Anthropology Exam 2
According to __________ fistula patients suffer, not only from physical trauma, but also the social and psychological stigma of not being able to have children.
Ambaye Woldemichael
Although there is overlap, how does ethnicity (membership in an ethnic group) differ from race?
An ethnic group claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and a shared heritage, while race defines groups based on arbitrary physical traits
arbitrary and subjective
Any efforts to classify human populations into racial categories should best be understood as
__________ named the young girl recovered from Structure 191 in Jamestown Jane.
Bly Straube
____________________ in Northern India, revered as Buddhism's holiest site, is where the Buddha attained enlightenment more than 2,400 years ago.
Bodh Gaya
The greatest genetic diversity is between
"blacks" and other "blacks" on the same continent
There are over __________ caves in the Upper Mustang region.
10,000
Buddhism spread to the Upper Mustang region more than __________ years after the Samdzong burials.
100
A minimum of __________ individuals were buired in the Samdzong cave tombs.
105
Mexican-Americans as young as __________ years old were picked up in the Sleepy Lagoon Murder dragnet.
12
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the FBI detained more than __________ Japanese-American community leaders, prominent businessmen, and those associated with the Japanese consulate.
1200
There are (number) __________ gynecologists and obstetricians in Ethiopia.
146
The architecture, tomb, and script of the Piprahwa stupa date to about ____________________ years after the death of the Buddha.
150
The AAFH performs about (number) __________ fistula operations annually.
1500
In the fall of 1942, more than __________ Japanese-Americans were sent to internment camps in Arkansas.
16,000
The National Association of the Deaf was founded in __________.
1880
In January __________, the U.S. government approved a Japanese-American fighting unit.
1943
After an appeal, the Sleepy Lagoon defendants' conviction was overturned in October of __________.
1944
The acclaimed National Theater of the Deaf was established in __________.
1967
Gaullaudet University, the first college for deaf students in the world, did not get a deaf president until after a ground-breaking student protest in __________.
1988
By 1609, there are 130 colonists living in Jamestown, including __________ women.
2
Carbon dating of the materials from the 10,000 foot altitude Rhi Rhi cave confirmed the burials there were __________ years old, among the earliest ever found in the Himalayas.
2,800
By the 1940's Los Angeles had a Mexican-American population of around __________.
250,000
Of the 35 million Americans who are hard of hearing to some degree, approximately __________ are profoundly deaf.
300,000
Of the first 104 settlers who come to Jamestown, all men, only __________ survive the first seven months.
38
Carbon dating of the remains from the Samdzong cave tombs indicated the people lived between __________ and 650 AD.
400
Hawaiian recruits formed the __________ Regimental Combat Team.
442nd
More than __________ artifacts have been recovered from Structure 191.
47,000
Of the thousands of inmates of the Japanese-American internment camps nearly __________% were American citizens.
70
Ethiopia has a population of (number) __________ people.
77 million
During the height of the European colonial period, European nations ruled more than ________ of the world.
85%
Over __________% of all deaf people have parents who can hear.
90
What do the authors argue is "natural" (that is, not culturally determined) about the family?
A biological mother and biological father
nuclear family
A family of parents in a culturally-recognized relationship, such as marriage, and their minor or dependent children is called a/an
What does the chapter author, García, say sparked his interest in cultural anthropology?
A lifetime of other people's questions and assumptions about his racial and ethnic background
role
A set of behaviors expected of an individual who occupies a particular status is called a/an
stratified society
A society in which elites, who are a numerical minority, control the strategic resources that sustain life is referred to as a
In 1864, __________ signed a law founding the first college in the world for deaf students.
Abraham Lincoln
In 1871, Scottish immigrant __________ began teaching deaf children in Boston.
Alexander Graham Bell
Political activist __________ formed the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee.
Alice McGrath
How did 19th and mid-20th century belief systems in the United States classify gender and sexuality?
All of the answer choices are correct
How do foraging societies accommodate any potential conflict between women's work and their pregnancies/childbirth?
All of the answer choices are correct
Legitimacy to rule may be reinforced in which of the following ways?
All of the answer choices are correct
What are some of the forms of evidence that indicate early ideas about religion?
All of the answer choices are correct
What are some of the problems that have resulted for quinoa farmers of Bolivia now that quinoa is a valued commodity in the global market?
All of the answer choices are correct
What are the harmful effects of exposure to high levels of ultraviolet radiation, especially for people with light skin pigment?
All of the answer choices are correct
What kinds of goods and ideas flow across national boundaries, as identified by Appadurai's idea of "scapes?"
All of the answer choices are correct
__________, second generation Japanese-Americans, were citizens by right of birth, but were often treated like outsiders.
Nisei
During the 1920s, some scholars argued for a division of European races into
Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean
__________, when a girl is unable to deliver, often due to the size of her pelvis, is the most common cause of fistula.
Obstructed labor
What is the role of the peasant in the formation of state societies?
