Anthropology Chapter 7-14 RB

Lucy

- australopithecus afarensis - location- ethiopia - found 3.6-3.0 mya

No melanin functions (outside tropic)

-Allows for more UV. -Allows body to create more vitamin D. -Helps prevent rickets and osteoporosis.

denisovans

-cave in southern siberia - skeleton- tooth molar, finger bones, toe bones - nDNA sequencing of finger bone and molar, very different from modern and archaic humans - mtDNA sequencing of toe bone which indicates neanderthal

reduced sense of smell in living primates

-flat face (monkey, apes, humans) -no rhinarium (wet pad on nose)

date and location of first intermixing of H. sapiens and Neandertals

80 kya to 50 kya in Middle East (likely)

The origin of Neanderthals has been placed to approximately ___________.

800,000 -- 500,000

The brain size of Homo erectus averaged about _____ cubic centimeters.

900

Australopiths:

A colloquial name referring to a diverse group of Pilo-Pleistocene African hominins. (most completely studied hominin)

Upper Paleolithic

A cultural period usually associated with modern humans, but also found some Neanderthals, and distinguished by technological innovations in various stone tool industries.

Race

A recent human invention. This is all about culture, not biology.

sagittal crest

A ridge of bone that runs down the middle of the cranium like a short mohawk. This serves as the attachment for the large temporal muscles, indicating strong chewing. (Paranthropus)

Which stone tool industry is widely regarded as the invention of Homo erectus?

Acheulian

Melanin

Acts as a natural sunscreen.

Only 6% (of genetic variation)

Actually accounts for differences between 'groups' or 'races'.

This genus is represented by several well preserved crania and abundant jaws and teeth. This is the largest of the fayum anthropoids and is thought to have been short-limbed, slow moving arboreal quadruped.

Aegyptopithecus

The earliest fossils identifiable as Hominins are all from _____.

Africa

what genus of hominin was dates back to 5.8 - 5.2 mya

Ardipithecus

Premodern human fossils from Africa and Europe resemble each other more than they of the hominins from ______.

Asia

Australopiths are made up of two related genera:

Australopithecus and Paranthropus (4.2 - 1 mya ) making it the longest enduring homies yet documented.

Paleolithic Diet

Based on the foods ancient ancestors might likely have eaten, such as meat, nuts, and berries.

The most fundamental feature of the early hominins is the adaptation to ____________.

Bipedal locomotion.

Environmental changes

Can impact the following phenotypes without causing genetic change: -Skull shape -Height -Weight

The most important of these African finds come from the sites of:

Florisbad and Elandsfontein (in south Africa) and Laetoli (in tanzania)

Largest tooth size

Found i Native Australian hunters and gatherers because of their diet.

Evidence form _____, ______, and ________ suggest that these hominins controlled fire.

France, Germany, and Hungary

Paleoanthropologists supporting low interbreeding

Gunter Brauer (University of Hamburg) and John Relethford, as "mostly out of Africa"

We recognize homo erectus as H. Heidelbergenis as a transitional period between

H erecuts and later hominins

In Africa, H. Heidlebergenis is hypothesized to have evolved into modern _______.

H. Sapiens

One lineage of early Homo likely evolved into _______ about 2 mya

H. erectus.

likely ancestors of earliest H. sapiens

H. heidelbergensis (African)

Complete Replacement Model

H. sapiens evolved in Africa in past 200k years and replaced European and Asian populations; nonhybridizing speciation, a biological speciation event, prevents interbreeding so all non-African hominins not H. sapiens

Remains from Jinniushan remains are early members of ________.

H. sapiens.

preservations of ancient DNA (molecular data)

Ice Man and two 7000 year old Iberian hunter-gatherers

Facial features

Includes nose form and tooth size.

In which European country was the relatively late-surviving Ceprano Homo erectus cranium found?

Italy

Partial Replacement Model

Modern H. sapiens originated from Africa and gradually replaced other hominins (such as Neandertals) with some low occurrences of interbreeding

Type B

Most common blood type in Asia.

cebidae

NWMs, incl. capuchins and squirrel monkeys

The classic ________ cranium is large, long, low, and bulging at the sides.

Neanderthal

General or ideal alleles

No such thing exists.

Races

Not biologically distinct because of skin color, subjectiveness, variations within same ethnic/geographical groups, and other feautres.

Homo erectus individuals had a distinctive cranial shape. What is one of the more prominent features common to Homo erectus but not to Homo sapiens?

Nuchal torus

Skin color

Occurs on a spectrum.

More variation

Occurs within 'groups' than between them.

_______ is the area that has provided the most detailed information from anywhere in the world about early hominin tool use.

Olduvai George, Tanzania

The earliest primates date to the _________ (65-56mya) and belong to a large and diverse group of primitive mammals called the plesiadapiforms.

Paleocene

South African Paranthropus are a distinct species called ________.

Paranthropus robustus

The _______ has been called the Ice Age and it is marked by periodic advances and retreats of massive continental glaciation.

Pleistocene

pigmentation

dark skin

Life History Theory

explains how natural selection influences reproduction, survival, and lifespan

hylobatidae

family of gibbons

Behavior and genes

genes have a considerable influence on individual behavior

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

genus and species of Pre-australopith that had similar face as humans but more ape like body. (found in toro-menalla)

__________ do the initial survey to locate potential early hominin sites.

geologist

Primate sleeping sites

in trees or on cliff faces, and spacing is related to social structure and predator avoidance

examples of how sexual selection competes with natural selection

in trinidad, up stream are colorful guppie fish and downstream is dull colored fish. Took some colorful fish and put them down stream and after 3 generations the fish were dull colored.

Replacement models

includes complete and partial replacement models; evolution of modern humans in Africa, dispersal, and replacement of hominins living in other regions

Pre-Australopiths (7 - 4.4 mya)

including three genera of very early and still primitive hominins: Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus.

What is possibly our greatest impact on our environment?

increasing population size

Early hominins are organized by time and major evolutionary trends into 3 groups:

Pre-australopiths, Australopiths,and early homo

Bergmann's rule

States that smaller bodies have more surface area per unit of weight.

Thompson's nose rule

States that the average nose is longer in areas that are higher or lower than the mean temperature.

Lactose

This enzyme is more present in the groups that were historically herders such as Europeans and certain African groups.

In which locality in Java was Homo erectus first discovered in the 19th century?

Trinil

The very first early hominin discovery from africa (and from anywhere) was discovered in 1924 at a site called ______.

Tuang

the most important south african sites are :

Tuang, Sterkfontein, and Swartkrans

Polygenous

a mating system in which a male mates with more than one female

Mosaic evolution

a pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems.

