Anthropology Chapter 7-14 RB
Lucy
- australopithecus afarensis - location- ethiopia - found 3.6-3.0 mya
No melanin functions (outside tropic)
-Allows for more UV. -Allows body to create more vitamin D. -Helps prevent rickets and osteoporosis.
denisovans
-cave in southern siberia - skeleton- tooth molar, finger bones, toe bones - nDNA sequencing of finger bone and molar, very different from modern and archaic humans - mtDNA sequencing of toe bone which indicates neanderthal
reduced sense of smell in living primates
-flat face (monkey, apes, humans) -no rhinarium (wet pad on nose)
date and location of first intermixing of H. sapiens and Neandertals
80 kya to 50 kya in Middle East (likely)
The origin of Neanderthals has been placed to approximately ___________.
800,000 -- 500,000
The brain size of Homo erectus averaged about _____ cubic centimeters.
900
Australopiths:
A colloquial name referring to a diverse group of Pilo-Pleistocene African hominins. (most completely studied hominin)
Upper Paleolithic
A cultural period usually associated with modern humans, but also found some Neanderthals, and distinguished by technological innovations in various stone tool industries.
Race
A recent human invention. This is all about culture, not biology.
sagittal crest
A ridge of bone that runs down the middle of the cranium like a short mohawk. This serves as the attachment for the large temporal muscles, indicating strong chewing. (Paranthropus)
Which stone tool industry is widely regarded as the invention of Homo erectus?
Acheulian
Melanin
Acts as a natural sunscreen.
Only 6% (of genetic variation)
Actually accounts for differences between 'groups' or 'races'.
This genus is represented by several well preserved crania and abundant jaws and teeth. This is the largest of the fayum anthropoids and is thought to have been short-limbed, slow moving arboreal quadruped.
Aegyptopithecus
The earliest fossils identifiable as Hominins are all from _____.
Africa
what genus of hominin was dates back to 5.8 - 5.2 mya
Ardipithecus
Premodern human fossils from Africa and Europe resemble each other more than they of the hominins from ______.
Asia
Australopiths are made up of two related genera:
Australopithecus and Paranthropus (4.2 - 1 mya ) making it the longest enduring homies yet documented.
Paleolithic Diet
Based on the foods ancient ancestors might likely have eaten, such as meat, nuts, and berries.
The most fundamental feature of the early hominins is the adaptation to ____________.
Bipedal locomotion.
Environmental changes
Can impact the following phenotypes without causing genetic change: -Skull shape -Height -Weight
The most important of these African finds come from the sites of:
Florisbad and Elandsfontein (in south Africa) and Laetoli (in tanzania)
Largest tooth size
Found i Native Australian hunters and gatherers because of their diet.
Evidence form _____, ______, and ________ suggest that these hominins controlled fire.
France, Germany, and Hungary
Paleoanthropologists supporting low interbreeding
Gunter Brauer (University of Hamburg) and John Relethford, as "mostly out of Africa"
We recognize homo erectus as H. Heidelbergenis as a transitional period between
H erecuts and later hominins
In Africa, H. Heidlebergenis is hypothesized to have evolved into modern _______.
H. Sapiens
One lineage of early Homo likely evolved into _______ about 2 mya
H. erectus.
likely ancestors of earliest H. sapiens
H. heidelbergensis (African)
Complete Replacement Model
H. sapiens evolved in Africa in past 200k years and replaced European and Asian populations; nonhybridizing speciation, a biological speciation event, prevents interbreeding so all non-African hominins not H. sapiens
Remains from Jinniushan remains are early members of ________.
H. sapiens.
preservations of ancient DNA (molecular data)
Ice Man and two 7000 year old Iberian hunter-gatherers
Facial features
Includes nose form and tooth size.
In which European country was the relatively late-surviving Ceprano Homo erectus cranium found?
Italy
Partial Replacement Model
Modern H. sapiens originated from Africa and gradually replaced other hominins (such as Neandertals) with some low occurrences of interbreeding
Type B
Most common blood type in Asia.
cebidae
NWMs, incl. capuchins and squirrel monkeys
The classic ________ cranium is large, long, low, and bulging at the sides.
Neanderthal
General or ideal alleles
No such thing exists.
Races
Not biologically distinct because of skin color, subjectiveness, variations within same ethnic/geographical groups, and other feautres.
Homo erectus individuals had a distinctive cranial shape. What is one of the more prominent features common to Homo erectus but not to Homo sapiens?
Nuchal torus
Skin color
Occurs on a spectrum.
More variation
Occurs within 'groups' than between them.
_______ is the area that has provided the most detailed information from anywhere in the world about early hominin tool use.
Olduvai George, Tanzania
The earliest primates date to the _________ (65-56mya) and belong to a large and diverse group of primitive mammals called the plesiadapiforms.
Paleocene
South African Paranthropus are a distinct species called ________.
Paranthropus robustus
The _______ has been called the Ice Age and it is marked by periodic advances and retreats of massive continental glaciation.
Pleistocene
pigmentation
dark skin
Life History Theory
explains how natural selection influences reproduction, survival, and lifespan
hylobatidae
family of gibbons
Behavior and genes
genes have a considerable influence on individual behavior
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
genus and species of Pre-australopith that had similar face as humans but more ape like body. (found in toro-menalla)
__________ do the initial survey to locate potential early hominin sites.
geologist
Primate sleeping sites
in trees or on cliff faces, and spacing is related to social structure and predator avoidance
examples of how sexual selection competes with natural selection
in trinidad, up stream are colorful guppie fish and downstream is dull colored fish. Took some colorful fish and put them down stream and after 3 generations the fish were dull colored.
Replacement models
includes complete and partial replacement models; evolution of modern humans in Africa, dispersal, and replacement of hominins living in other regions
Pre-Australopiths (7 - 4.4 mya)
including three genera of very early and still primitive hominins: Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus.
What is possibly our greatest impact on our environment?
increasing population size
Early hominins are organized by time and major evolutionary trends into 3 groups:
Pre-australopiths, Australopiths,and early homo
Bergmann's rule
States that smaller bodies have more surface area per unit of weight.
Thompson's nose rule
States that the average nose is longer in areas that are higher or lower than the mean temperature.
Lactose
This enzyme is more present in the groups that were historically herders such as Europeans and certain African groups.
In which locality in Java was Homo erectus first discovered in the 19th century?
Trinil
The very first early hominin discovery from africa (and from anywhere) was discovered in 1924 at a site called ______.
Tuang
the most important south african sites are :
Tuang, Sterkfontein, and Swartkrans
Polygenous
a mating system in which a male mates with more than one female
Mosaic evolution
a pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems.
