the femur serves as a site for muscle attachments?
lesser trochanter
Atrophy refers to ________.
loss of mass
What structure contributes to the knee joint?
medial condyle of the tibia
The heart is within the _________.
mediastinum
Which primary vesicle of the embryonic nervous system does not differentiate into more vesicles at the secondary stage?
mesencephalon
In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________.
mesenchyme
To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.
midsagittal plane
Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?
mitochondria
On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________. a. about 80 neutrons each b. fewer than 80 neutrons each c. more than 80 neutrons each d. more electrons than neutrons
more than 80 neutrons each
Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?
mucosa
from which embryonic cell type does muscle tissue develop?
myoblast cells
The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.
myoblasts
Which structure is associated with the embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system?
neural crest
The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.
neurons
drug x blocks ATP regeneration from ADP and phosphate. How will muscle cells respond to this drug?
none of the above
A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen
nucleic acids
Where is the temporalis muscle located?
on the side of the head
A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________________.
organ
CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal
organic
In bone, the main cells are ________.
osteocytes
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ___________.
oxygen
Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________. a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. papillary dermis d. stratum granulosum
papillary dermis
A muscle that has a pattern of fascicles running along the long axis of the muscle has which of the following fascicle arrangements?
parallel
Which muscle has a convergent pattern of fascicles?
pectoralis major
what aspect of creatine phosphate allows it to supply energy to muscle
phosphate bonds
A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds
polar covalent bonds
What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?
pons
What is the function of the erector spinae?
postural support
The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy
potential energy
A bursa
prevents friction between skin and bone, or a muscle tendon and bone
Intramembranous ossification
produces the bones of the top and sides of the skull
The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons d. atoms
protons
Which of the following abdominal muscles is not a part of the anterior abdominal wall?
quadratus lumborum
The vastus intermedius muscle is deep to which of the following muscles?
rectus femoris
Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?
regional anatomy
the primary support for the glenohumeral joint is provided by the
rotator cuff muscles
Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes
saliva contains enzymes
A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer
salt
A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________. a. noble gas b. salt c. electrolyte d. dipole
salt
the cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called
sarcolemma
thin and thick filaments are organized into functional units called
sarcomeres
which cell type helps to repair injured muscle fibers?
satellite cells
Which is the lateral-most carpal bone of the proximal row?
scaphoid
At a synovial joint, the synovial membrane
secretes the lubricating synovial fluid
Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?
simple squamous
Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.
skeletal muscle only
The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the _____________.
skeletal system
which of the following statements is false?
slow fibers have a small network of capillaries
Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells
sodium ions and chloride ions
Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? a. protects underlying organs b. helps maintain body temperature c. source of blood vessels in the epidermis d. a site to long-term energy storage
source of blood vessels in the epidermis
The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty
specificity
Which part of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium?
sternal end
Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion?
sternocleidomastoid
if cardiac muscle cells were prevented from undergoing aerobic metabolism, they ultimately would
stop contracting
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ____________.
stores energy for use by body cells
Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct?
stratified columnar, secrete mucus to help move things
The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale
stratum basale
As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. stratum spinosum d. stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale
stratum spinosum
Muscle that has a striped appearance is described as being
striated
Collagen lends ________ to the skin. a. elasticity b. structure c. color d. UV protection
structure
Metabolism can be defined as the _______________.
sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
The lumbar region is ________.
superior to the popliteal region
Which feature lies between the spine and superior border of the scapula?
supraspinous fossa
Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolatechip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension
suspension
Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________.
sweat glands to increase their output
The epiphyseal plate of a growing long bone in a child is classified as a
synchondrosis
Which type of fibrous joint connects the tibia and fibula
syndesmosis
The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange
synthesis
Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula?
talus
Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, retina
depolarization of the sarcolemma means
the inside of the membrane has become less negative as sodium ions accumulate
An example of a wide fibrous joint is
the interosseous membrane of the forearm
At synovial joints
the joint cavity is filled with a thick, lubricating fluid
which of these joints is classified as a synarthrosis
the manubriosternal joint
What is the origin of the wrist flexors?
the medial epicondyle of the humerus
Which of these joints is classified as a biaxial diarthrosis
the metacarpophalangeal joint
Which is moved the least during muscle contraction?
the origin
Endochondral ossification is
the process that replaces hyaline cartilage with bone tissue
Which event takes place during the seventh week of development?
the rotation of the limbs
Which muscle produces movement that allows you to cross your legs?
the sartorius
which of the following statements describes smooth develop?
they are resistant to fatigue
Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?
third ventricle
Which region of the vertebral column has the greatest range of motion for rotation
thoracic
The rhomboid major and minor muscles are deep to the ________.
trapezius
Which muscle extends the forearm?
triceps brachii
Which ganglion is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face?
trigeminal ganglion
in relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site in action is blocked by
tropomyosin
Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have? a. one b. two c. three d. four
two
Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy?
ultrasounds
Which cranial nerve does not control functions in the head and neck?
vagus
In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________. a. vitamin D synthesis b. arteriole constriction c. folate production d. thermoregulation
vitamin D synthesis
In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win? a. nuclear physics b. readiopharmaceuticals c. the link between radiation and cancer d. X-rays
x-rays