Peasant farmers were circumscribed geographically (unable to move elsewhere) when an elite minority arose to control their labor and means of subsistence
What type of food was discovered to make up the majority of the diet of human foragers (and, by extension, likely our ancient ancestors)?
Plant foods such as nuts, fruits and roots
India's British Colonial government gifted the cremated remains from the Piprahwa stupa to ____________________ of Siam.
Rama the 5th
Former Manhattan Project physicist and engineer __________, himself deaf, worked with partners James Masters and Andrew Saks, to invent the TTY system in 1964.
Robert Weitbrecht
Following the Buddha's death, his cremated remains were divided among the eight Buddhist kings, including the __________ family, the Buddha's clan.
Sakya
One of the first caves investigated in the Upper Mustang region is near the village of __________, ten kilometers from the Tibetan border.
Samdzong
Following a guilty verdict, the Sleepy Lagoon defendants were sent to __________ prison.
San Quentin
The striking and elaborate ____________________ stupa is the only surviving monument from the short lived Buddhist Indian Empire.
Sanchi
The earliest burial level of the Pripahwa stupa was made up of two small chambers, each with a __________ casket and some broken redware dishes, likely from the time of the Buddha himself.
Soapstone
patrilineal
Some cultures recognize descent in a family lineage only on the father's side (or in the paternal line). This form of descent is referred to as
men and women could have more than one spouse, but the children always remained with their mothers
The Nayar of southern India practiced an interesting form of matrilineal descent in which women lived with their mothers and siblings, even after marriage. This had the result that
Nonconcordant
The anthropological term for a trait that is inherited independently, and not bundled together with other traits, is
Based on evidence from anthropological studies, which of the following results is most likely to come from the introduction of modern goods into traditional communities?
The community incorporates new things into their pre-existing practices without completely trading old ideas for new ones
lifestyle
The creative, reflexive, and sometimes even ironic ways that people perform their various social identities can be referred to as their
one-drop rule
The institution of slavery in the U.S. helped define race through a rule which stated that any trace of known non-European ("non-white") ancestry was used to automatically exclude a person from being classified as "white" (and therefore be born into slave status). This rule was called
Legitimacy
The perception that an individual has a valid right to leadership is called
Assimilation
The pressure on members of ethnic and immigrant minority groups to abandon their native customs, traditions, languages, and identities quickly and adopt those of mainstream society is the pressure of
reification
The process by which an inaccurate concept or idea is so heavily promoted and circulated by people that it becomes an unquestioned "truth" is called
racial formation
The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories is referred to as
Patrilocal
The residence pattern in which a couple resides with their husband's father's family after marriage is called
descent
The social-cultural process that creates kinship-based relationships of rights and obligations between members of a family is referred to as
Polygyny
The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one man and multiple wives is
polyandry
The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one woman and multiple husbands is
Which of the following is a summary of the traditional Navajo cosmology?
The world has fourteen levels, or "platters," that were created from the lowest level to the top, where humans emerged
Why doesn't class stratification develop in foraging societies?
There is no advantage to hoarding food or having too much personal property
In 1817, __________ opened the first permanent school for deaf children in America.
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
How was the U.S.' economic strategy in Latin America different from Great Britain's?
U.S. companies went to Latin America to directly control the means of production, whereas Great Britain had imported goods from Latin America
The study of the experiences of people who live in cities and the relationships of city life to broader social, political, and economic contexts, is called
Urban Anthropology
The eight girls involved in the Sleepy Lagoon murder were made wards of the state and sent to the infamous __________ for Girls, despite never being tried for any crime.
Ventura School
District officer and antiquarian __________ first transcribed the Priprahwa urn inscription.
Vincent Smith
Franklin Roosevelt created the __________ (aka WRA) to build and manage the internment camp system.
War Relocation Authority
Carolus Linnaeus
Which early natural scientist divided the human species into four "races": Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, and Africanus?
Stratified non-egalitarian societies
Which types of societies throughout time have had the strictest controls over marriage, in order to reproduce the existing social structure?
In 1898, Colonial landowner ____________________ discovered a huge stone sarcophagus containing reliquary urns and more than 1000 separate jewels, carved semi-precious stones, gold and silver objects in the Piprahwa Stupa in Northern India.
William Peppe
After one man traveled to the US from Liberia with the Ebola virus in 2014, many Americans debated whether full travel bans should be instituted to and from countries with confirmed cases of Ebola. This is not only an example of how globalization can potentially create a public health disaster, but also highlights which social aspect of intensified globalization?