Language
a standardized system of arbitrary vocal sounds, written symbols, and gestures used in communication
biostratigraphy
based on the fairly regular changes seen in the dentition and other anatomical structures.
paleomagnetism
based on the shifting nature of the earths geomagnetic pole. By examining magnetically charged particles in rocks, geologist can determine the orientation of these ancient "compasses". (does not provide exact dates)
hypoxia
body tissue aren't getting the right oxygen
How many people were on the earth about 10,000 years ago?
about 5 million
in primates taxonomy, anthropoidea is
all apes and humans
somatic cells
all cells except sex cells
Affiliative Behaviors
amicable associations between individuals; reinforce social bonds and promote group cohesion
biological species concept
an actual or potential interbreeding, natural population that is reproductivity isolated from other such population
Communication
any act that conveys information to another individual
human adaptation
any behavior or physical traits that maximize survival & reproduction
Behavior
anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli; response of an individual, group, or species to its environment
hominoidea
apes and humans
The best-known, most widely distributed, and most diverse African hominins are colloquially called ________.
australopiths
in phylogenetic species concept, the mode of evolutionary change is
cladogenesis (works faster)
For humans, culture integrates an entire adaptive strategy involving :
cognitive, political, social, and economic components.
analogous traits, similarity of traits is due to
common adaptations and similar selective pressures
hyperthermia
core body temp rises above 98.6
The earliest pre modern humans exhibit several H. erectus characteristics:
large face, projected brows, low forehead, and sometimes cranial vault is thick.
which is a prosimian?
lemurs
Neanderthals from Eastern Europe and Western Asia tend to be __________, possibly because the climate in which they lived was not as cold as in western Europe during the last glaciation.
less robust
In Europe, H. Heidlbergenis evolved into _______.
neanderthals.
Size of modern human population
over 7 billion
The most important chronometric technique used to date early hominins involves ______ which has a half-life of ______ billion years.
potassium 40 1.25
Index of encephalization
predictable relationship between body and brain size
gibbons are classified as
primates, anthropoidea, hominoidea
pongo pymaeus is classified as
primates, anthropoidea, homioidea
ceropithecidae eats
seeds
thermoluminescence
technique for dating certain archaeological materials that were heated in the past (such as stone tools) and that release stored energy of radioactive decay as light upon reheating.
ABO blood system
the distribution of this system may be related to natural selection
Pre-Australopith
the earliest and most primitive hominin(7 - 4.4 mya)
Flexed
the position of the body in a bent orientation, with arms and legs drawn up to the chest.
Material culture:
the tools humans use. small portion of the cultural complexity for humans.
archaic sapiens in africa
1. kabob- sloping forehead, cranial capacity 1300, large brow ridge, no chin 2. bodo- massive face, large brows, thick cranial bone
archaic sapiens in asia
1. ngandong- sloping forehead, cranial capacity of 1100, large brow ridge, thick cranial
Beginning around _____ mya, some Oldowan tools began to be replaced with larger, more complex stone tools.
1.4
Homo erectus is unique among hominid species because it survived the longest, specifically, at least _____ million years.
1.5
Homo Habilis material from Olduvai dates to about :
1.8 mya
Skhul Cave, Mt. Carmel Israel remain
10 individuals; 130 kya to 100 kya
When did people start having pets, growing plants for funsies and growing crops?
10,000 ya
Some Homo erectus adults may have weighed well over _____ pounds.
100
Tabun (Israel)
110,000 ya. Southwestern Asia Best evidence of early neanderthal morphology in S.W Asia. Hominin : Neanderthal
Dali displays H. erectus and H. Sapien traits with a cranial capacity of _______.
1120 cm
Late Pleistocene
125,000 - 10,000 years ago
The cranial capacity of Jimmiushan is relatively large (approx _______cm.) and the brain case is _______.
1260 cm Thin
Kabwe (Broken hill, Zambia)
130,000 ya Transitional-looking fossil; perhaps a close ancestor of early H. sapiens in Africa. region: South Africa Hominin : H. Hiedelbergensis
The average brain size for H. sapiens is between ________ and _________.
1300 1400 cm
The pleistocene was characterized by numerous advances and retreats of ice, with at least ____________.
15 major and 50 minor glacial advances documented in Europe alone.
How many mass extinct events have happened in the last 570 million years
15, two of which altered the earths ecosystems. First one happened in 250 MYA and was a result of climate change that joined all of the continents into a supercontinent. Second one was 65 MYA and killed tens of thousands of species including dinosaurs
time for first Homo sapiens to spread across Old World
150,000 years, including to Australia and the Americas slightly later
The average neanderthal brain size was __________.
1520 cm
Herto remains date
160 kya to 154 kya
date of first appearance of modern Homo sapiens in Africa
195,000 ya
Obligate bipedalism
Bipedalism as the only form of hominin terrestrial locomotion. (cannot locomote in any other efficient way)
prosimians order and suborder
- primates - prosimii
sickle cell & malaria mutation
- random cell mutation
NWMs
- round nostrils facing laterally - prehensile (grasping tails) - premolars- 12 - total teeth- 36 - dental formula- 2-1-3-3 - all limbs same length - lower frequency of sexual dimorphism
pre australopithecines
- sahelanthropus tchadensis - orrorin tugenesis - ardipithecus ramidus
Gracile Australopithecines
- short deep face - large cheek teeth - thick mandible - smaller than robust australopithecines
Enhanced sense of vision in living primates
-forward facing eyes, -stereoptic- binocular vision (imp to see depth and distance ) -color vision
the natives hypoxia (andeans and himalayans) (tibetans)
-genetic adaptation - not reversible -barrel chest - large lung volume - efficient way to defuse oxygen from the lungs to the tissue
dietary versatility in living primates
-heterodontic - cusps patterns
Amount of interbreeding between H. sapiens and Neandertals
1% to 4%, closer to 1.5% to 2.1%, in DNA analysis of modern populations out of Africa, no Neandertal genes in contemporary Africans (Neandertals did not live near Africa), all 3 non-Africans/5 total modern hominins all contain Neandertal DNA so interbreeding soon after leaving Africa
arboreal hypothesis
*in the trees* -forward facing eyes, colored vision -stereoscopic binocular vision -grasping hands and feet
Conclusions from the miocene hominoid fossils:
1) These hominoids are more closely related to ape-human lineage than to Old World monkeys. 2) They are mostly large-bodied hominoids. 3)Miocene species thus far discovered are so derived that they are probably not ancestral to any living form. 4)the Sivapithecus shows highly derived facial features suggesting a fairly close evolutionary link to the modern Orangutang. 5)Evidence of definite hominins from the Miocene hasn't yet been indisputably confirmed.
because of its primitive dental arrangement, some paleontologists have suggested that ________ may lie near or even before the evolutionary divergence of Old and New world anthropoids.
Apidium
essential amino acids
The 9 (of 22) amino acids that must be obtained from the food we eat because they are not synthesized in the body in sufficient amounts.
Lactose tolerance
The continued presence of lactose in order to digest milk in adulthood.
Early Homo (2.4 - 1.4 mya)
The first members of our genus, who around 2 mya likely diverged into more than one species.
Other physical features
Do not group together neatly.
_________ is the best place to find fossils.
East Africa/south africa
Racism (and race)
Embedded in our institutions and everyday life.
During the _____ epoch (56-33 mya) 200 species of primates were recognized from fossils.
Eocene
More fossil hominins of middle pleistocene age have been found in _________ than in any other region.
Europe
The majority of Neanderthal fossils are found in _________, where they've been studied most.
Europe
The region where earlier hominins have only sporadically been found:
Europe.
Larger teeth
Found in people whose diets are made up of foods with a considerable amount of sand and grit, which gives them an adaptive advantage.
Middle Pleistocene Hominins from Africa and Europe are referred to as _________.
H. Heidelbergenis
Individuals (in the same geographic/ethnic group)
Have significant variations in skin tone.
