Exam 3

Connective

- binds the cells and organs of the body together, protection, support

Epithelial

- cover surfaces, line internal cavities, form glands

Muscle Tissue

- responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement

Nervous Tissue

- send and receive signals

The names of the extrinsic tongue muscles commonly end in ________.

-glossus

Name the six level of organization of the human body.

1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism

Name at least three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.

1. an understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential for any career in the health professions. 2. it can also help you make choices that promote your health, respond appropriately to signs of illness, make sense of health-related new. 3. help you in your roles as a parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, and caregiver.

the muscles of a professional marathon runner are most likely to have

20 % fast-twitch muscle fibers and 80 % slow-twitch muscle fibers

. What is the total number of bones found in the foot and toes?

26

. How many bones fuse in adulthood to form the hip bone?

3

How many bones are there in the upper limbs combined?

30

the muscles of a professional sprinter are most likely to have

80 % fast-twitch muscle fibers and 20 % slow-twitch muscle fibers

Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers cartilage. No blood vessels supply cartilage tissue. Injuries to cartilage heal very slowly because cells and nutrients needed for repair diffuse slowly to the injury site.

What regulatory processes would your body use if you were trapped by a blizzard in an unheated, uninsulated cabin in the woods?

Any prolonged exposure to extreme cold would activate the brain's heat-gain center. This would reduce blood flow to your skin, and shunt blood returning from your limbs away from the digits and into a network of deep veins. Your brain's heat-gain center would also increase your muscle contraction, causing you to shiver. This increases the energy consumption of skeletal muscle and generates more heat. Your body would also produce thyroid hormone and epinephrine, chemicals that promote increased metabolism and heat production.

What are the functions of astrocytes?

Astrocytes regulate ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain-barrier.

The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the ________. A. frontal bone B. occipital bone C. other parietal bone D. temporal bone

B. occipital bone

One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role.

Blood carries nutrients, salts, and waste to be dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body.

________ reactions release energy. a. Catabolic b. Exergonic c. Decomposition d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?

Columnar

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.

Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

Which medical imaging technique is most dangerous to use repeatedly, and why>

Ct scanning subjects patients to much higher levels of radiation than X-rays, and should not be performed repeatedly.

A fontanelle ________. A. is the cartilage model for a vertebra that later is converted into bone B. gives rise to the facial bones and vertebrae C. is the rod-like structure that runs the length of the early embryo D. is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones

D. is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones

Identify the four types of tissue in the body, and describe the major functions of each tissue.

Epithelial - cover surfaces, line internal cavities, form glands Connective - binds the cells and organs of the body together, protection, support Muscle Tissue - responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement Nervous Tissue - send and receive signals

Identify three different ways that growth can occur in the human body.

Growth can occur by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the size of existing cells, or increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells.

Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+

H2

In which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the frontal plane, and in which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the sagittal plane?

If the body were supine or prone, the MRI scanner would move from top to bottom to produce frontal sections, which would divide the body into anterior and posterior portions, as in "cutting" a deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions.

When you open a bottle of sparkling water, the carbon dioxide gas in the bottle form bubbles. If the bottle is left open, the water will eventually "go flat." Explain these phenomena in terms of atmospheric pressure.

In a sealed bottle of sparkling water, carbon dioxide gas is kept dissolved in the water under a very high pressure. When you open the bottle, the pressure of the gas above the liquid changes from artificially high to normal atmospheric pressure. The dissolved carbon dioxide gas expands, and rises in bubbles to the surface. When a bottle of sparkling water is left open, it eventually goes flat because its gases continue to move out of solution until the pressure in the water is approximately equal to atmospheric pressure.

If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? a. Merkel cells b. keratinocytes c. Langerhans cells d. melanocytes

Langerhans cells

Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?

NA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars

Which physical features of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse?

Neurons are well suited for the transmission of nerve impulses because short extensions, dendrites, receive impulses from other neurons, while a long tail extension, an axon, carries electrical impulses away from the cell to other neurons.

Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?

PET

Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the formation of blood clots and is taken regularly by individuals with a heart condition. Steroids such as cortisol are used to control some autoimmune diseases and severe arthritis by down-regulating the inflammatory response. After reading the role of inflammation in the body's response to infection, can you predict an undesirable consequence of taking anti-inflammatory drugs on a regular basis?