Language

a standardized system of arbitrary vocal sounds, written symbols, and gestures used in communication

biostratigraphy

based on the fairly regular changes seen in the dentition and other anatomical structures.

paleomagnetism

based on the shifting nature of the earths geomagnetic pole. By examining magnetically charged particles in rocks, geologist can determine the orientation of these ancient "compasses". (does not provide exact dates)

hypoxia

body tissue aren't getting the right oxygen

How many people were on the earth about 10,000 years ago?

about 5 million

in primates taxonomy, anthropoidea is

all apes and humans

somatic cells

all cells except sex cells

Affiliative Behaviors

amicable associations between individuals; reinforce social bonds and promote group cohesion

biological species concept

an actual or potential interbreeding, natural population that is reproductivity isolated from other such population

Communication

any act that conveys information to another individual

human adaptation

any behavior or physical traits that maximize survival & reproduction

Behavior

anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli; response of an individual, group, or species to its environment

hominoidea

apes and humans

The best-known, most widely distributed, and most diverse African hominins are colloquially called ________.

australopiths

in phylogenetic species concept, the mode of evolutionary change is

cladogenesis (works faster)

For humans, culture integrates an entire adaptive strategy involving :

cognitive, political, social, and economic components.

analogous traits, similarity of traits is due to

common adaptations and similar selective pressures

hyperthermia

core body temp rises above 98.6

The earliest pre modern humans exhibit several H. erectus characteristics:

large face, projected brows, low forehead, and sometimes cranial vault is thick.

which is a prosimian?

lemurs

Neanderthals from Eastern Europe and Western Asia tend to be __________, possibly because the climate in which they lived was not as cold as in western Europe during the last glaciation.

less robust

In Europe, H. Heidlbergenis evolved into _______.

neanderthals.

Size of modern human population

over 7 billion

The most important chronometric technique used to date early hominins involves ______ which has a half-life of ______ billion years.

potassium 40 1.25

Index of encephalization

predictable relationship between body and brain size

gibbons are classified as

primates, anthropoidea, hominoidea

pongo pymaeus is classified as

primates, anthropoidea, homioidea

ceropithecidae eats

seeds

thermoluminescence

technique for dating certain archaeological materials that were heated in the past (such as stone tools) and that release stored energy of radioactive decay as light upon reheating.

ABO blood system

the distribution of this system may be related to natural selection

Pre-Australopith

the earliest and most primitive hominin(7 - 4.4 mya)

Flexed

the position of the body in a bent orientation, with arms and legs drawn up to the chest.

Material culture:

the tools humans use. small portion of the cultural complexity for humans.

archaic sapiens in africa

1. kabob- sloping forehead, cranial capacity 1300, large brow ridge, no chin 2. bodo- massive face, large brows, thick cranial bone

archaic sapiens in asia

1. ngandong- sloping forehead, cranial capacity of 1100, large brow ridge, thick cranial

Beginning around _____ mya, some Oldowan tools began to be replaced with larger, more complex stone tools.

1.4

Homo erectus is unique among hominid species because it survived the longest, specifically, at least _____ million years.

1.5

Homo Habilis material from Olduvai dates to about :

1.8 mya

Skhul Cave, Mt. Carmel Israel remain

10 individuals; 130 kya to 100 kya

When did people start having pets, growing plants for funsies and growing crops?

10,000 ya

Some Homo erectus adults may have weighed well over _____ pounds.

100

Tabun (Israel)

110,000 ya. Southwestern Asia Best evidence of early neanderthal morphology in S.W Asia. Hominin : Neanderthal

Dali displays H. erectus and H. Sapien traits with a cranial capacity of _______.

1120 cm

Late Pleistocene

125,000 - 10,000 years ago

The cranial capacity of Jimmiushan is relatively large (approx _______cm.) and the brain case is _______.

1260 cm Thin

Kabwe (Broken hill, Zambia)

130,000 ya Transitional-looking fossil; perhaps a close ancestor of early H. sapiens in Africa. region: South Africa Hominin : H. Hiedelbergensis

The average brain size for H. sapiens is between ________ and _________.

1300 1400 cm

The pleistocene was characterized by numerous advances and retreats of ice, with at least ____________.

15 major and 50 minor glacial advances documented in Europe alone.

How many mass extinct events have happened in the last 570 million years

15, two of which altered the earths ecosystems. First one happened in 250 MYA and was a result of climate change that joined all of the continents into a supercontinent. Second one was 65 MYA and killed tens of thousands of species including dinosaurs

time for first Homo sapiens to spread across Old World

150,000 years, including to Australia and the Americas slightly later

The average neanderthal brain size was __________.

1520 cm

Herto remains date

160 kya to 154 kya

date of first appearance of modern Homo sapiens in Africa

195,000 ya

Obligate bipedalism

Bipedalism as the only form of hominin terrestrial locomotion. (cannot locomote in any other efficient way)

prosimians order and suborder

- primates - prosimii

sickle cell & malaria mutation

- random cell mutation

NWMs

- round nostrils facing laterally - prehensile (grasping tails) - premolars- 12 - total teeth- 36 - dental formula- 2-1-3-3 - all limbs same length - lower frequency of sexual dimorphism

pre australopithecines

- sahelanthropus tchadensis - orrorin tugenesis - ardipithecus ramidus

Gracile Australopithecines

- short deep face - large cheek teeth - thick mandible - smaller than robust australopithecines

Enhanced sense of vision in living primates

-forward facing eyes, -stereoptic- binocular vision (imp to see depth and distance ) -color vision

the natives hypoxia (andeans and himalayans) (tibetans)

-genetic adaptation - not reversible -barrel chest - large lung volume - efficient way to defuse oxygen from the lungs to the tissue

dietary versatility in living primates

-heterodontic - cusps patterns

Amount of interbreeding between H. sapiens and Neandertals

1% to 4%, closer to 1.5% to 2.1%, in DNA analysis of modern populations out of Africa, no Neandertal genes in contemporary Africans (Neandertals did not live near Africa), all 3 non-Africans/5 total modern hominins all contain Neandertal DNA so interbreeding soon after leaving Africa

arboreal hypothesis

*in the trees* -forward facing eyes, colored vision -stereoscopic binocular vision -grasping hands and feet

Conclusions from the miocene hominoid fossils:

1) These hominoids are more closely related to ape-human lineage than to Old World monkeys. 2) They are mostly large-bodied hominoids. 3)Miocene species thus far discovered are so derived that they are probably not ancestral to any living form. 4)the Sivapithecus shows highly derived facial features suggesting a fairly close evolutionary link to the modern Orangutang. 5)Evidence of definite hominins from the Miocene hasn't yet been indisputably confirmed.

because of its primitive dental arrangement, some paleontologists have suggested that ________ may lie near or even before the evolutionary divergence of Old and New world anthropoids.

Apidium

essential amino acids

The 9 (of 22) amino acids that must be obtained from the food we eat because they are not synthesized in the body in sufficient amounts.

Lactose tolerance

The continued presence of lactose in order to digest milk in adulthood.

Early Homo (2.4 - 1.4 mya)

The first members of our genus, who around 2 mya likely diverged into more than one species.

Other physical features

Do not group together neatly.

_________ is the best place to find fossils.

East Africa/south africa

Racism (and race)

Embedded in our institutions and everyday life.

During the _____ epoch (56-33 mya) 200 species of primates were recognized from fossils.

Eocene

More fossil hominins of middle pleistocene age have been found in _________ than in any other region.

Europe

The majority of Neanderthal fossils are found in _________, where they've been studied most.

Europe

The region where earlier hominins have only sporadically been found:

Europe.

Larger teeth

Found in people whose diets are made up of foods with a considerable amount of sand and grit, which gives them an adaptive advantage.

Middle Pleistocene Hominins from Africa and Europe are referred to as _________.

H. Heidelbergenis

Individuals (in the same geographic/ethnic group)

Have significant variations in skin tone.