Categorizing colors
Is subjective and differs in each person.
Brain location of language
Left Hemisphere of the brain
__________ depicted the La Chapelle neanderthal as a brutish bent-kneed, not fully erect biped and concluded that all Neanderthals were highly primitive.
Marcellin Boule
the earliest evidence of deliberate disposal of the dead anywhere is __________.
Sima de los Huesos
Kabwe
Site in Zambia where fieldworkers discovered a complete cranium. (600,000-125,000 years ago)
Ardipithecus ramidus
Site: Aramis (E. Africa) Date: 4.4 mya many fossils including a partial skeleton; shows unusual mosaic of primitive and more derived characteristics. some characteristics indicate bipedality, although not like later hominin.
Australopithecus afarensis
Site: Laetoli; Hadar (East Africa) date: 3.6 - 3 mya many fossils very well studied; earliest well-documented biped; possible ancestor of all later hominins.
Sahelanthropus
Site: Toros-Menalla (central africa) Date: 7 mya Maybe the earliest hominin. maybe bipedal.
Later Australopithecus
Site: Tuang: Sterkfontein (S. Africa) date: 2.5 - 2.0 mya quite derived; likely evolutionary dead end.
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Site: W. Turkana (East Africa) Date: 2.0 - 1.0 mya Earliest robust australopith; likely ancestor of the later Paranthropus
Later Paranthropus
Site: several sites (E and S Africa) date: 2.0 - 1.0 mya highly derived; very likely evolutionary dead end
Early Homo
Sites: Olduvai; E Turkana (East Africa) date: 1.8 - 1.4 mya bigger-brained; possible ancestor of later homo
Light skin color
Skin with less or no melanin/natural sunscreen.
The Geological setting is much more complicated in : (south africa or east africa)
South Africa
In __________ there was a long period of coexistence lasting 300,000 years or longer.
Southeast Asia
out of africa hypothesis
modern human emerged as a new species in africa between 200,000 yeas ago
Y-5 molar pattern
molar that has five cusps with grooves running between them, forming a Y shape. This is characteristic of hominoids
There are two major subgroups of australopiths : an early one(4.2-3 mya) that is _________ and a later one (after 2.5 mya) that is _________.
more anatomically primitive much more derived.
cranial base flexion
more flexed cranial base indicates low larynx and long pharynx (capability of speech)
Kin selection
more likely to perform altruistic behaviors for the benefit of a relative who shares genes
2 models for modern human origins
regional continuity model and replacement models
_______ can give quick quick approximate ages of fossil sites in the field without having to wait for expensive and time consuming chronometric analysis.
paleontologist
parental investment in living primates
parental behaviors that increase the probability, that the off spring will survive - dependent young (longer life span) - fewer off spring - more intelligent
Bodo cranium is particularly interesting because it shows distinctive:
pattern of cut marks.(similar to modifications seen in butchered animal bones.
maintaining a stable center balance calls or many drastic anatomical/structural alterations in the ______ for basic primate quadrupeds.
pelvis
Chatelperronian
pertaining to an upper paleolithic industry found in Spain and France, containing blade tools and associated with Neanderthals.
multidisciplinary
pertaining to research involving mutual contributions and cooperations of experts from various scientific fields.
Biocultural
pertaining to the concept that biology makes culture possible and that culture influences biology.
Purpose of grooming
reinforces social bonds and helps strengthen and maintain a group's structure
Lamarck
philosophie zoologique - 1. complexity/ progressive- influence of environment (dead body created maggots on the body) - 2. adaptation or organisms- Law 1 (use and disuse), law 2 (inheritance of acquired traits) if you stretch neck then it get longer
Ecology
relationships between organisms and all aspects of their environment
Fluorine analysis is a _____ dating model.
relative.
Middle pleistocene pre modern humans didn't vastly extend the geographical range of homo erectus but largely:
replaced the earlier hominins in previously exploited habitats.
Autonomic responses
physiological responses not under voluntary control
melanin
pigment that gives skin its color
skin color
pigmentation and depigmentation
About 65 years ago the earliest primates were diverging from early and still primitive ____________.
placental mammals
vitamin D deficiency
results in bone deformities ex: rickets, deformed pelvis, osteomalacia
non native hypoxia
reversible- hyperventilation, increase number of RBC
Postcranially, neanderthals were very _______________.
robust, barrel chested, and powerfully muscled.
the infraorder for new world monkey
platyrrhini
gorillas, chimps, and orangutans are in the family of
pongidea
in primate taxonomy, the family group for the great apes is
pongidea
Social brain hypothesis
primate brains increased in relative size and complexity because primates live in social groups
hylobates lar is classified as
primates, anthripoidae, hylobatidae
taxonomy of mango pymaeus
primates, anthropeidea, hominoidea
taxonomy for pan panics is
primates, anthropoid, pongidae
in primate taxonomy, new world monkeys are classified as
primates, anthropoidea, cebiodea
in primate taxonomy, old world monkeys are classified as
primates, anthropoidea, cercopithecoidea
pan paniscus is classified as
primates, anthropoidiea, pongidae
new world monkeys are classified as
primates: anthropoidea, ceboidea
old world monkeys are classified as
primates: anthropoidea: ceropithecoidea
presence of 5 digits on hands and feet
primitive mammalian trait, retained in most primates
Benefits to aggressors
protection of group members and acquisition of territory and mating partners
rhesus blood group
protein on the surface of RBCs (RH-positive, DD & Dd), (RH- negative, dd)
the Foramen magnum position in the Sahelanthropus is intermediate between that of a _________ and __________.
quadrupedal ape bipedal hominin
type of dating of Herto remains
radiometric dating of Ar40/Ar39, best dated at time discovered
genetic drift
random change in alleles frequencies from one generation to another & increases variation between populations. Has greatest effect in small populations
Its likely that each hominin species exploited a relatively small area and could easily become separated from other populations of its own species. So genetic drift could have led to __________.
rapid genetic divergence and eventual speciation.
Common Affiliative behaviors
reconciliation, consolation, and interactions between friends and relatives; grooming is one of most important of these behaviors
Benefits of dominance
reduce amount of actual physical violence, increased reproductive success of high ranking animals
How does deforestation contribute to global warming?
reducing numbers of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide
chronometric
referring to a dating technique that gives an estimate in actual numbers of years. "time" "measure"
postcranial
referring to all or part of the skeleton not including the skull. The term originates from the fact that in quadrupeds, the body is in back of the head. This term literally means "behind the head"
faunal
referring to animal remains: in archaeology, specifically refers to the fossil remains of animals.
real artifacts
refers only to rocks that have been altered according to a regular pattern.
Physiological 2 (acclimatization) adaptation
sea level adults go to high level altitude, we would hyperventilate, body increases in red blood cells
gametes
sex cells
Basic behaviors
shaped by the evolutionary history of particular species
physiological 1 (acclimation) adaptation
short term response to an environmental stress, not inherited and reversible ex: sweating, shivering
Neanderthals appear particularly robust with __________ than seen in most modern H. sapiens populations.
shorter limbs
homologous traits
similar structures because of a common ancestry in the distant plan
polygynous
single male, several females
Aramis (4.4 mya)
site represented by a 6 foot thick bed of bones and has yielded 6,000 fossils.