Since NSAIDs or other anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the formation of blood clots, regular and prolonged use of these drugs may promote internal bleeding, such as bleeding in the stomach. Excessive levels of cortisol would suppress inflammation, which could slow the wound healing process.

What is the function of synovial membranes?

Synovial membranes are a type of connective tissue membrane that supports mobility in joints. Contains fibroblasts that produce synovial fluids

Which of the following statements is correct about what happens during flexion?

The angle between bones is decreased.

If a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic body cavities would it enter, and which layer of the serous membrane would it encounter first?

The bullet would enter the ventral, thoracic, and pleural cavities, and it would encounter the parietal layer of serous membrane first.

You are watching cells in a dish spontaneously contract. They are all contracting at different rates; some fast, some slow. After a while, several cells link up and they begin contracting in synchrony. Discuss what is going on and what type of cells you are looking at.

The cells in the dish are cardiomyocytes, cardiac muscle cells. They have an intrinsic ability to contract. When they link up, they form intercalating discs that allow the cells to communicate with each other and begin contracting in synchrony.

What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?"

The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward, used as a reference in describing the relation of body parts to one another.

The female ovaries and the male testes are a part of which body system? Can these organs be members of more than one organ system? Why or why not?

The female ovaries and the male testes are parts of the reproductive system. But they also secrete hormones, as does the endocrine system, therefore ovaries and testes function within both the endocrine and reproductive systems

Identify the four components of a negative feedback loop and explain what would happen if secretion of a body chemical controlled by a negative feedback system became too great.

The four components of a negative feedback loop are: stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector. If too great a quantity of the chemical were excreted, sensors would activate a control center, which would in turn activate an effector. In this case, the effector (the secreting cells) would be adjusted downward.

As an individual ages, many symptoms begins the decline to the point where an individual's functioning is compromised. Identify and discuss two factors that have a role in factors leading to the compromised situation.

The genetic makeup and the lifestyle of each individual are factors

Which statement is true concerning the knee joint

The medial meniscus is attached to the tibial collateral ligament

The structure of a tissue usually is optimized for its function. Describe how the structure of the mucosa and its cells match its function of nutrient absorption.

The mucosa of the intestine is highly folded, increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption. A greater surface area allows more nutrients to be absorbed per unit time.

Which arrangement best describes a bipennate muscle?

The muscle fibers feed in on an angle to a long tendon from both sides.

On his midsummer trek through the desert, Josh ran out of water. Why is this particularly dangerous?

The primary way that the body responds to high environmental heat is by sweating; however, sweating requires water, which comes from body fluids, including blood plasma. If Josh becomes dehydrated, he will be unable to sweat adequately to cool his body, and he will be at risk for heat stroke as his blood pressure drops too much from the loss of water from the blood plasma.

The zygote is described as totipotent because it ultimately gives rise to all the cells in your body including the highly specialized cells of your nervous system. Describe this transition, discussing the steps and processes that lead to these specialized cells.

The zygote divides into many cells. As these cells become specialized, they lose their ability to differentiate into all tissues.

Why is it important to watch for increased redness, swelling and pain after a cut or abrasion has been cleaned and bandaged?

These symptoms would indicate that infection is present.

Discuss changes that occur in cells as a person ages.

They become larger, and many cannot divide and regenerate. Transport of oxygen and nutrients into the cell and removal of carbon dioxide and waste products are not as efficient in the elderly

Which of the following is unique to the muscles of facial expression?

They insert into the skin.

Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c. Ty's blood is highly acidic. d. Ty's blood is within the normal range

Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.

Explain why ultrasound imaging is the technique of choice for studying fetal growth and development.

Ultrasonography does not expose a mother or fetus to radiation, to radiopharmeceuticals, or to magnetic fields. At this time, there are not known medical risks of ultrasonography.

Why does skeletal muscle look striated?

Under the light microscope, cells appear striated due to the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin.

Explain why the smell of smoke when you are sitting at a campfire does not trigger alarm, but the smell of smoke in your residence hall does.