Categorizing colors

Is subjective and differs in each person.

Brain location of language

Left Hemisphere of the brain

__________ depicted the La Chapelle neanderthal as a brutish bent-kneed, not fully erect biped and concluded that all Neanderthals were highly primitive.

Marcellin Boule

the earliest evidence of deliberate disposal of the dead anywhere is __________.

Sima de los Huesos

Kabwe

Site in Zambia where fieldworkers discovered a complete cranium. (600,000-125,000 years ago)

Ardipithecus ramidus

Site: Aramis (E. Africa) Date: 4.4 mya many fossils including a partial skeleton; shows unusual mosaic of primitive and more derived characteristics. some characteristics indicate bipedality, although not like later hominin.

Australopithecus afarensis

Site: Laetoli; Hadar (East Africa) date: 3.6 - 3 mya many fossils very well studied; earliest well-documented biped; possible ancestor of all later hominins.

Sahelanthropus

Site: Toros-Menalla (central africa) Date: 7 mya Maybe the earliest hominin. maybe bipedal.

Later Australopithecus

Site: Tuang: Sterkfontein (S. Africa) date: 2.5 - 2.0 mya quite derived; likely evolutionary dead end.

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Site: W. Turkana (East Africa) Date: 2.0 - 1.0 mya Earliest robust australopith; likely ancestor of the later Paranthropus

Later Paranthropus

Site: several sites (E and S Africa) date: 2.0 - 1.0 mya highly derived; very likely evolutionary dead end

Early Homo

Sites: Olduvai; E Turkana (East Africa) date: 1.8 - 1.4 mya bigger-brained; possible ancestor of later homo

Light skin color

Skin with less or no melanin/natural sunscreen.

The Geological setting is much more complicated in : (south africa or east africa)

South Africa

In __________ there was a long period of coexistence lasting 300,000 years or longer.

Southeast Asia

out of africa hypothesis

modern human emerged as a new species in africa between 200,000 yeas ago

Y-5 molar pattern

molar that has five cusps with grooves running between them, forming a Y shape. This is characteristic of hominoids

There are two major subgroups of australopiths : an early one(4.2-3 mya) that is _________ and a later one (after 2.5 mya) that is _________.

more anatomically primitive much more derived.

cranial base flexion

more flexed cranial base indicates low larynx and long pharynx (capability of speech)

Kin selection

more likely to perform altruistic behaviors for the benefit of a relative who shares genes

2 models for modern human origins

regional continuity model and replacement models

_______ can give quick quick approximate ages of fossil sites in the field without having to wait for expensive and time consuming chronometric analysis.

paleontologist

parental investment in living primates

parental behaviors that increase the probability, that the off spring will survive - dependent young (longer life span) - fewer off spring - more intelligent

Bodo cranium is particularly interesting because it shows distinctive:

pattern of cut marks.(similar to modifications seen in butchered animal bones.

maintaining a stable center balance calls or many drastic anatomical/structural alterations in the ______ for basic primate quadrupeds.

pelvis

Chatelperronian

pertaining to an upper paleolithic industry found in Spain and France, containing blade tools and associated with Neanderthals.

multidisciplinary

pertaining to research involving mutual contributions and cooperations of experts from various scientific fields.

Biocultural

pertaining to the concept that biology makes culture possible and that culture influences biology.

Purpose of grooming

reinforces social bonds and helps strengthen and maintain a group's structure

Lamarck

philosophie zoologique - 1. complexity/ progressive- influence of environment (dead body created maggots on the body) - 2. adaptation or organisms- Law 1 (use and disuse), law 2 (inheritance of acquired traits) if you stretch neck then it get longer

Ecology

relationships between organisms and all aspects of their environment

Fluorine analysis is a _____ dating model.

relative.

Middle pleistocene pre modern humans didn't vastly extend the geographical range of homo erectus but largely:

replaced the earlier hominins in previously exploited habitats.

Autonomic responses

physiological responses not under voluntary control

melanin

pigment that gives skin its color

skin color

pigmentation and depigmentation

About 65 years ago the earliest primates were diverging from early and still primitive ____________.

placental mammals

vitamin D deficiency

results in bone deformities ex: rickets, deformed pelvis, osteomalacia

non native hypoxia

reversible- hyperventilation, increase number of RBC

Postcranially, neanderthals were very _______________.

robust, barrel chested, and powerfully muscled.

the infraorder for new world monkey

platyrrhini

gorillas, chimps, and orangutans are in the family of

pongidea

in primate taxonomy, the family group for the great apes is

pongidea

Social brain hypothesis

primate brains increased in relative size and complexity because primates live in social groups

hylobates lar is classified as

primates, anthripoidae, hylobatidae

taxonomy of mango pymaeus

primates, anthropeidea, hominoidea

taxonomy for pan panics is

primates, anthropoid, pongidae

in primate taxonomy, new world monkeys are classified as

primates, anthropoidea, cebiodea

in primate taxonomy, old world monkeys are classified as

primates, anthropoidea, cercopithecoidea

pan paniscus is classified as

primates, anthropoidiea, pongidae

new world monkeys are classified as

primates: anthropoidea, ceboidea

old world monkeys are classified as

primates: anthropoidea: ceropithecoidea

presence of 5 digits on hands and feet

primitive mammalian trait, retained in most primates

Benefits to aggressors

protection of group members and acquisition of territory and mating partners

rhesus blood group

protein on the surface of RBCs (RH-positive, DD & Dd), (RH- negative, dd)

the Foramen magnum position in the Sahelanthropus is intermediate between that of a _________ and __________.

quadrupedal ape bipedal hominin

type of dating of Herto remains

radiometric dating of Ar40/Ar39, best dated at time discovered

genetic drift

random change in alleles frequencies from one generation to another & increases variation between populations. Has greatest effect in small populations

Its likely that each hominin species exploited a relatively small area and could easily become separated from other populations of its own species. So genetic drift could have led to __________.

rapid genetic divergence and eventual speciation.

Common Affiliative behaviors

reconciliation, consolation, and interactions between friends and relatives; grooming is one of most important of these behaviors

Benefits of dominance

reduce amount of actual physical violence, increased reproductive success of high ranking animals

How does deforestation contribute to global warming?

reducing numbers of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide

chronometric

referring to a dating technique that gives an estimate in actual numbers of years. "time" "measure"

postcranial

referring to all or part of the skeleton not including the skull. The term originates from the fact that in quadrupeds, the body is in back of the head. This term literally means "behind the head"

faunal

referring to animal remains: in archaeology, specifically refers to the fossil remains of animals.

real artifacts

refers only to rocks that have been altered according to a regular pattern.

Physiological 2 (acclimatization) adaptation

sea level adults go to high level altitude, we would hyperventilate, body increases in red blood cells

gametes

sex cells

Basic behaviors

shaped by the evolutionary history of particular species

physiological 1 (acclimation) adaptation

short term response to an environmental stress, not inherited and reversible ex: sweating, shivering

Neanderthals appear particularly robust with __________ than seen in most modern H. sapiens populations.

shorter limbs

homologous traits

similar structures because of a common ancestry in the distant plan

polygynous

single male, several females

Aramis (4.4 mya)

site represented by a 6 foot thick bed of bones and has yielded 6,000 fossils.