Terra Amata (southern France) :
site that provides fascinating evidence relating to short-term seasonal visits by later hominin groups who built flimsy shelters, gathered plants, ate food from the ocean, and possibly hunted medium to large sized mammals.
limitations of mtDNA
small DNA segment, no recombination with male DNA down generations so only information on maternal lineage, easily misinterpreted as in recent Neandertal and early modern hominin comparisons
Omo Kibish
southernmost Ethiopia, fragmentary skull, 195 kya based on radiometric dating, earliest modern human in Africa (and world), variation between Omo 1 and Omo 2
melanocytes
specializes cells in the skin (epidermis and dermis) that produce melanin
allopatric speciation
speciation occurs when members of a larger population becomes separated by a natural, physical barrier ex. lake, mountain range
In the early years of paleoanthropology, what taxonomic method resulted in a variety of taxonomic names for hominid fossils despite the similarity among these fossils?
splitting
Compared with anatomically modern humans, the neanderthal face ___________.
stands out. It projects almost as if it were being pulled forward.
Regional Continuity Model: explanation for similar evolution of anatomy
stating that early modern H. sapiens populations did not originate exclusively in Africa and high likelihood of significant gene flow (migration) levels between geographically dispersed premodern populations; results in single but polytypic human species
Measurement of status
status measured by access to resources including food and mating partners
vitamin D
steroid hormone that regulates calcium absorption and mineralization of the skeleton
relative dating method is based on _______.
stratigraphy
what are the 4 types of relative dating ?
stratigraphy, fluorine analysis, biostratigraphy, and paleomagnetism.
Behavioral Ecology
study of evolution of behavior, emphasizing role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection
Behavioral genetics
study of how genes affect behavior; behavior is product of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors
primates suborder and infraorder
suborder- anthropidea (all monkeys, apes and humans) infraorder- catarrhini (OWMs, apes, and humans) & platyrrhini (NWMs)
Dominance Hierarchies
systems of social organization with rankings relative to one another
Reassurance patterns
takes the form of touching, patting, hugging, holding hands, and grooming
Levallois technique
technique invented by premodern humans in Europe and Africa for controlling flake size and shape. This suggests increased cognitive abilities in later premodern populations.
relative dating method
tell you that seething is older or younger than something else, but not by how much.
bipedalism
the ability to walk upright on two legs
Metabolism
the rate at which the body uses energy to maintain all bodily functions while in a resting state
Epigenetics
the study of changes in phenotype that are not related to changes in the DNA and that may result from the interaction between the genotype and the environment
Some Chinese researchers have argued that anatomically, modern chinese didn't evolve from H. Sapiens in either Europe or Asia, instead :
they evolved locally in China from a separate H. erectus lineage.
geography of neanderthal
western europe, eastern europe, middle east, near east
What we really want to know about fossil interpretations is :
what happened to the populations represented by the fossil remains.
hypothermia
when the core bod temp drops below 98.6 degrees
likely primary migration routes and evidence
whole-genome sequencing on modern Ethiopian and Egyptian populations, through North Africa into Middle East between 80 kya and 50 kya
malthus
wrote an essay on principle of population - larger the population the low the foot supply
Which cave area is the source for the largest collection of Homo erectus material found anywhere in the world?
zhoukoudian
Perhaps the most recent neanderthal remains yet recovered come from central Europe at the site of __________.
Vindijja, in Croatia
evolutionary medicine
an approach to human sickness and health combining principles of evolutionary theory and human evolutionary history
Group selection
an individual acts altruistically to benefit other group members
in evolutionary species concept, the mode of evolutionary change is
anagenesis (slow and gradual)
Bodo
another significant African premodern fossil. Nearly complete cranium, and has been dated to (600,000 years ago) making it one of the oldest specimens of H. heidelbergenis from the African continent.
for sites postdating 2.6 mya (the age of the oldest identified human artifacts), _______ take over in the search for hominin material traces.
archaeologist
Which key technological innovation is distinctive and has become synonymous with Homo erectus?
biface
Paranthropus derived traits:
big teeth and jaw for chewing, broad cheekbones, flat face, and sagittal crest.
Skeletal evidence indicating _____________ is the only truly reliable indicator that these fossils were indeed hominins.
bipedal locomotion
the best defining anatomical characteristics of hominins relate to __________.
bipedal locomotion
Habitual bipedalism
bipedal locomotion as the form of locomotion shown by hominins most of the time.
Distinct Hominin characteristics :
bipedal locomotion, large brain size, and toolmaking behavior.
vasoconstriction
blood vessels decrease in diameter- blood is reduced to the extremes @ same time of heat loss
vasodilation
blood vessels increase in diameter, increasing blood flow to the extremities & at the same time of heat loss
Bergmann's Rule
body mass & surface area/ volume animals in hotter environments have low body mass and high surface area/ volume animals in colder environments have bigger body mass and smaller surface area/ volume
allens rule
body shape & limb length animals in hotter environments have longer limb length and smaller latitude animals in colder environments have shorter limb lengths and wider latitude
Aegyptopithecus is important because it
bridges the gap between the Eocene fossils and the succeeding Miocene hominoids.
"assimilation" model
by Fred Smith (Illinois State University), more interbreeding than known occurred in some regions; requires more whole-genome DNA from ancient remains esp. of early modern human skeletons
Herto remains
by Tim White (Uni of Cali), 2003, well-preserved and well-dated, Ethiopia, Middle Awash area, contains Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and H. erectus outside of Herto remains; almost complete adult cranium, incomplete adult cranium, fairly complete (but heavily reconstructed) kid cranium, some fragments
prehensile
capable of grasping
Green house gases
carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) they change the climate and increase global warming
the infraorder for old world monkeys
catarrhini
Premodern human populations continued to live both in caves and open air sites, but they may have increased their use of _______.
caves
in primate taxonomy, one family group for new world monkey is
cebidea
Life History Traits
characteristics and developmental stages that influence reproductive rates
cercopithecidae primates are referred to as
cheek pouch monkeys or seed eaters
Which primate is most closely related to humans?
chimpanzees
15,000 ya what happened?
climate change and extinction of many large-bodied prey species, some humans started to settle down
Interglacials
climatic intervals when continental ice sheets are retreating, eventually becoming much reduced in size. Interglacials in northern latitudes are associated with warmer temps, while in the southern latitudes the climate becomes wetter.
Glaciation
climatic intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of the northern continents. Glaciations are associated with colder temp in northern latitudes and more arid conditions in southern latitudes, most notably in Africa.
Genetic evidence for Replacement Model (how)
comparison of variety of contemporary human DNA sequences across diverse geographic areas, assumes modern is some mirror of past genetic patterns
phylogenetic species concept
considers both ancestry and decent and relies on the identification of shared derived traits/ recently evolved traits (synapomorphies) as opposed to share primitive traits (sympleisomorphies) found in the distant ancestor
weather and DNA
consistently cold or cool preserves DNA, DNA degrades rapidly in tropical areas; many significant and large regions (Africa and SE Asia) are tropical
Omo 2 traits
contemporary cranium but more robust and less modern than Omo 1 in morphology
Social nature of primates
costs of competition are offset by benefits of predator defense
The most obvious distinguishing factor of homo habilis from the australopiths is _______,
cranial size
One of the most distinctive behavioral features of humans is our extraordinary elaboration of and dependence on ______.
culture.