When you are sitting at a campfire your sense of small adapts to the smell of smoke. Only if that smell were to suddenly and dramatically intensify would you be likely to notice and respond. In contrast, the smell of even a trace of smoke would be new and highly unusual in your residence hall, and would be perceived as danger.

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________.

a control center

A meniscus is

a fibrocartilage pad that provides padding between bones

A syndesmosis is

a fibrous joint that unites parallel bones

The hair matrix contains ________. a. the hair follicle b. the hair shaft c. the glassy membrane d. a layer of basal cells

a layer of basal cells

What is the linea alba?

a long tendon that runs down the middle of the rectus abdominis

Which of the following is a type of synovial joint

a plane joint

Which of the following helps an agonist work?

a synergist

Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome

a. DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively? a. GABA b. acetylcholine c. glutamate d. norepinephrine

a. GABA

A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following?

a. a cell with additional genetic material than normal b. cancer c. a cell with less genetic material than normal d. any of the above*

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking? a. a hole b. a facet c. a canal d. a fissure

a. a hole

Wolff's law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________ a. a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left b. a right-handed cyclist will have thicker bones in her right leg compared to her left c. a broken bone will heal thicker than it was before the fracture d. a bed-ridden patient will have thicker bones than an athlete

a. a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left

A typical lumbar vertebra has ________. a. a short, rounded spinous process b. a bifid spinous process c. articulation sites for ribs d. a transverse foramen

a. a short, rounded spinous process

The paranasal sinuses are ________. a. air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only b. air-filled spaces found within all bones of the skull c. not connected to the nasal cavity d. divided at the midline by the nasal septum

a. air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only

Yellow marrow has been identified as ________. a. an area of fat storage b. a point of attachment for muscles c. the hard portion of bone d. the cause of kyphosis

a. an area of fat storage

Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________. a. epiphyseal plate b. perichondrium c. periosteum d. medullary cavity

a. epiphyseal plate

Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt? a. estrogen and testosterone b. calcitonin and calcitriol c. growth hormone and parathyroid hormone d. thyroxine and progesterone

a. estrogen and testosterone

Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones. a. irregular b. sesamoid c. flat d. short

a. irregular

The tubercle of a rib ________. a. is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra b. is for articulation with the body of a thoracic vertebra c. provides for passage of blood vessels and a nerve d. is the area of greatest rib curvature

a. is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton? a. long bone b. sesamoid bone c. short bone d. flat bone

a. long bone

What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage behind the blood-brain barrier? a. microglia b. astrocyte c. Schwann d. cell satellite cell

a. microglia

Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?

a. mitochondria

Which structure predominates in the white matter of the brain? a. myelinated axons b. neuronal cell bodies c. ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves d. bundles of dendrites from the enteric nervous

a. myelinated axons

Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column? a. nuchal ligament b. ligamentum flavum c. supraspinous ligament d. anterior longitudinal ligament

a. nuchal ligament

Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively.

a. nucleus; cytoplasm

What type of glial cell provides myelin for the axons in a tract? a. oligodendrocyte b. astrocyte c. Schwann cell d. satellite cell

a. oligodendrocyte

Which of the following is a bone of the brain case? a. parietal bone b. zygomatic bone c. maxillary bone d. lacrimal bone

a. parietal bone

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bones is the _______________. a. periosteum b. epiphysis c. endosteum d. diaphysis

a. periosteum

What does a mechanically gated channel respond to? a. physical stimulus b. chemical stimulus c. increase in resistance d. decrease in resistance

a. physical stimulus

Which of the following is a function of the rough ER?

a. production of proteins

Parts of the sphenoid bone include the ________. a. sella turcica b. squamous portion c. glabella d. zygomatic process

a. sella turcica

The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of ________. a. seven vertebrae b. 12 vertebrae c. five vertebrae d. a single bone derived from the fusion of five vertebrae

a. seven vertebrae

What ion enters a neutron causing depolarization of the cell membrane? a. sodium b. chloride c. potassium d. phosphate

a. sodium

All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D

a. thyroxine

Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking. a. vitamin D b. vitamin K c. calcitonin d. fluoride

a. vitamin D

Movement at the shoulder joint that moves the upper limb laterally away from the body is called

abduction

Which of the following terms would be used in the name of a muscle that moves the leg away from the body?