Terra Amata (southern France) :

site that provides fascinating evidence relating to short-term seasonal visits by later hominin groups who built flimsy shelters, gathered plants, ate food from the ocean, and possibly hunted medium to large sized mammals.

limitations of mtDNA

small DNA segment, no recombination with male DNA down generations so only information on maternal lineage, easily misinterpreted as in recent Neandertal and early modern hominin comparisons

Omo Kibish

southernmost Ethiopia, fragmentary skull, 195 kya based on radiometric dating, earliest modern human in Africa (and world), variation between Omo 1 and Omo 2

melanocytes

specializes cells in the skin (epidermis and dermis) that produce melanin

allopatric speciation

speciation occurs when members of a larger population becomes separated by a natural, physical barrier ex. lake, mountain range

In the early years of paleoanthropology, what taxonomic method resulted in a variety of taxonomic names for hominid fossils despite the similarity among these fossils?

splitting

Compared with anatomically modern humans, the neanderthal face ___________.

stands out. It projects almost as if it were being pulled forward.

Regional Continuity Model: explanation for similar evolution of anatomy

stating that early modern H. sapiens populations did not originate exclusively in Africa and high likelihood of significant gene flow (migration) levels between geographically dispersed premodern populations; results in single but polytypic human species

Measurement of status

status measured by access to resources including food and mating partners

vitamin D

steroid hormone that regulates calcium absorption and mineralization of the skeleton

relative dating method is based on _______.

stratigraphy

what are the 4 types of relative dating ?

stratigraphy, fluorine analysis, biostratigraphy, and paleomagnetism.

Behavioral Ecology

study of evolution of behavior, emphasizing role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection

Behavioral genetics

study of how genes affect behavior; behavior is product of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors

primates suborder and infraorder

suborder- anthropidea (all monkeys, apes and humans) infraorder- catarrhini (OWMs, apes, and humans) & platyrrhini (NWMs)

Dominance Hierarchies

systems of social organization with rankings relative to one another

Reassurance patterns

takes the form of touching, patting, hugging, holding hands, and grooming

Levallois technique

technique invented by premodern humans in Europe and Africa for controlling flake size and shape. This suggests increased cognitive abilities in later premodern populations.

relative dating method

tell you that seething is older or younger than something else, but not by how much.

bipedalism

the ability to walk upright on two legs

Metabolism

the rate at which the body uses energy to maintain all bodily functions while in a resting state

Epigenetics

the study of changes in phenotype that are not related to changes in the DNA and that may result from the interaction between the genotype and the environment

Some Chinese researchers have argued that anatomically, modern chinese didn't evolve from H. Sapiens in either Europe or Asia, instead :

they evolved locally in China from a separate H. erectus lineage.

geography of neanderthal

western europe, eastern europe, middle east, near east

What we really want to know about fossil interpretations is :

what happened to the populations represented by the fossil remains.

hypothermia

when the core bod temp drops below 98.6 degrees

likely primary migration routes and evidence

whole-genome sequencing on modern Ethiopian and Egyptian populations, through North Africa into Middle East between 80 kya and 50 kya

malthus

wrote an essay on principle of population - larger the population the low the foot supply

Which cave area is the source for the largest collection of Homo erectus material found anywhere in the world?

zhoukoudian

Perhaps the most recent neanderthal remains yet recovered come from central Europe at the site of __________.

Vindijja, in Croatia

evolutionary medicine

an approach to human sickness and health combining principles of evolutionary theory and human evolutionary history

Group selection

an individual acts altruistically to benefit other group members

in evolutionary species concept, the mode of evolutionary change is

anagenesis (slow and gradual)

Bodo

another significant African premodern fossil. Nearly complete cranium, and has been dated to (600,000 years ago) making it one of the oldest specimens of H. heidelbergenis from the African continent.

for sites postdating 2.6 mya (the age of the oldest identified human artifacts), _______ take over in the search for hominin material traces.

archaeologist

Which key technological innovation is distinctive and has become synonymous with Homo erectus?

biface

Paranthropus derived traits:

big teeth and jaw for chewing, broad cheekbones, flat face, and sagittal crest.

Skeletal evidence indicating _____________ is the only truly reliable indicator that these fossils were indeed hominins.

bipedal locomotion

the best defining anatomical characteristics of hominins relate to __________.

bipedal locomotion

Habitual bipedalism

bipedal locomotion as the form of locomotion shown by hominins most of the time.

Distinct Hominin characteristics :

bipedal locomotion, large brain size, and toolmaking behavior.

vasoconstriction

blood vessels decrease in diameter- blood is reduced to the extremes @ same time of heat loss

vasodilation

blood vessels increase in diameter, increasing blood flow to the extremities & at the same time of heat loss

Bergmann's Rule

body mass & surface area/ volume animals in hotter environments have low body mass and high surface area/ volume animals in colder environments have bigger body mass and smaller surface area/ volume

allens rule

body shape & limb length animals in hotter environments have longer limb length and smaller latitude animals in colder environments have shorter limb lengths and wider latitude

Aegyptopithecus is important because it

bridges the gap between the Eocene fossils and the succeeding Miocene hominoids.

"assimilation" model

by Fred Smith (Illinois State University), more interbreeding than known occurred in some regions; requires more whole-genome DNA from ancient remains esp. of early modern human skeletons

Herto remains

by Tim White (Uni of Cali), 2003, well-preserved and well-dated, Ethiopia, Middle Awash area, contains Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and H. erectus outside of Herto remains; almost complete adult cranium, incomplete adult cranium, fairly complete (but heavily reconstructed) kid cranium, some fragments

prehensile

capable of grasping

Green house gases

carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) they change the climate and increase global warming

the infraorder for old world monkeys

catarrhini

Premodern human populations continued to live both in caves and open air sites, but they may have increased their use of _______.

caves

in primate taxonomy, one family group for new world monkey is

cebidea

Life History Traits

characteristics and developmental stages that influence reproductive rates

cercopithecidae primates are referred to as

cheek pouch monkeys or seed eaters

Which primate is most closely related to humans?

chimpanzees

15,000 ya what happened?

climate change and extinction of many large-bodied prey species, some humans started to settle down

Interglacials

climatic intervals when continental ice sheets are retreating, eventually becoming much reduced in size. Interglacials in northern latitudes are associated with warmer temps, while in the southern latitudes the climate becomes wetter.

Glaciation

climatic intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of the northern continents. Glaciations are associated with colder temp in northern latitudes and more arid conditions in southern latitudes, most notably in Africa.

Genetic evidence for Replacement Model (how)

comparison of variety of contemporary human DNA sequences across diverse geographic areas, assumes modern is some mirror of past genetic patterns

phylogenetic species concept

considers both ancestry and decent and relies on the identification of shared derived traits/ recently evolved traits (synapomorphies) as opposed to share primitive traits (sympleisomorphies) found in the distant ancestor

weather and DNA

consistently cold or cool preserves DNA, DNA degrades rapidly in tropical areas; many significant and large regions (Africa and SE Asia) are tropical

Omo 2 traits

contemporary cranium but more robust and less modern than Omo 1 in morphology

Social nature of primates

costs of competition are offset by benefits of predator defense

The most obvious distinguishing factor of homo habilis from the australopiths is _______,

cranial size

One of the most distinctive behavioral features of humans is our extraordinary elaboration of and dependence on ______.

culture.