The chronometric technique that uses carbon is used to ________
date organic material (wood, charcoal, and plant fibers).
stratigraphy =
dating based on the law of superposition which states that lower layers are older than higher layers. (70 meters deep is older than 30 meters deep.)
Mary Leakey
dedicated her career excavating early hominin sites and analyzing ancient artifacts and the hominins who made them.
Researchers have hypothesized that the Bodo individual was :
defleshed by other hominins but the purpose is unclear.
The earliest evidence of hominins dates to the end of the miocene and mainly includes _______ and _______ pieces.
dental and cranial
culture adaptation
depends on that adaptation ex: shelter, heaters, air conditioner
according to the phylogenetic species concept
derived traits are more important in providing info about relationships
cystic fibrosis
disorder of the pancreatic enzymes and parotid salivary glands, leads to respiratory and digestive problems
flight in bats and insects is an example of
divergent evolution
Australopith
diverse forms, some more primitive, others highly derived. (4.2 - 1.2 mya)
Criticisms of Complete Replacement Model
does not account for transition from premodern forms to modern H. sapiens outside Africa,
Genetic evidence for Replacement Model (what)
geographically distant humans with similar patterns suggest migrations in Late Pleistocene, more genetic variation in indigenous African populations than around world (*) for African origin and replacement elsewhere (consistent result), complete Neandertal genome in 2010 (4 years to complete) used to show past segments exist in some modern populations proves interbreeding
monogamy is the social structure of
gibbons
primate females..
give both to fewer offspring than do many other mammals
endocrine glands
glands responsible for the secretion of hormones into bloodstream
Why are some species disappearing at an unprecedented rate?
hunting (especially for sport) such as Rhinos and tigers for traditional medicine. Competition with introduced nonnative species like pigs, goats and rats. Lastly habitat reduction
gibbons are in the family of
hylobatidea
example of genetic drift
if there was 100 students and .5 were blue eyed, and .5 were brown eyed, and all brown eyed died then frequency will change to 1.0
sexual selection
in a population a trait increases in frequency over time because of advantages it confers in winning mates (mostly in males)
Compared to H. erectus, these premodern humans possessed an :
increased brain size, more rounded braincase (maximum breadth is higher up on the sides), a more vertical nose, and a less angled back of the skull (occipital).
Like their African counterparts, these European premodern have retained certain h. erectus traits , but mixed with more derived ones such as :
increased cranial capacity, less angled occiput, parietal expansion, and reduced tooth size.
Affect of social group sizes
increased numbers can help prevent predation, larger social groups can outcompete smaller groups
natural selection (darwin, wallace )
individuals have more offspring than can survive leading to struggle for existence and variation in fitness and inheritance of variation
Purpose of infanticide
individuals perform this act in order to maximize their own reproductive success; coincides with transfer of a new male into a group
R-selection
individuals produce large numbers of offspring but invest little to no energy in parental care
K-selection
individuals produce only a few young, in whom they invest a tremendous amount of parental care
Purpose of vocalizations
inform others of possible presence of predators or food
assimilation hypothesis
initial change from archaic to modern took place in africa but these changes then spread to other populations outside of africa through gene flow
Traditional view of primate language
involuntary vocalizations and actions convey information solely about an animal's emotional state; vocalizations, facial expressions, and body posture do not refer to external phenomena
Its not until the _________ that neanderthals become fully recognizable.
late pleistocene
colobinae
leaf eaters, sculpted gut with enzymes to digest mature leaves
Cultural behavior
learned and not genetically determined; infants do so by watching others; cultural traditions may emerge along with preferences in diet
Broca's area of brain
left frontal lobe (motor cortex)- controls movement of muscles in face, lips, larynx, and tongue specifically for cummunication
Wernicke's area of brain
left temporal lobe- an association area involved in reception of sound
prosimians
lemurs, tarsiers, sifakas, ayes-ayes, loris, bust babies - heighten smell nocturnal activity claws for clinging look for food alone
sites
locations of discoveries.
according to the idea of punctuated equilibrium, macroevolution usually involves
long periods of no change punctuated by rapid change
Some mosquito borne diseases
malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever as warmer temperatures increase the geographical range of mosquitos
sexual dichromatism
males and females have different fur so you can tell them apart
polyandrous
many males and single female
callitrichidae
marmosets and tamarins
Kabwe features:
massive browridge ( one of largest of any hominin) low vault, and prominent occipital torus recall those of H . erectus.
Polyandry
mating system in which a female continuously associates with more than one male with whom she mates with
biological species concept example
may be able to mechanically mate but off spring will not be fertile
What percentage of people live on less than $2 a day?
48%
Upper Cave at Zhoukoudian dates
27 kya
A total of _____ individuals have been recovered from Sima de los Huesos. ("pit of bones")
28
.
.
Long nose function (in arid areas)
Cause the membranes and blood vessels to moisten the dry air.
Long nose function (in cold areas)
Causes the blood vessels to warm the harsh, dry, cold air being breathed in.
Chimpanzee understanding
Chimps were able to categorize unfamiliar objects and thus showed that symbols represented not only objects but also groups of objects
AAA race project
Examines race through history, science, and lived experience.
Senescence
Decline in physiological functioning usually associated with aging
Fossils found in Africa and Europe that date back to 850,000-200,000 years ago are placed within:
Homo Heidelbergenis (named after a fossil found in Germany in 1907).
Some scientists have split Homo erectus into more than one species based mainly on geography. What do these researchers call Homo erectus fossils from Africa?
Homo ergaster
Neanderthals are placed in a separate species called :
Homo neanderthalensis
Modern Humans
Homo sapiens
Herto remains classification
Homo sapiens idaltu (afar- "elder")
Homo erectus appears to have first evolved in what modern country?
Kenya
Social structure
The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals; guides individual interactions and social relationships
Arid areas
Where long noses are adaptive.
Cold areas
Where long noses are adaptive.
Warmer areas
Where people tend to be more tall, slender, and lean to shed heat more effectively.
Colder areas
Where people tend to be shorter, stockier, and heavier to conserve heat more effictively.
megaloblastic anemia
a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal
Microbiome
a collection of genomes of microbes in a system, such as the human body
infectious disease
a disease caused by a pathogen
evolutionary species concept
a fossil species has evolved through time in its own distinct lineage
The results of changing temperatures and rainfall
loss of agricultural land bc desertification, flooding in others, rising sea levels inundating vast coastal areas throughout the world, increased human hunger, extinction of plants and animals, altered patterns of infectious disease.
heterodntic
many different kinds of teeth
chipped blades, hand axes, and other stone tools of an _________ tool industry are associated with neanderthals.
upper paleolithic
Hominins evolved from earlier primates dating back to almost ______ mya.
50
founder effect
50% ppl with brown eyes and 50% with blue eyes, if all brown eyed people died then ratio would bee 1.0
La Chapelle (France)
50,000 ya. Western Europe Most famous Neanderthal discovery; ;led to false interpretation of primitive, bent-over creature. Hominin : Neanderthal
Time span encompassed by Middle Pleistocene premodern humans is at least _________ years.