abductor

A shoulder separation results from injury to the ________.

acromioclavicular joint

What structure is an extension of the spine of the scapula?

acromion

The location of a muscle's insertion and origin can determine ________.

action

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?

adipose tissue (white fat)

Which of the following are joined by a symphysis

adjacent vertebraea

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?

all classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose

amino

the joint between adjacent vertebrae that includes an invertebral dsic is classified as which type of joint?

amphiarthrosis

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes a. an ion b. an anion c. nonpolar d. all of the above

an ion

a sprinter would experience muscle fatigue sooner than a marathon runner due to

anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter

a Gomphosis is

anchors a tooth to the jaw

What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?

anterior horn

Sebaceous glands ________. a. are a type of sweat gland b. are associated with hair follicles c. may function in response to touch d. release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste

are associated with hair follicles

Synovial joints

are joints where the bones articulate with each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity

Eccrine sweat glands ________. a. are present on hair b. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat c. produce sebum d. act as a moisturizer

are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

Bedsores ________. a. can be treated with topical moisturizers b. can result from deep massages c. are preventable by eliminating pressure points d. are caused by dry skin

are preventable by eliminating pressure points

In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________. a. are glands on the skin surface b. can lead to excessive sweating c. are responsible for goose bumps d. secrete sebum

are responsible for goose bumps

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

astrocytes

which of the following properties is not common to all three muscle tissues?

at rest, uses shielding proteins to cover actin-binding sites

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________. a. electron b. atom c. elemental particle d. isotope

atom

What type of ganglion contains neurons that control homeostatic mechanisms of the body?

autonomic ganglion

Which muscles stabilize the pectoral girdle?

axial and scapular

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.

axon

How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated? a. +30 mV b. +15 mV c. +10 mV d. -15 mV

b. +15 mV

Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis?

b. G1

The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features?

b. a double cell membrane

The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ________. a. include the lumbar curve b. are remnants of the original fetal curvature c. include the cervical curve d. develop after the time of birth

b. are remnants of the original fetal curvature

Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis?

b. attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand

Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)? a. somatic b. autonomic c. enteric d. central

b. autonomic

Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________. a. in the medullary cavity b. beneath the periosteum c. in the epiphyseal plate d. within the metaphysis

b. beneath the periosteum

What does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open? a. increase in concentration of Na+ ions b. binding of a neurotransmitter c. increase in concentration of K+ ions d. depolarization of the membrane

b. binding of a neurotransmitter

The skeletal system is made of __________. a. muscles and tendons b. bones and cartilage c. vitreous humor d. minerals and fat

b. bones and cartilage

Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated? a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D

b. calcitonin

Which of the following can be found in areas of movement? a. hematopoiesis b. cartilage c. yellow marrow d. red marrow

b. cartilage

Embryonic development of the axial skeleton involves ________. a. intramembranous ossification, which forms the facial bones. b. endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum c. the notochord, which produces the cartilage models for the vertebrae d. the formation of hyaline cartilage models, which give rise to the flat bones of the skull

b. endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum

The diaphysis contains ____________. a. the metaphysis b. fat stores c. spongy bone d. compact bone

b. fat stores

The axial skeleton ________. a. consists of 126 bones b. forms the vertical axis of the body c. includes all bones of the body trunk and limbs d. includes only the bones of the lower limbs

b. forms the vertical axis of the body

The sternum ________. a. consists of only two parts, the manubrium and xiphoid process b. has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body c. receives direct attachments from the costal cartilages of all 12 pairs of ribs d. articulates directly with the thoracic vertebrae

b. has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body

Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________.

b. integral proteins

What is the target of an upper motor neuron? a. cerebral cortex b. lower motor neuron c. skeletal muscle d. thalamus

b. lower motor neuron

A fracture can be both ________. a. open and closed b. open and transverse c. transverse and greenstick d. greenstick and comminuted

b. open and transverse

Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________.