The chronometric technique that uses carbon is used to ________

date organic material (wood, charcoal, and plant fibers).

stratigraphy =

dating based on the law of superposition which states that lower layers are older than higher layers. (70 meters deep is older than 30 meters deep.)

Mary Leakey

dedicated her career excavating early hominin sites and analyzing ancient artifacts and the hominins who made them.

Researchers have hypothesized that the Bodo individual was :

defleshed by other hominins but the purpose is unclear.

The earliest evidence of hominins dates to the end of the miocene and mainly includes _______ and _______ pieces.

dental and cranial

culture adaptation

depends on that adaptation ex: shelter, heaters, air conditioner

according to the phylogenetic species concept

derived traits are more important in providing info about relationships

cystic fibrosis

disorder of the pancreatic enzymes and parotid salivary glands, leads to respiratory and digestive problems

flight in bats and insects is an example of

divergent evolution

Australopith

diverse forms, some more primitive, others highly derived. (4.2 - 1.2 mya)

Criticisms of Complete Replacement Model

does not account for transition from premodern forms to modern H. sapiens outside Africa,

Genetic evidence for Replacement Model (what)

geographically distant humans with similar patterns suggest migrations in Late Pleistocene, more genetic variation in indigenous African populations than around world (*) for African origin and replacement elsewhere (consistent result), complete Neandertal genome in 2010 (4 years to complete) used to show past segments exist in some modern populations proves interbreeding

monogamy is the social structure of

gibbons

primate females..

give both to fewer offspring than do many other mammals

endocrine glands

glands responsible for the secretion of hormones into bloodstream

Why are some species disappearing at an unprecedented rate?

hunting (especially for sport) such as Rhinos and tigers for traditional medicine. Competition with introduced nonnative species like pigs, goats and rats. Lastly habitat reduction

gibbons are in the family of

hylobatidea

example of genetic drift

if there was 100 students and .5 were blue eyed, and .5 were brown eyed, and all brown eyed died then frequency will change to 1.0

sexual selection

in a population a trait increases in frequency over time because of advantages it confers in winning mates (mostly in males)

Compared to H. erectus, these premodern humans possessed an :

increased brain size, more rounded braincase (maximum breadth is higher up on the sides), a more vertical nose, and a less angled back of the skull (occipital).

Like their African counterparts, these European premodern have retained certain h. erectus traits , but mixed with more derived ones such as :

increased cranial capacity, less angled occiput, parietal expansion, and reduced tooth size.

Affect of social group sizes

increased numbers can help prevent predation, larger social groups can outcompete smaller groups

natural selection (darwin, wallace )

individuals have more offspring than can survive leading to struggle for existence and variation in fitness and inheritance of variation

Purpose of infanticide

individuals perform this act in order to maximize their own reproductive success; coincides with transfer of a new male into a group

R-selection

individuals produce large numbers of offspring but invest little to no energy in parental care

K-selection

individuals produce only a few young, in whom they invest a tremendous amount of parental care

Purpose of vocalizations

inform others of possible presence of predators or food

assimilation hypothesis

initial change from archaic to modern took place in africa but these changes then spread to other populations outside of africa through gene flow

Traditional view of primate language

involuntary vocalizations and actions convey information solely about an animal's emotional state; vocalizations, facial expressions, and body posture do not refer to external phenomena

Its not until the _________ that neanderthals become fully recognizable.

late pleistocene

colobinae

leaf eaters, sculpted gut with enzymes to digest mature leaves

Cultural behavior

learned and not genetically determined; infants do so by watching others; cultural traditions may emerge along with preferences in diet

Broca's area of brain

left frontal lobe (motor cortex)- controls movement of muscles in face, lips, larynx, and tongue specifically for cummunication

Wernicke's area of brain

left temporal lobe- an association area involved in reception of sound

prosimians

lemurs, tarsiers, sifakas, ayes-ayes, loris, bust babies - heighten smell nocturnal activity claws for clinging look for food alone

sites

locations of discoveries.

according to the idea of punctuated equilibrium, macroevolution usually involves

long periods of no change punctuated by rapid change

Some mosquito borne diseases

malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever as warmer temperatures increase the geographical range of mosquitos

sexual dichromatism

males and females have different fur so you can tell them apart

polyandrous

many males and single female

callitrichidae

marmosets and tamarins

Kabwe features:

massive browridge ( one of largest of any hominin) low vault, and prominent occipital torus recall those of H . erectus.

Polyandry

mating system in which a female continuously associates with more than one male with whom she mates with

biological species concept example

may be able to mechanically mate but off spring will not be fertile

What percentage of people live on less than $2 a day?

48%

Upper Cave at Zhoukoudian dates

27 kya

A total of _____ individuals have been recovered from Sima de los Huesos. ("pit of bones")

28

.

.

Long nose function (in arid areas)

Cause the membranes and blood vessels to moisten the dry air.

Long nose function (in cold areas)

Causes the blood vessels to warm the harsh, dry, cold air being breathed in.

Chimpanzee understanding

Chimps were able to categorize unfamiliar objects and thus showed that symbols represented not only objects but also groups of objects

AAA race project

Examines race through history, science, and lived experience.

Senescence

Decline in physiological functioning usually associated with aging

Fossils found in Africa and Europe that date back to 850,000-200,000 years ago are placed within:

Homo Heidelbergenis (named after a fossil found in Germany in 1907).

Some scientists have split Homo erectus into more than one species based mainly on geography. What do these researchers call Homo erectus fossils from Africa?

Homo ergaster

Neanderthals are placed in a separate species called :

Homo neanderthalensis

Modern Humans

Homo sapiens

Herto remains classification

Homo sapiens idaltu (afar- "elder")

Homo erectus appears to have first evolved in what modern country?

Kenya

Social structure

The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals; guides individual interactions and social relationships

Arid areas

Where long noses are adaptive.

Cold areas

Where long noses are adaptive.

Warmer areas

Where people tend to be more tall, slender, and lean to shed heat more effectively.

Colder areas

Where people tend to be shorter, stockier, and heavier to conserve heat more effictively.

megaloblastic anemia

a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal

Microbiome

a collection of genomes of microbes in a system, such as the human body

infectious disease

a disease caused by a pathogen

evolutionary species concept

a fossil species has evolved through time in its own distinct lineage

The results of changing temperatures and rainfall

loss of agricultural land bc desertification, flooding in others, rising sea levels inundating vast coastal areas throughout the world, increased human hunger, extinction of plants and animals, altered patterns of infectious disease.

heterodntic

many different kinds of teeth

chipped blades, hand axes, and other stone tools of an _________ tool industry are associated with neanderthals.

upper paleolithic

Hominins evolved from earlier primates dating back to almost ______ mya.

50

founder effect

50% ppl with brown eyes and 50% with blue eyes, if all brown eyed people died then ratio would bee 1.0

La Chapelle (France)

50,000 ya. Western Europe Most famous Neanderthal discovery; ;led to false interpretation of primitive, bent-over creature. Hominin : Neanderthal

Time span encompassed by Middle Pleistocene premodern humans is at least _________ years.