500,000
Sima de los Huesos (atapuerca, Northern Spain)
600,000 - 530,000 region: western Europe hominin: H. Heidelbergensis (early neanderthal) Very early evidence of neanderthal ancestry; suggests neanderthals likely are a different species from H. sapiens. Large sample.
Bodo (Ethiopia)
600,000 ya region: east Africa Hominin: H. heidelbergensis earliest evidence of H. heidelbergensis in Africa-- and possibly ancestral to later H. sapiens.
Neanderthal lineage separated from that of our modern H. sapiens ancestors sometime between ________ and __________.
690,000 550,000 ya
Hominins back to as early as _____ mya.
7
How many people are on this planet?
7 billion
Type AB
7 times more susceptible to smallpox than type os.
number of China localities with modern humans
7, including Upper Cave at Zhoukoudian, Tianyuan Cave, and Ordos in Mongolia from Late Pleistocene up to 50 kya
With more than 4,000 fossil fragments found, Sima De los Huesos contains more than ______ percent of all middle pleistocene hominin remains in the world.
80
a small, squirrel sized primate that ate mostly fruits and seeds and was most likely an arboreal quadruped, adept at leaping and springing.
Apidium
sexual dimorphism
Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.
chimpanzee 1 (pan troglodytes)
- most time on ground and trees - slight sexual dimorphism - males are dominate - strongest social bonds between males - females have estrus cycle
hypothesis for modern human origins
- multiregional continuity - out of africa - assimilation
apes (hominoidea)
- no tail - longer than monkeys - larger brains than monkeys - dental formula- 2-1-2-3 - Y-5 cusps - high sexual dimorphism - longer arms than legs
australopithecus anamensis
- oldest one of its kind - 4 mya - hominin like traits (bipedalism) - apelike traits
neanderthal speech and language
- FOXP2 gene- super regulatory gene relate to language, it e=co-ensides with origins of language
Key messages (of the aaa race project)
-Race is a recent human invention. -Race is about culture, not biology. -Race and racism is embedded in our institutions and everyday life.
Melanin functions (outside the tropics)
-Reduces UV absorption. -Increases the possibility of rickets and osteoporosis.
genetic adaptation includes
- at point level - inherited - irreversible
humans and orangutan share certain aspects of reproductive physiology
- both humans & orangutans have the same gestation length (9-10) months - both have no distinct mating cycle
homo erectus morphology
- boyhood cranial capacity 900cc - long arms and legs - body proportion identical to tropical sub-saharan africans
homo erectus
- cranial capacity- 800cc-1000cc - large brow ridge - sloping forehead - no chin - higher skull - skull broader towards the bottom
hypothesis of how hominids emerged
- darwins tool use and hunting (changes in foot and hands that were freed to make things and carry stuff) - Energy efficiency (more energy walking at normal pace from one place to another) - body temp. (5 & 45 degree angle, the body looks the same but at 90 degree angle, body is different)
OWMs
- downward nostrils - premolars- 8 - total teeth- 32 - no prehensile - habits in both trees and ground - dental formula- 2-1-2-3 - high frequency of sexual dimorphism
homo habilis
- east africa - 2.3-1.8 mya - large cranial capacity - reduction in size of face - legs shorter than arms
robust australopithecines
- east and south africa - 2.5-1.2 mya - had face and jaw and teeth - large back teeth, small front - canines not projecting
neanderthal morphology
- facial reconstructions based on fossil crania - large brow ridge - mid facial prognathism - no chin - occipital bun (back head)
woolly spider monkey
- family- atelidae - grasping tail
female chimps
- higher ranking female have more off spring - offspring is also higher ranking
orangutan
- larger than gibbons - high sexual dimorphism
gorilla gorilla
- largest apes - spend most time on ground - high sexual dimorphism - males are dominate over females - polygynous - sagittal crest
DNA in the neanderthal
- line split off from a common ancestor with modern humans about 660,000 yrs ago (separate species) - some gene flow between neanderthals and modern humans (1-4% neanderthal in europeans and asians)
olden complex
- lower Paleolithic - simple chopping tools - used for breaking bones to obtain marrow
Melanin functions (in the tropics)
-Screens out UV radiation. -Reduces folate destruction. -Prevents sunburn.
gibbons
- smallest apes - fruit eater - sexual dichromatism - longest arms - no sexual dimorphism
speech and language of homo ecetus
- some say front lobe was well developed in speech and tools
chimpanzee 2 (pan paniscus)
- spends time on ground and trees - smaller than common chimps - slight sexual dimorphism - females are dominate - strongest social bonds are between females - multi male and multi female - estrus cycle - mating face to face
mendel
- the pea plant - experimental design- allowed pea plants produce self fertilization - cross fertilization
No melanin functions (inside tropics)
-Increases folate destruction. -Increases sunburns and skin cancer. -Increases disease susceptibility.
Two major factors of dispersal
1) reduced competition between males for mates 2) decreased likelihood of close inbreeding
archaic sapiens in europe
1. atapuerca- sloping forehead, cranial capacity 1125, large brow ridge 2. mauer- no chin, gracile, molar size of humans 3. boxgrove- shin bone was large, archeulean tools 4. petralona- sloping forehead, large brow ridge, cranial capacity of 1125, no chin
Major features that all australopiths share:
1. They are clearly bipedal 2. They all have relatively small brains 3. They all have large teeth, particularly the back teeth, with thick to very thick enamel on the molars.
tools and subsistence of homo erectus
1. acheulian tool technology (hand ax) 2. caves/ temporary shelters 3. hunting- gathering- scavenging 4. fire
_______ mya we have good evidence that hominins had adaptations in their pelvis and feet that allowed for fairly efficient bipedal locomotion on the ground.
4.4
Early homo in Africa was present by ________.
2.4 - 2.3 mya
At least one species (possibly 2) was present in East Africa by _______.
2.4 mya.
"Black Skull"
2.5 mya found in northern Kenya at lake Turkana. had broad face and large area for back teeth. Has been placed in a new species, Paranthropus aethiopicus.
The earliest definite tools date to about _______ mya. and are made of _______.
2.6 stone
Early homo shows an increase in cranial size of about _____ % over the larger of the australopiths.
20
Qafzeh Cave Israel remains
20 individuals, modern overall; 120 kya to 92 kya
early African fossil dates
200 kya to 100 kya
Jinniushan (China)
200,000 ya. Partial skeleton with cranium showing relatively large brain size; some Chinese scholars suggest it is a possible ancestor of early Chinese H. sapiens.
Dali (China)
230,000 - 180,000 years ago. Nearly complete skull; best evidence of H. Heidelbergenis in Asia.
estrus cycle
30-35 day, female is swollen and about 2 weeks of mating
Swanscombe (England)
300,000-259,000 ya. Partial skull, but shows considerable brain expansion.
Radiocarbon dating suggest that the Vindijja remains may date as late as ____________.
33,000 - 32,000 ya
"Ardi"
4.4 mya female found with skull, pelvis, and almost complete hands and feet.
The earliest members of the human family were confined to _______.
Africa
The first anthropoid (50 mya) was found in ______.
Africa
Later hominins were widely distributed in the Old world with discoveries coming from three continents:
Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Factors that influence social structure
Body size, diet, distribution of resources, predation, dispersal, life histories, strategies, sleeping patterns, activity patterns, human activity
sagittal crest
Bony projection on top of the cranium for attachment of chewing muscles.