b. osmosis; pinocytosis

Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident? a. storage of minerals b. protection of internal organs c. facilitation of movement d. fat storage

b. protection of internal organs

The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures

b. ribosomes

Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________. a. flat bones b. short bones c. sesamoid bones d. irregular bones

b. short bones

Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus? a. dendrite b. soma c. axon d. synaptic end bulb

b. soma

What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes?

b. stop certain cells from dividing

Which of the following is not made out of RNA?

b. the ribosome

How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream? a. the bone pierces fat stores in the skin b. the yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged c. the injury triggers the body to release fat from healthy bones d. the red marrow in the fractured bone releases fat to heal the fracture

b. the yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged

In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes? a. they develop into osteocytes b. they die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity c. they grow and form the periosteum d. they group together to form the primary ossification center

b. they die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open up reaching what state? a. resting potential b. threshold c. repolarization d. overshoot open upon

b. threshold

The internal and external calli are replaced by _____________. a. hyaline cartilage b. trabecular bone c. osteogenic cells d. osteoclasts

b. trabecular bone

Which type of joint provides the greatest range of motion

ball-and-socket

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by __________.

breaking down stored energy

How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid?

c. 3

Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT?

c. CGAATATA

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton?

c. They are all polymers of protein subunits.

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________.

c. active transport

Why is cartilage slow to heal? a. because it eventually develops into bone b. because it is semi-solid and flexible c. because it does not have a blood supply d. because endochondral ossification replaces all cartilage with bone

c. because it does not have a blood supply

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate? a. proliferation, reserved, maturation, calcification b. maturation, proliferation, reserved, calcification c. calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved d. calcification, reserved, proliferation, maturation

c. calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved

What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents?

c. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth

Which of the following cavities contains a component of the central nervous system? a. abdominal b. pelvic c. cranial d. thoracic

c. cranial

How long does all the signaling through the sensory pathway, within the central nervous system, and through the motor command pathway take? a. 1 to 2 minutes b. 1 to 2 seconds c. fraction of a second d. varies with graded potential

c. fraction of a second

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis? a. bone growth b. bone remodeling c. hematopoiesis d. shock absorption

c. hematopoiesis

Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells?

c. hematopoietic

A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this? a. depolarizing b. repolarizing c. hyperpolarizing d. non-polarizing

c. hyperpolarizing

Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone? a. Haversian systems b. Haversian canals c. lamellae d. lacunae

c. lamellae

A typical vertebra has ________. a. a vertebral foramen that passes through the body b. a superior articular process that projects downward to articulate with the superior portion of the next lower vertebra c. lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process d. a pair of laterally projecting spinous processes

c. lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process

Which one of the following foods is best for bone health? a. carrots b. liver c. leafy green vegetables d. oranges

c. leafy green vegetables

Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________. a. counterweight b. resistive force c. lever d. fulcrum

c. lever

What two types of macromolecules are the main components of myelin? a. carbohydrates and lipids b. proteins and nucleic acids c. lipids and proteins d. carbohydrates and nucleic acids

c. lipids and proteins

Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________. a. store phosphate b. store calcium c. make blood cells d. move like levers

c. make blood cells

If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations, what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to? a. light b. sound c. molecules d. vibration

c. molecules

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis? a. osteoblasts and osteoclasts b. osteocytes and osteoclasts c. osteoblasts and osteocytes d. osteogenic cells and osteoclasts

c. osteoblasts and osteocytes

Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus?

c. ribosomes

The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is __________ bone. a. compact b. lamellar c. spongy d. dense

c. spongy

Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton? a. allows for movement of the wrist and hand b. protects nerves and blood vessels at the elbow c. supports trunk of body d. allows for movements of the ankle and foot

c. supports trunk of body

Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone? a. canaliculi b. Volkmann's canals c. trabeculae d. Calcium salts

c. trabeculae

which element is important in directly triggering contraction?

calcium

according to the sliding filament model, binding sites on actin open when

calcium ion levels rise

muscle relaxation occurs when

calcium ions are actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

during muscle contraction, the cross-bridge detaches when

calcium ions bind to troponin

In general, skin cancers ________. a. are easily treatable and not a major health concern b. occur due to poor hygiene c. can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun d. affect only the epidermis

can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun

. Which region of the humerus articulates with the radius as part of the elbow joint?

capitulum

The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n)____________.