500,000

Sima de los Huesos (atapuerca, Northern Spain)

600,000 - 530,000 region: western Europe hominin: H. Heidelbergensis (early neanderthal) Very early evidence of neanderthal ancestry; suggests neanderthals likely are a different species from H. sapiens. Large sample.

Bodo (Ethiopia)

600,000 ya region: east Africa Hominin: H. heidelbergensis earliest evidence of H. heidelbergensis in Africa-- and possibly ancestral to later H. sapiens.

Neanderthal lineage separated from that of our modern H. sapiens ancestors sometime between ________ and __________.

690,000 550,000 ya

Hominins back to as early as _____ mya.

7

How many people are on this planet?

7 billion

Type AB

7 times more susceptible to smallpox than type os.

number of China localities with modern humans

7, including Upper Cave at Zhoukoudian, Tianyuan Cave, and Ordos in Mongolia from Late Pleistocene up to 50 kya

With more than 4,000 fossil fragments found, Sima De los Huesos contains more than ______ percent of all middle pleistocene hominin remains in the world.

80

a small, squirrel sized primate that ate mostly fruits and seeds and was most likely an arboreal quadruped, adept at leaping and springing.

Apidium

sexual dimorphism

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

chimpanzee 1 (pan troglodytes)

- most time on ground and trees - slight sexual dimorphism - males are dominate - strongest social bonds between males - females have estrus cycle

hypothesis for modern human origins

- multiregional continuity - out of africa - assimilation

apes (hominoidea)

- no tail - longer than monkeys - larger brains than monkeys - dental formula- 2-1-2-3 - Y-5 cusps - high sexual dimorphism - longer arms than legs

australopithecus anamensis

- oldest one of its kind - 4 mya - hominin like traits (bipedalism) - apelike traits

neanderthal speech and language

- FOXP2 gene- super regulatory gene relate to language, it e=co-ensides with origins of language

Key messages (of the aaa race project)

-Race is a recent human invention. -Race is about culture, not biology. -Race and racism is embedded in our institutions and everyday life.

Melanin functions (outside the tropics)

-Reduces UV absorption. -Increases the possibility of rickets and osteoporosis.

genetic adaptation includes

- at point level - inherited - irreversible

humans and orangutan share certain aspects of reproductive physiology

- both humans & orangutans have the same gestation length (9-10) months - both have no distinct mating cycle

homo erectus morphology

- boyhood cranial capacity 900cc - long arms and legs - body proportion identical to tropical sub-saharan africans

homo erectus

- cranial capacity- 800cc-1000cc - large brow ridge - sloping forehead - no chin - higher skull - skull broader towards the bottom

hypothesis of how hominids emerged

- darwins tool use and hunting (changes in foot and hands that were freed to make things and carry stuff) - Energy efficiency (more energy walking at normal pace from one place to another) - body temp. (5 & 45 degree angle, the body looks the same but at 90 degree angle, body is different)

OWMs

- downward nostrils - premolars- 8 - total teeth- 32 - no prehensile - habits in both trees and ground - dental formula- 2-1-2-3 - high frequency of sexual dimorphism

homo habilis

- east africa - 2.3-1.8 mya - large cranial capacity - reduction in size of face - legs shorter than arms

robust australopithecines

- east and south africa - 2.5-1.2 mya - had face and jaw and teeth - large back teeth, small front - canines not projecting

neanderthal morphology

- facial reconstructions based on fossil crania - large brow ridge - mid facial prognathism - no chin - occipital bun (back head)

woolly spider monkey

- family- atelidae - grasping tail

female chimps

- higher ranking female have more off spring - offspring is also higher ranking

orangutan

- larger than gibbons - high sexual dimorphism

gorilla gorilla

- largest apes - spend most time on ground - high sexual dimorphism - males are dominate over females - polygynous - sagittal crest

DNA in the neanderthal

- line split off from a common ancestor with modern humans about 660,000 yrs ago (separate species) - some gene flow between neanderthals and modern humans (1-4% neanderthal in europeans and asians)

olden complex

- lower Paleolithic - simple chopping tools - used for breaking bones to obtain marrow

Melanin functions (in the tropics)

-Screens out UV radiation. -Reduces folate destruction. -Prevents sunburn.

gibbons

- smallest apes - fruit eater - sexual dichromatism - longest arms - no sexual dimorphism

speech and language of homo ecetus

- some say front lobe was well developed in speech and tools

chimpanzee 2 (pan paniscus)

- spends time on ground and trees - smaller than common chimps - slight sexual dimorphism - females are dominate - strongest social bonds are between females - multi male and multi female - estrus cycle - mating face to face

mendel

- the pea plant - experimental design- allowed pea plants produce self fertilization - cross fertilization

No melanin functions (inside tropics)

-Increases folate destruction. -Increases sunburns and skin cancer. -Increases disease susceptibility.

Two major factors of dispersal

1) reduced competition between males for mates 2) decreased likelihood of close inbreeding

archaic sapiens in europe

1. atapuerca- sloping forehead, cranial capacity 1125, large brow ridge 2. mauer- no chin, gracile, molar size of humans 3. boxgrove- shin bone was large, archeulean tools 4. petralona- sloping forehead, large brow ridge, cranial capacity of 1125, no chin

Major features that all australopiths share:

1. They are clearly bipedal 2. They all have relatively small brains 3. They all have large teeth, particularly the back teeth, with thick to very thick enamel on the molars.

tools and subsistence of homo erectus

1. acheulian tool technology (hand ax) 2. caves/ temporary shelters 3. hunting- gathering- scavenging 4. fire

_______ mya we have good evidence that hominins had adaptations in their pelvis and feet that allowed for fairly efficient bipedal locomotion on the ground.

4.4

Early homo in Africa was present by ________.

2.4 - 2.3 mya

At least one species (possibly 2) was present in East Africa by _______.

2.4 mya.

"Black Skull"

2.5 mya found in northern Kenya at lake Turkana. had broad face and large area for back teeth. Has been placed in a new species, Paranthropus aethiopicus.

The earliest definite tools date to about _______ mya. and are made of _______.

2.6 stone

Early homo shows an increase in cranial size of about _____ % over the larger of the australopiths.

20

Qafzeh Cave Israel remains

20 individuals, modern overall; 120 kya to 92 kya

early African fossil dates

200 kya to 100 kya

Jinniushan (China)

200,000 ya. Partial skeleton with cranium showing relatively large brain size; some Chinese scholars suggest it is a possible ancestor of early Chinese H. sapiens.

Dali (China)

230,000 - 180,000 years ago. Nearly complete skull; best evidence of H. Heidelbergenis in Asia.

estrus cycle

30-35 day, female is swollen and about 2 weeks of mating

Swanscombe (England)

300,000-259,000 ya. Partial skull, but shows considerable brain expansion.

Radiocarbon dating suggest that the Vindijja remains may date as late as ____________.

33,000 - 32,000 ya

"Ardi"

4.4 mya female found with skull, pelvis, and almost complete hands and feet.

The earliest members of the human family were confined to _______.

Africa

The first anthropoid (50 mya) was found in ______.

Africa

Later hominins were widely distributed in the Old world with discoveries coming from three continents:

Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Factors that influence social structure

Body size, diet, distribution of resources, predation, dispersal, life histories, strategies, sleeping patterns, activity patterns, human activity

sagittal crest

Bony projection on top of the cranium for attachment of chewing muscles.