One striking feature of Neanderthals is ___________, which in these hominins was larger than that of H. sapiens today.
Brain size
International Convention on Climate Change
December 2009, UN sponsored, Copenhagen Denmark, attended by about 200 countries. Attempted to cut carbon emissions. but nothing really changed, everyone was prepared to commit but they lacked trust in American willingness to make real political commitments and weak support from China.
Australopiths (4.2 - 1.2 mya)
Early (2.5 - 3.0 mya), more primitive australopith species including Australopithecus, anamnesis, and australopithecus afarensis. Later (2.5 - 1.4 mya) more derived australopith species including two genera: Paranthropus and a later species Australopithecus.
pleiotropic genes
Genes that have more than one effect; genes that have different effects at different times in the life cycle.
lesser apes
Gibbons
Clines
Gradual genetic shifts that are incompatible with discrete races.
taxonomic classification
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, suborder, infraorder, super family, Family, Genus, Species
A nearly complete skeleton was found buried in a shallow grave in the flexed position at ___________.
La Chapelle-aux-Saints, in southwestern France
Fossils during the Eocene epoch were mostly at sites in ________ and ________. (which were still connected during the Eocene epoch)
North America and Europe.
Halogroups
Long term genetic markers. Don't necessarily correlate with phenotypes.
Dark skin color
Made up of melanin.
Most of the hominins discussed in this chapter lived during the _____________.
Middle Pleistocene (780,000 - 125,000 years ago)
The _______ (23-15 mya) could be called the "golden age of hominoids". Many thousands of fossils have been found from dozens of sites scattered in East Africa, Southern Africa, Southwest Asia, western and southern europe, and extending into southern asia and China.
Miocene
Humans
More genetically alike than any living apes.
Type A
Most common blood type in Europe. 7 times more susceptible to smallpox than o types.
Type O
Most common blood type world wide. Extremely common in Central and South America. Susceptible to bubonic plague and cholera but protects against syphilis.
The __________ provide the best documented evidence thus far of neanderthal cannibalism.
Moula Guercy neanderthal
Perfect phenotypes
No such thing exists.
Culture:
Nonbiological adaptations to the environment. This includes learned behaviors that can be communicated to others- especially from one generation to the next. Aspects of this capacity have been identified in our closest ape relatives.
94% (of genetic variation)
Occurs within a so-called 'race'.
By the early ______, continental drift had separated the New World (Americas) from the Old World (Africa and Eurasia).
Oligocene (33-23 mya)
Order of remains
Omo Kibish, Herto, Skhull/Klasies River Mouth, Jebel Qafzeh, Border Cave, Lake Mungo/Nah Cave/Ordos/ Tianyuan/Zhoukoudian, Oase, Miadex, Cro-Magnon, Lagar Velho, Kow Swamp
Alleles
One can never assume that these will be generally adaptive or maladaptive because it always depends on the time and place.
The most derived australopiths are the various numbers of the genus _________.
Paranthropus
East African Paranthropus fossils are so robust they are usually placed in their own separate species called ______.
Paranthropus boisei
Pilo-Pleistocene
Pertaining to the pliocene and first half of the pleistocene, a time range of 5 - 1 mya. For this time period, numerous fossil hominins have been found in Africa.
Which epoch is important in human evolution because it is the one from which we have a large sample of Homo erectus individuals from all over the Old World?
Pleistocene
What has been absolutely crucial for our understanding of how hominids have evolved, even within a single species over time?
Radiometric dating
Modern Science
Seeks to explain diversity, NOT to put people into catagories.
Biological differences
Real, important, and apparent to us all.
Lactose intolerance
Reflects a combination of biology and environment.
terrestrial
Relating to the Earth or to land; worldly
Distribution (of human blood groups)
Represents a compromise among the selective effects of various diseases.
The earliest known members of Homo erectus outside of Africa were found in what country?
Republic of georgia
laetoli site
Tanzania, Conclusive Evidence of our first steps.
Epigenome
The instructions that determine how genes are expressed in a cell
_________ skeleton isn't a typical neanderthal, but unusually robust male who represents an extreme in the neanderthal range of variation.
The la Chapelle
adolescent growth spurt
The period during adolescence when well-nourished teens typically increase in stature at greater rates than at other times in the life cycle.
During glacial peaks, much of ____________ would have been cut off from the rest of Eurasia.
Western Europe
Neanderthals only from _________ are classified in classic morphology.
Western Europe
Upper paleolithic technology is best known in _________ but similar industries are also known from central and eastern Europe and Africa.
Western Europe
tay sacs
accumulation of lipid sugar molecule ganglioside, because of mutation theres nothing to break it down
Global climate changes does what to the oceans?
acidification due to absorption of greater amounts of carbon dioxide also known as the "other CO2 problem". Acidity has increase by 30%, it could double. most immediate risk is to coral reefs.
altruistic behavior
action in which an organism helps another at its own expense, usually occur in groups where individuals are related
Prosocial behaviors
actions that benefit other individuals and/or society as whole; social bonds are assistance, sharing, caregiving, and compassion
both the facial anatomy and the robust post cranial structure of Neanderthals have been interpreted by Erik Trinkaus as _________________.
adaptations to rigorous living in a cold climate.
Sectorial
adapted for cutting or shearing; among primates, refers to the compressed (side-to-side) first lower premolar, which functions as a shearing surface with the upper canine.
DNA discovery
adenine- thymine guanine- cytosine
another name for the evolutionary force called gene flow is
admixture/ migration
geography of homo erectus
africa, asia, europe
polygynous social structures
are groups where males have more than 1 partner
prehensile tails
are present in some platyrrhines
Home range
area where a group remains permanently
Core area
area within home range that contains the highest concentration of predictable resources
During glacial periods the climate in Africa became more ________ and during interglacials ______ increases.
arid rainfall
Primate language
array of communicative devices is much richer among nonhuman primates than other animals; ie. submissive gestures reduce aggression and physical violence, grooming reinforces friendships
great apes
asian orangutan, african apes: gorilla and chimps
Regional Continuity Model
associated with Milford Wolpoff (paleoanthropologist, University of Michigan), local indigenous populations after Middle Pleistocene in Europe, Asia, and Africa individually evolved similar modern morphology and anatomy; no taxonomic distinctions between modern and premodern hominins- all hominins after H. erectus are H. sapiens
family group for new world monkey
atelidae
what is the family group consisting of monkeys with prehensile tails?
atelidea
Evolution of behavior
behavior has evolved through the operation of natural selection; individuals whose behavioral phenotypes increases reproductive fitness will pass on genes at a faster rate than others
Altruism
behavior that benefits another individual while involving risk/sacrifice to the performer; most fundamental form is protecting offspring
Strategies
behaviors that increase individual reproductive success; products of natural selection
Coral reefs
dying out because of acidification (climate change), has about 25% of the oceans species, over 100 million people depend on coral reefs for food. 20-25% of the animal protein consumed by humans comes from marine sources
Displays
elaborate combinations of behaviors that communicate emotional states
Some species at risk
elephants, pandas, rhinos, tigers, and mountain gorillas.