cell

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Brodmann's areas map different regions of the ________ to particular functions.

cerebral cortex

What is the action of the masseter?

chewing

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

childbirth

Movement of a body region in a circular movement at a condyloid joint is what type of motion

circumduction

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. a. melanocytes b. keratinocytes c. connective tissue d. adipose tissue

connective tissue

cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles in that they

contain intercalated discs

during which phase of a twitch in a muscle fiber is tension the greatest

contraction phase

Name the short, hook-like bony process of the scapula that projects anteriorly.

coracoid process

Which non-nervous tissue develops from the neuroectoderm?

craniofacial bone

Which of the following is probably going to propagate an action potential fastest? a. a thin, unmyelinated axon b. a thin, myelinated axon c. a thick, unmyelinated axon d. a thick, myelinated axon

d. a thick, myelinated axon

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction? a. norepinephrine b. serotonin c. dopamine d. acetylcholine

d. acetylcholine

True ribs are ________. a. ribs 8-12 b. attached via their costal cartilage to the next higher rib c. made entirely of bone, and thus do not have a costal cartilage d. attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

d. attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell? a. dendrites b. soma c. cell body d. axon

d. axon

In a compound fracture ____________. a. the break occurs at an angle to the bone b. the broken bone does not tear the skin c. one fragment of broken bone is compressed into the other d. broken bone pierces the skin

d. broken bone pierces the skin

With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other? a. estrogen and testosterone b. calcitonin and calcitriol c. estrogen and progesterone d. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

d. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Which of these locations is where the greatest level of integration is taking place in the example of testing the temperature of the shower? a. skeletal muscle b. spinal cord c. thalamus d. cerebral cortex

d. cerebral cortex

Bone tissue can be described as ________. a. dead calcified tissue b. cartilage c. the skeletal system d. dense, hard connective tissue

d. dense, hard connective tissue

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient

d. down; concentration

Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue? a. They develop from mesenchymal cells. b. They are surrounded by osteoid. c. They travel through the capillaries. d. Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.

d. formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers

The middle cranial fossa ________. a. is bounded anteriorly by the petrous ridge b. is bounded posteriorly by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone c. is divided at the midline by a small area of the ethmoid bone d. has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum

d. has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum

The bony openings of the skull include the ________. a. carotid canal, which is located in the anterior cranial fossa b. superior orbital fissure, which is located at the superior margin of the anterior orbit c. mental foramen, which is located just below the orbit d. hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa

d. hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa

The sternal angle is the ________. a. junction between the body and xiphoid process b. site for attachment of the clavicle c. site for attachment of the floating ribs d. junction between the manubrium and body

d. junction between the manubrium and body

What type of receptor requires an effector protein to initiate a signal? a. biogenic amine b. ionotropic receptor c. cholinergic system d. metabotropic receptor

d. metabotropic receptor

Which term describes a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system? a. nucleus b. ganglion c. tract d. nerve

d. nerve

When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected? a. skeletal system b. endocrine system c. digestive system d. nervous system

d. nervous system

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells? a. osteoblasts b. osteoclasts c. osteocytes d. osteoprogenitor cells

d. osteoprogenitor cells

Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency.

d. pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

Sesamoid bones are found embedded in _________. a. joints b. muscles c. ligaments d. tendons

d. tendons

Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification? a. the metatarsals b. the femur c. the ribs d. the flat bones of the cranium

d. the flat bones of the cranium

Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________.

d. the water

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? a. shoulder bones b. thigh bone c. foot bones d. vertebral column

d. vertebral column

Which of the following substances is least able to cross the blood-brain barrier? a. water b. sodium ions c. glucose d. white blood cells

d. white blood cells

Which of the following voltages would most likely be measured during the relative refractory period? a. 30+ mV b. 0 mV c.-45 mV d.-80 mV

d.-80 mV

AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. a. anabolic b. endergonic c. decomposition d. exchange

decomposition

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

dense regular connective tissue

Synovial joints

develop at an interzone site

The clavicle ________.

develops via intramembranous ossification

Which muscle pair plays a role in respiration?

diaphragm, scalene

Cancer cells can by characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack _____________.

differentiation

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________.

differentiation

What condition causes a stroke?

disruption of blood to the brain

In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix

double helix

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?

dura mater

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________.