One striking feature of Neanderthals is ___________, which in these hominins was larger than that of H. sapiens today.

Brain size

International Convention on Climate Change

December 2009, UN sponsored, Copenhagen Denmark, attended by about 200 countries. Attempted to cut carbon emissions. but nothing really changed, everyone was prepared to commit but they lacked trust in American willingness to make real political commitments and weak support from China.

Australopiths (4.2 - 1.2 mya)

Early (2.5 - 3.0 mya), more primitive australopith species including Australopithecus, anamnesis, and australopithecus afarensis. Later (2.5 - 1.4 mya) more derived australopith species including two genera: Paranthropus and a later species Australopithecus.

pleiotropic genes

Genes that have more than one effect; genes that have different effects at different times in the life cycle.

lesser apes

Gibbons

Clines

Gradual genetic shifts that are incompatible with discrete races.

taxonomic classification

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, suborder, infraorder, super family, Family, Genus, Species

A nearly complete skeleton was found buried in a shallow grave in the flexed position at ___________.

La Chapelle-aux-Saints, in southwestern France

Fossils during the Eocene epoch were mostly at sites in ________ and ________. (which were still connected during the Eocene epoch)

North America and Europe.

Halogroups

Long term genetic markers. Don't necessarily correlate with phenotypes.

Dark skin color

Made up of melanin.

Most of the hominins discussed in this chapter lived during the _____________.

Middle Pleistocene (780,000 - 125,000 years ago)

The _______ (23-15 mya) could be called the "golden age of hominoids". Many thousands of fossils have been found from dozens of sites scattered in East Africa, Southern Africa, Southwest Asia, western and southern europe, and extending into southern asia and China.

Miocene

Humans

More genetically alike than any living apes.

Type A

Most common blood type in Europe. 7 times more susceptible to smallpox than o types.

Type O

Most common blood type world wide. Extremely common in Central and South America. Susceptible to bubonic plague and cholera but protects against syphilis.

The __________ provide the best documented evidence thus far of neanderthal cannibalism.

Moula Guercy neanderthal

Perfect phenotypes

No such thing exists.

Culture:

Nonbiological adaptations to the environment. This includes learned behaviors that can be communicated to others- especially from one generation to the next. Aspects of this capacity have been identified in our closest ape relatives.

94% (of genetic variation)

Occurs within a so-called 'race'.

By the early ______, continental drift had separated the New World (Americas) from the Old World (Africa and Eurasia).

Oligocene (33-23 mya)

Order of remains

Omo Kibish, Herto, Skhull/Klasies River Mouth, Jebel Qafzeh, Border Cave, Lake Mungo/Nah Cave/Ordos/ Tianyuan/Zhoukoudian, Oase, Miadex, Cro-Magnon, Lagar Velho, Kow Swamp

Alleles

One can never assume that these will be generally adaptive or maladaptive because it always depends on the time and place.

The most derived australopiths are the various numbers of the genus _________.

Paranthropus

East African Paranthropus fossils are so robust they are usually placed in their own separate species called ______.

Paranthropus boisei

Pilo-Pleistocene

Pertaining to the pliocene and first half of the pleistocene, a time range of 5 - 1 mya. For this time period, numerous fossil hominins have been found in Africa.

Which epoch is important in human evolution because it is the one from which we have a large sample of Homo erectus individuals from all over the Old World?

Pleistocene

What has been absolutely crucial for our understanding of how hominids have evolved, even within a single species over time?

Radiometric dating

Modern Science

Seeks to explain diversity, NOT to put people into catagories.

Biological differences

Real, important, and apparent to us all.

Lactose intolerance

Reflects a combination of biology and environment.

terrestrial

Relating to the Earth or to land; worldly

Distribution (of human blood groups)

Represents a compromise among the selective effects of various diseases.

The earliest known members of Homo erectus outside of Africa were found in what country?

Republic of georgia

laetoli site

Tanzania, Conclusive Evidence of our first steps.

Epigenome

The instructions that determine how genes are expressed in a cell

_________ skeleton isn't a typical neanderthal, but unusually robust male who represents an extreme in the neanderthal range of variation.

The la Chapelle

adolescent growth spurt

The period during adolescence when well-nourished teens typically increase in stature at greater rates than at other times in the life cycle.

During glacial peaks, much of ____________ would have been cut off from the rest of Eurasia.

Western Europe

Neanderthals only from _________ are classified in classic morphology.

Western Europe

Upper paleolithic technology is best known in _________ but similar industries are also known from central and eastern Europe and Africa.

Western Europe

tay sacs

accumulation of lipid sugar molecule ganglioside, because of mutation theres nothing to break it down

Global climate changes does what to the oceans?

acidification due to absorption of greater amounts of carbon dioxide also known as the "other CO2 problem". Acidity has increase by 30%, it could double. most immediate risk is to coral reefs.

altruistic behavior

action in which an organism helps another at its own expense, usually occur in groups where individuals are related

Prosocial behaviors

actions that benefit other individuals and/or society as whole; social bonds are assistance, sharing, caregiving, and compassion

both the facial anatomy and the robust post cranial structure of Neanderthals have been interpreted by Erik Trinkaus as _________________.

adaptations to rigorous living in a cold climate.

Sectorial

adapted for cutting or shearing; among primates, refers to the compressed (side-to-side) first lower premolar, which functions as a shearing surface with the upper canine.

DNA discovery

adenine- thymine guanine- cytosine

another name for the evolutionary force called gene flow is

admixture/ migration

geography of homo erectus

africa, asia, europe

polygynous social structures

are groups where males have more than 1 partner

prehensile tails

are present in some platyrrhines

Home range

area where a group remains permanently

Core area

area within home range that contains the highest concentration of predictable resources

During glacial periods the climate in Africa became more ________ and during interglacials ______ increases.

arid rainfall

Primate language

array of communicative devices is much richer among nonhuman primates than other animals; ie. submissive gestures reduce aggression and physical violence, grooming reinforces friendships

great apes

asian orangutan, african apes: gorilla and chimps

Regional Continuity Model

associated with Milford Wolpoff (paleoanthropologist, University of Michigan), local indigenous populations after Middle Pleistocene in Europe, Asia, and Africa individually evolved similar modern morphology and anatomy; no taxonomic distinctions between modern and premodern hominins- all hominins after H. erectus are H. sapiens

family group for new world monkey

atelidae

what is the family group consisting of monkeys with prehensile tails?

atelidea

Evolution of behavior

behavior has evolved through the operation of natural selection; individuals whose behavioral phenotypes increases reproductive fitness will pass on genes at a faster rate than others

Altruism

behavior that benefits another individual while involving risk/sacrifice to the performer; most fundamental form is protecting offspring

Strategies

behaviors that increase individual reproductive success; products of natural selection

Coral reefs

dying out because of acidification (climate change), has about 25% of the oceans species, over 100 million people depend on coral reefs for food. 20-25% of the animal protein consumed by humans comes from marine sources

Displays

elaborate combinations of behaviors that communicate emotional states

Some species at risk

elephants, pandas, rhinos, tigers, and mountain gorillas.