There is a general tendency in all primates for ________ and _________.
erect body posture some bipedalism
Biological Continuum
fact that organisms are related through common ancestry and that behaviors and traits seen in one species are also seen in others
catarrhini includes all monkeys, apes, and humans (t/f)
false
callitrichidae is
family of new world monkeys
howler monkey
family- atelidae - leaf eater
golden lion tamarin
family- callitrichidae
marmoset
family- callitrichidae
vervet monkeys, savannah baboons, macaques are apart of
family- cercopithecidae
patas monkey
family- ceropithecidae
visual predation hypothesis
features evolved for hunting insects and small mammals in the trees ex: forward facing eyes, colored vision
enhanced sense of touch in living primate
fingernails, sensitive pads(can touch something and know what it is), fingerprints
Stage-2 H. sapiens migration: Asia
first, in parts of Southeast Asia then to South Pacific, inc. New Guinea and Australia; second, to eastern Asia from 38 kya to 25 kya
Ecological and evolutionary perspective
focuses on the relationships between behaviors (individual and group), the natural environment, and physiological traits
folate deficiency
folate is imp. on the body for male fertility & proper development of the embryo
bilophodont molar pattern
for cutting their food, 4 cusps in line connected by a ridge of bone
angiosperm radiation hypothesis
for finding and eating fruit made available for the evolution of flowering plants called angiosperms
genetic adaptation
found throughout population, its inherited & can't be reversed ex: skin color high altitudes populations are himalayans (barrel chest)
Advantages for Bipedal locomotion
freed the hands for carrying objects and making and using tools.
Denisovans interbreeding with early H. sapiens
from fragmentary remains from Denisova Cave in southern Siberia, maybe widespread with some genes in Southeast Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Australians, supports 2-stage migration of H. sapiens into Asia after initial out-of-Africa migration
Australia Denisovan genes
from hair of Australian Aboriginal man 100 years ago with Denisovan genes, show Denisovans diverging 75 kya to 62 kya from other groups
Goal of reproductive strategies
goal of these strategies is to produce and successfully rear to adulthood as many offspring as possible
feast or famine
great success or total failure; either too much or too little of something
Matrilines
groups that consist of a female, her daughters, and their offspring (common in macaques)
We say that hominin bipedalism is both _______ and ______.
habitual and obligate.
in primate taxonomy, the family group of humans is
hominidea
Colloquial term for members of the tribe Hominini, which includes all bipedal hominoids back to the divergence with African great apes.
hominins
modifying rocks according to a consistent plan or simply carrying them around from one place to another over fairly long distances is characteristic of no other animal but ________.
hominins
in primate taxonomy, the super family for the apes and humans is
hominoidea
superfamily for the ape is
hominoidea
superfamily of catarrhini
hominoidea & ceropithecoidea
Criticism of Regional Continuity Model
how populations on different continents and different environments developed similar anatomy and genes; now recognize strong influence of African H. sapiens origin, original models cannot account for modern human origins based on recent data; low information for dispersal of modern H. sapiens
atelidea
howler monkey (sculpted gut to eat leaves), spider monkey, grasping tale
multiregional continuity
human evolution over the past 2 million yrs has been taken place within a single evolving lineage from homo habilis to archaic humans to modern humans
hominids
humans and other creatures that walk upright (bipedalism)
placing sites and fossils into a time frame is one of the essentials of _________.
paleoanthropology
nariokotome boy
most complete Homo erectus ever found; age ~12; would have been 6 ft. tall; found in Lake Turkana, Kenya; we know its age because of its immature dentition
habitat reduction
most important cause of extinction, result of burgeoning human population and the resulting need for building materials, grazing and agricultural land, and living areas for people
Holocene
most recent epoch of the Cenozoic, following the pleistocene and est. to have been 10,000 years ago
Omo 1 traits
mostly modern, presence of chin
gene flow
movement of alleles from one population to another
polygamous
multiple males and females
sexual selection competes with
natural selection
Sexual Selection
natural selection that operates on only one sex of a species; result of competition for mates
Anthropocene
new geological era, right now from the last 250 years, means "the age of humans" is our event thats killing all the animals and plants
analogous traits
no structural similarities- traits are similar because of a common adaptation
The most dramatic effects of glaciation occurred in ________ and _________. (less so i southern Asia and Africa).
northern Asia and Europe.
Undernutrition
not consuming enough calories to be healthy
artifacts
objects or materials made or modified for use by hominins. The earliest of these tend to be made of stone or occasionally bone.
Third major extinction event
occurring now, sorted maying in the late Pleistocene of Early Holocene, a result of Homo sapiens
developmental (ontogenetic) adaptation
occurs during growth & development ex: learning a language adapting to a culture
nocturnal primate communicate through
olfactory (smell)
Klases River Mouth site
on south coast of Africa and Border Cave, slightly north, 120 kya to 80 kya based on variety of dating techniques, original geological context unknown; Border Cave likely younger than Klasies River Mouth
One-male group communities
one male units are able to create/join with other to form large, stable communities
hominidae
only humans
generalized skeleton of living primates
opposable thumb, precision grip (hang and grab)
number of nucleotides in average human genome
over 3 billion nucleotides
sources of ancient mtDNA
over a dozen Neandertal fossils, 400 kya potentially H. heidelbergensis from Sima de los Huesos site in Spain, 9 fully modern H. sapiens in Italy, France, Czech Republic, and Russia
Oldowan industry
the earliest recognized stone tool culture, including very simple tools, mostly small flakes.
RIghtmire (1998) has suggested that the Gran Dolina hominins may simply represent _________.
the earliest well-dated occurrence of H. Heifelbergenis, possibly dating as early as 850,000 years ago.
Homo Habilis refers to
the early Homo fossils from Olduvai.
menopause
the end of menstruation in women, usually occurring around age 50
Early homo
the first members of our genus. (2.4 - 1.4 mya)
menarche
the first menstruation in girls, usually occurring int he early to mid-teens
anthropoids
the higher primates - monkeys apes humans
During the warmer (and in the south - wetter) interglacials =
the ice sheets shrank, sea level rose, and certain migration routes reopened.
Foramen magnum
the large opening at the base of the skull, through which the spinal cord passes.
The oldest East Turkana homo dates back to 1.8 mya but newly discovered specimen dates back to as recent as 1.4 mya making it by far __________
the latest surviving early homo fossil yet found.
what doesrobust australopithecines tell us
the massive jaw had powerful chewing ability and it relied more regularly on vegetative foods
postreproductive age
those too old to reproduce
anthropoidea includes all monkeys, apes, and humans (t/f)
true
catarrhini includes all old world monkeys apes, and humans (t/f)
true
Y-5 molar pattern
used for crushing
fluorine analysis
used to date bones. bones are exposed to groundwater and the longer a bone lies the more fluorine it has. Therefor bones deposited at the same time in the same location should contain the same amount of fluorine. (only useful for dating bones from the same location.)
__________ are usually involved in helping find geological beds containing faunal remains.
vertebrate paleontologists
relationship of Herto remains to modern humans
very large cranium, very long cranial vault, cranial capacity 1450 cm^3 within H. sapiens range, heavily built in large arching browridge, large projecting occipital protuberance in back, non-projecting face (unlike Eurasian Neandertals); near modern
Anthropocentric
viewing nonhuman organisms in terms of human expectations
The early miocene was considerably _________ than the preceding Oligocene.
warmer
Louis Leakey
was guessing that our ancestors were Homo