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Which of the following is not a type of tissue?

embryonic

What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?

ependymal cell

An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? a. epidermis only b. hypodermis only c. epidermis and hypodermis d. epidermis and dermis

epidermis and dermis

Which motion moves the bottom of the foot away from the midline of the body

eversion

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n)_______________.

exercise physiologist

muscle fatigue is caused by

exhaustion of energy reserves and buildup of lactic acid levels

Which muscle name does not make sense?

extensor minimus longus

What is the name for a bundle of axons within a nerve?

fascicle

which of the following statements is true?

fast fibers have large glycogen reserves

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

fever

the correct order for the smallest to the largest unit of organization in muscle tissue is

filament, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function? a. stratum lucidum b. desmosomes c. folic acid synthesis d. Merkel cells

folic acid synthesis

A synchondrosis is

found at the first sternocostal joint of the thoracic cage

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?

frontal

Which of these structures is not under direct control of the peripheral nervous system?

gastric plexus

What is the largest muscle in the lower leg?

gastrocnemius

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________.

genetic factors

What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol

glucose

The large muscle group that attaches the leg to the pelvic girdle and produces extension of the hip joint is the ________ group.

gluteal

Which bony landmark is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus?

greater tubercle

During endochondral ossification of a long bone, ________.

growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening

Supination is the motion that waves the

hand from the palm backward position to the palm forward position

The radius bone ________.

has a head that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna

the pelvis

has a subpubic angle that is larger in females

A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

has both polar and nonpolar regions

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above

hexose monosaccharide

What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?

high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals

Which type of joint allows for only uniaxial movement

hinge joint

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?

histamine

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.

holocrine; apocrine

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________.

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium

hydrogen and hydrogen

Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center? a. nail bed b. hyponychium c. nail root d. eponychium

hyponychium

What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?

hypothalamus

Which bone? component forms the superior part of the hip

ilium

Where is the inferior oblique muscle located?

in the eye socket

Condyloid joints

include the radiocarpal joint

After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response? a. increased production of melanin by melanocytes b. increased production of connective tissue c. an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound d. an increased activity in the stratum lucidum

increased production of connective tissue

Aside from the nervous system, which other organ system develops out of the ectoderm?

integumentary

What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood?

internal carotid artery

The ankle joint

is a uniaxial hinge joint

A cartilaginous joint

is called a symphysis when he bones are united by fibrocartilage

The tibia ________.

is firmly anchored to the fibula by an interosseous membrane

The proximal radioulnar joint

is supported by the annular ligament

Which of the following supports body weight when sitting?

ischial tuberosity

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells? a. basal cells of the stratum basale b. melanocytes of the stratum basale c. keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum d. Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

smooth muscles differ from skeletal and cardiac muscles in that they

lack myofibrils

The joints between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae can contribute to which movement

lateral flexion

The ischial spine is found between which of the following structures?

lesser sciatic notch and greater sciatic notch

Which bony landmark of the femur serves as a site for muscle attachments?

lesser trochanter

Atrophy refers to ________.

loss of mass

What structure contributes to the knee joint?

medial condyle of the tibia

The heart is within the _________.

mediastinum

Which primary vesicle of the embryonic nervous system does not differentiate into more vesicles at the secondary stage?

mesencephalon

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________.

mesenchyme

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.

midsagittal plane

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?

mitochondria

On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________. a. about 80 neutrons each b. fewer than 80 neutrons each c. more than 80 neutrons each d. more electrons than neutrons

more than 80 neutrons each

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?

mucosa

from which embryonic cell type does muscle tissue develop?

myoblast cells

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.

myoblasts

Which structure is associated with the embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system?

neural crest

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.

neurons

drug x blocks ATP regeneration from ADP and phosphate. How will muscle cells respond to this drug?

none of the above

A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen

nucleic acids

Where is the temporalis muscle located?

on the side of the head

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________________.

organ

CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal

organic

In bone, the main cells are ________.

osteocytes

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ___________.