There is a general tendency in all primates for ________ and _________.

erect body posture some bipedalism

Biological Continuum

fact that organisms are related through common ancestry and that behaviors and traits seen in one species are also seen in others

catarrhini includes all monkeys, apes, and humans (t/f)

false

callitrichidae is

family of new world monkeys

howler monkey

family- atelidae - leaf eater

golden lion tamarin

family- callitrichidae

marmoset

family- callitrichidae

vervet monkeys, savannah baboons, macaques are apart of

family- cercopithecidae

patas monkey

family- ceropithecidae

visual predation hypothesis

features evolved for hunting insects and small mammals in the trees ex: forward facing eyes, colored vision

enhanced sense of touch in living primate

fingernails, sensitive pads(can touch something and know what it is), fingerprints

Stage-2 H. sapiens migration: Asia

first, in parts of Southeast Asia then to South Pacific, inc. New Guinea and Australia; second, to eastern Asia from 38 kya to 25 kya

Ecological and evolutionary perspective

focuses on the relationships between behaviors (individual and group), the natural environment, and physiological traits

folate deficiency

folate is imp. on the body for male fertility & proper development of the embryo

bilophodont molar pattern

for cutting their food, 4 cusps in line connected by a ridge of bone

angiosperm radiation hypothesis

for finding and eating fruit made available for the evolution of flowering plants called angiosperms

genetic adaptation

found throughout population, its inherited & can't be reversed ex: skin color high altitudes populations are himalayans (barrel chest)

Advantages for Bipedal locomotion

freed the hands for carrying objects and making and using tools.

Denisovans interbreeding with early H. sapiens

from fragmentary remains from Denisova Cave in southern Siberia, maybe widespread with some genes in Southeast Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Australians, supports 2-stage migration of H. sapiens into Asia after initial out-of-Africa migration

Australia Denisovan genes

from hair of Australian Aboriginal man 100 years ago with Denisovan genes, show Denisovans diverging 75 kya to 62 kya from other groups

Goal of reproductive strategies

goal of these strategies is to produce and successfully rear to adulthood as many offspring as possible

feast or famine

great success or total failure; either too much or too little of something

Matrilines

groups that consist of a female, her daughters, and their offspring (common in macaques)

We say that hominin bipedalism is both _______ and ______.

habitual and obligate.

in primate taxonomy, the family group of humans is

hominidea

Colloquial term for members of the tribe Hominini, which includes all bipedal hominoids back to the divergence with African great apes.

hominins

modifying rocks according to a consistent plan or simply carrying them around from one place to another over fairly long distances is characteristic of no other animal but ________.

hominins

in primate taxonomy, the super family for the apes and humans is

hominoidea

superfamily for the ape is

hominoidea

superfamily of catarrhini

hominoidea & ceropithecoidea

Criticism of Regional Continuity Model

how populations on different continents and different environments developed similar anatomy and genes; now recognize strong influence of African H. sapiens origin, original models cannot account for modern human origins based on recent data; low information for dispersal of modern H. sapiens

atelidea

howler monkey (sculpted gut to eat leaves), spider monkey, grasping tale

multiregional continuity

human evolution over the past 2 million yrs has been taken place within a single evolving lineage from homo habilis to archaic humans to modern humans

hominids

humans and other creatures that walk upright (bipedalism)

placing sites and fossils into a time frame is one of the essentials of _________.

paleoanthropology

nariokotome boy

most complete Homo erectus ever found; age ~12; would have been 6 ft. tall; found in Lake Turkana, Kenya; we know its age because of its immature dentition

habitat reduction

most important cause of extinction, result of burgeoning human population and the resulting need for building materials, grazing and agricultural land, and living areas for people

Holocene

most recent epoch of the Cenozoic, following the pleistocene and est. to have been 10,000 years ago

Omo 1 traits

mostly modern, presence of chin

gene flow

movement of alleles from one population to another

polygamous

multiple males and females

sexual selection competes with

natural selection

Sexual Selection

natural selection that operates on only one sex of a species; result of competition for mates

Anthropocene

new geological era, right now from the last 250 years, means "the age of humans" is our event thats killing all the animals and plants

analogous traits

no structural similarities- traits are similar because of a common adaptation

The most dramatic effects of glaciation occurred in ________ and _________. (less so i southern Asia and Africa).

northern Asia and Europe.

Undernutrition

not consuming enough calories to be healthy

artifacts

objects or materials made or modified for use by hominins. The earliest of these tend to be made of stone or occasionally bone.

Third major extinction event

occurring now, sorted maying in the late Pleistocene of Early Holocene, a result of Homo sapiens

developmental (ontogenetic) adaptation

occurs during growth & development ex: learning a language adapting to a culture

nocturnal primate communicate through

olfactory (smell)

Klases River Mouth site

on south coast of Africa and Border Cave, slightly north, 120 kya to 80 kya based on variety of dating techniques, original geological context unknown; Border Cave likely younger than Klasies River Mouth

One-male group communities

one male units are able to create/join with other to form large, stable communities

hominidae

only humans

generalized skeleton of living primates

opposable thumb, precision grip (hang and grab)

number of nucleotides in average human genome

over 3 billion nucleotides

sources of ancient mtDNA

over a dozen Neandertal fossils, 400 kya potentially H. heidelbergensis from Sima de los Huesos site in Spain, 9 fully modern H. sapiens in Italy, France, Czech Republic, and Russia

Oldowan industry

the earliest recognized stone tool culture, including very simple tools, mostly small flakes.

RIghtmire (1998) has suggested that the Gran Dolina hominins may simply represent _________.

the earliest well-dated occurrence of H. Heifelbergenis, possibly dating as early as 850,000 years ago.

Homo Habilis refers to

the early Homo fossils from Olduvai.

menopause

the end of menstruation in women, usually occurring around age 50

Early homo

the first members of our genus. (2.4 - 1.4 mya)

menarche

the first menstruation in girls, usually occurring int he early to mid-teens

anthropoids

the higher primates - monkeys apes humans

During the warmer (and in the south - wetter) interglacials =

the ice sheets shrank, sea level rose, and certain migration routes reopened.

Foramen magnum

the large opening at the base of the skull, through which the spinal cord passes.

The oldest East Turkana homo dates back to 1.8 mya but newly discovered specimen dates back to as recent as 1.4 mya making it by far __________

the latest surviving early homo fossil yet found.

what doesrobust australopithecines tell us

the massive jaw had powerful chewing ability and it relied more regularly on vegetative foods

postreproductive age

those too old to reproduce

anthropoidea includes all monkeys, apes, and humans (t/f)

true

catarrhini includes all old world monkeys apes, and humans (t/f)

true

Y-5 molar pattern

used for crushing

fluorine analysis

used to date bones. bones are exposed to groundwater and the longer a bone lies the more fluorine it has. Therefor bones deposited at the same time in the same location should contain the same amount of fluorine. (only useful for dating bones from the same location.)

__________ are usually involved in helping find geological beds containing faunal remains.

vertebrate paleontologists

relationship of Herto remains to modern humans

very large cranium, very long cranial vault, cranial capacity 1450 cm^3 within H. sapiens range, heavily built in large arching browridge, large projecting occipital protuberance in back, non-projecting face (unlike Eurasian Neandertals); near modern

Anthropocentric

viewing nonhuman organisms in terms of human expectations

The early miocene was considerably _________ than the preceding Oligocene.

warmer

Louis Leakey

was guessing that our ancestors were Homo