Anthropology Chapters 1-4 Test
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
1800s
The idea of biological evolution was first proposed by
Lamarck in the late 1700s
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
( learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, study how environmental changes affect agriculture) all of the above
Increasingly, professional anthropologists are
( women, members of ethnic and racial minorities, indigenous peoples) all of the above
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
(how our language evolved, how our mouths form words, how indigenous people classify their social worlds) all of the above
The comparative method
(is a general approach, holds that no society or behavior should be seen in isolation, refers to the practice of comparing two or more cultures) all of the above
Examples of social institutions are
(kinship, marriage, farming) all of the above
Ethnocentrism
(presents a major problem for anthropologists, means you think your culture is superior to others, is a common feature of culture) all of the above
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
Bronislaw Malinowski
The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
Charles Darwin
The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was
E. B. Tylor
Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?
E. B. Tylor
The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named
Franz Boas
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
Renato Rosaldo
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in
a great chain of being
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called
archaeology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and hu- man nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
A taxonomic structure is one that
both names and classifies all organisms according to a system
One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that
change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called
cultural anthropology
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as
cultural relativism
The ability of African cichlids, a popular pet fish, to develop highly similar body shapes de- spite coming from two different and geographically distant environments is an example of
developmental bias
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
ethnocentrism
The refinement of Darwin's theory has shown that
evolution can only be measured or seen across generations within a population
The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, is
focuses on multiplicity and variety
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
functionalism
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
holistic
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
hypothesis
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?
industrialization
A symbol
is something that conventionally stands for something else
One of the more important ways that anthropology contributes to the development of evolu- tionary theory is that
it challenges the biological reductionism of much evolutionary theory
Why was the discovery of penicillin in 1928 useful in our understanding of evolution?
it demonstrated that bacteria could quickly develop the ability to resist antibiotics
The success of simple life forms such as bacteria challenges one of the early ideas about evo- lution because
it demonstrates the oversimplification that comes from thinking humans are more highly evolved
Culture is
learned and shared
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
Plasticity can be understood as not being Lamarckian because
modification happens before genetic changes appear that keep the change in place across generations
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is
natural selection
In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis, large-scale agriculture, which produces mas- sive amounts of both food and pollution, can be understood as a form of
niche construction
The influence of figures like Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, and Galileo Galilei on the intel- lectual history of evolution is that they showed the importance of
observing nature and using evidence to build knowledge
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
proof of their primitive nature
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statisti- cal models are collecting and analyzing
quantitative data
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
the Industrial Revolution
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study
One of the important ways that genetic material is moved between different populations, such as through gene flow, is
through the choice of a sexual partner
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
traditions
The core idea of Darwin's and Wallace's ideas—descent with modifications via natural selec- tion—is intimately tied to what larger force?
variation