oxygen

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________. a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. papillary dermis d. stratum granulosum

papillary dermis

A muscle that has a pattern of fascicles running along the long axis of the muscle has which of the following fascicle arrangements?

parallel

Which muscle has a convergent pattern of fascicles?

pectoralis major

what aspect of creatine phosphate allows it to supply energy to muscle

phosphate bonds

A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds

polar covalent bonds

What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?

pons

What is the function of the erector spinae?

postural support

The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy

potential energy

A bursa

prevents friction between skin and bone, or a muscle tendon and bone

Intramembranous ossification

produces the bones of the top and sides of the skull

The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons d. atoms

protons

Which of the following abdominal muscles is not a part of the anterior abdominal wall?

quadratus lumborum

The vastus intermedius muscle is deep to which of the following muscles?

rectus femoris

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?

regional anatomy

the primary support for the glenohumeral joint is provided by the

rotator cuff muscles

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes

saliva contains enzymes

A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer

salt

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________. a. noble gas b. salt c. electrolyte d. dipole

salt

the cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called

sarcolemma

thin and thick filaments are organized into functional units called

sarcomeres

which cell type helps to repair injured muscle fibers?

satellite cells

Which is the lateral-most carpal bone of the proximal row?

scaphoid

At a synovial joint, the synovial membrane

secretes the lubricating synovial fluid

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?

simple squamous

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.

skeletal muscle only

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the _____________.

skeletal system

which of the following statements is false?

slow fibers have a small network of capillaries

Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells

sodium ions and chloride ions

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? a. protects underlying organs b. helps maintain body temperature c. source of blood vessels in the epidermis d. a site to long-term energy storage

source of blood vessels in the epidermis

The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty

specificity

Which part of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium?

sternal end

Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion?

sternocleidomastoid

if cardiac muscle cells were prevented from undergoing aerobic metabolism, they ultimately would

stop contracting

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ____________.

stores energy for use by body cells

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct?

stratified columnar, secrete mucus to help move things

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale

stratum basale

As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out? a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. stratum spinosum d. stratum granulosum

stratum corneum

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. a. stratum spinosum b. stratum corneum c. stratum granulosum d. stratum basale

stratum spinosum

Muscle that has a striped appearance is described as being

striated

Collagen lends ________ to the skin. a. elasticity b. structure c. color d. UV protection

structure

Metabolism can be defined as the _______________.

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

The lumbar region is ________.

superior to the popliteal region

Which feature lies between the spine and superior border of the scapula?

supraspinous fossa

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolatechip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension

suspension

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________.

sweat glands to increase their output

The epiphyseal plate of a growing long bone in a child is classified as a

synchondrosis

Which type of fibrous joint connects the tibia and fibula

syndesmosis

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange

synthesis

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula?

talus

Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, retina

depolarization of the sarcolemma means

the inside of the membrane has become less negative as sodium ions accumulate

An example of a wide fibrous joint is

the interosseous membrane of the forearm

At synovial joints

the joint cavity is filled with a thick, lubricating fluid

which of these joints is classified as a synarthrosis

the manubriosternal joint

What is the origin of the wrist flexors?

the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Which of these joints is classified as a biaxial diarthrosis

the metacarpophalangeal joint

Which is moved the least during muscle contraction?

the origin

Endochondral ossification is

the process that replaces hyaline cartilage with bone tissue

Which event takes place during the seventh week of development?

the rotation of the limbs

Which muscle produces movement that allows you to cross your legs?

the sartorius

which of the following statements describes smooth develop?

they are resistant to fatigue

Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?

third ventricle

Which region of the vertebral column has the greatest range of motion for rotation

thoracic

The rhomboid major and minor muscles are deep to the ________.

trapezius

Which muscle extends the forearm?

triceps brachii

Which ganglion is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face?

trigeminal ganglion

in relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site in action is blocked by

tropomyosin

Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have? a. one b. two c. three d. four

two

Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy?

ultrasounds

Which cranial nerve does not control functions in the head and neck?

vagus

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________. a. vitamin D synthesis b. arteriole constriction c. folate production d. thermoregulation

vitamin D synthesis

In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win? a. nuclear physics b. readiopharmaceuticals c. the link between radiation and cancer d. X-rays

x-rays