Xenophobic attitudes and racial prejudice
Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that
a certain skin color may be more common in one region than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous
"Honor killings," such as those committed by conservative Muslims in Pakistan, are a tragic consequence of
a family who believes that a female member of their household has shamed them through her sexuality
Anthropologists use the term domestic group to refer to
a group of people who live together and share activities such as cooking, childcare, and economic support
The term cisgender refers to
a person whose assigned sex at birth matches their gender identity, such as a personal assigned female at birth who identifies as a woman
A ritual moving a person from one social role to another and carried out in three phases - separation, liminality, and incorporation - is known as
a rite of passage
A two spirit person of the Zuni Pueblo represents
a third gender role that is "not man" and "not woman"
Some of the ways that women navigate public spaces associated with males, such as in India, is to practice purdah, that is to
adopt clothing, behavior, or special routes to create separation or segregation
Globalization within a consumerist economy enables individuals
all of the answer choices are correct
Parenthood and other kinship roles and relationships are rooted in
all of the answer choices are correct
When a country accepts a loan from the IMF or World Bank, the loan also comes with a number of mandatory conditions that the country must meet. Often, these conditions include
all of the answer choices are correct
Which of the following offices can be found representing leadership in a state society?
all the answers are correct
In the anthropological study of religion, a revitalization ritual is
an attempt to resolve serious problems, such as war, famine, or poverty, through a supernatural intervention
In the study of religion, a cosmology may be defined as
an explanantion for the irgin or the hstory of the world
The remote cave burials near the village of Kyang contain signs of death rituals such as __________ sacrificed to bury with thier human owners.
animals
The concept of mana, an impersonal supernatural force containing power, is an example of
animatism
One of the most common characteristics of ancestor spirits across religious belief systems is that they
are needy must be cared for properly
In 1609, the Jamestown wells are polluted with the poisonous heavy metal __________.
arsenic
The old stereotypes of primates as living in male-centered, male-dominated groups came from 1960's research on
baboon groups led by males, established by force, who provided internal and external defense of the "troop"
Federal and state laws prevented first generation Japanese immigrants from owning land or __________.
becoming citizens
The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is referred to as
colonialism
In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, candidate Hillary Clinton was described as 'ambitious, goal-focused, strategic, "wanting" the presidency.' In her case, these descriptors were used to
criticize her as seeming "power-hungry" as though women are not legitimately supposed to pursue or hold power
Doctors at the AAFH use a __________ test to ensure the fistula hole is completely closed.
dye
In 1609, the Jamestown wells are polluted with the deadly bacteria __________.
e.coli
Each of the four types of socio-cultural integration can be identified as
egalitarian, ranked, or stratified
The newly-popular American __________ movement favored the elimination of deaf organizations in hopes of reducing the number of marriages, and children, within the deaf community.
eugenics
A family of at least three generations sharing a household is referred to as a/an
extended family
A study focusing on the extraction of water from land in Fiji by a North American company that sells the water and gains its profits in the U.S. is best situated primarily within the
financescape
All of the following are true about gender cross culturally EXCEPT
gender is always binary or dualistic, consisting of males and females
In Globalization studies, the fact that McDonalds offers local favorites in its branches across the world, such as a McAloo Tikki potato patty in India, is an example of
glocalization
The adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms is referred to as
glocalization
The feeling of ease in one's own body in familiar social settings (based on social class) can be described by the term
habitus
How did the early theorist, Sir James Frazer, characterize the spiritual beliefs that he documented?
he dismissed them as false and absurd
Religious beliefs are an important element of social control because they
help to define acceptable behaviors as well as punishments for misbehavior
The often unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formation is called
heteronormativity
Both the ancient and modern Upper Mustang region populations have a genetic variation that prevents them from getting sick at __________ where the available oxygen in low.
high-altitude
According to football legend, in the 1890's deaf players introduced the __________ to keep other teams from reading their signs.
huddle
Hypodescent
hypodescent A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group is called
A study focusing on the spread of religious doctrine by missionaries would be interested primarily in the
ideoscape
At the level of the state, the law becomes
increasingly formal
In anthropology, descent from a common ancestor is referred to as
lineage
Gender ideologies in the 19th and mid-20th centuries were based on a form of biological determinism, in which
males and females were supposedly born fundamentally different reproductively and were "naturally" sexually attracted to each other, although women's sexual drive was not well-developed
Bilateral cross-cousin marriage refers to
marriage of a man to the daughter of his father's sister and his mother's brother
Religions that worship a single supreme God are called __________, while those that worship multiple gods are called __________.
monotheistic, polytheistic
In Taiwan in the 1950s, anthropologist Margery Wolf described an unusual form of adoption, in which
mothers gave up their daughters as infants, only to take in an adopted daughter from someone else in order to cultivate them as daughters-in-law for their sons
fines
negative reinforcements include
There were __________ federal indictments of a Japanese-American in either the mainland United States or Hawaii.
no
In the late 1860's many schools for deaf children outlawed the use of sign language and began using the __________ instead.
oral method
The term shaman is used to refer specifically to a/an
part time religious practioneer
A male-dominated political and authority structure and an ideology that privileges males over females overall is called
patriarchal
The idea of the "ethnoscape" focuses on __________ that flow across borders.
people
Which of the following practices would be considered a ritual, as the chapter defines it?
praying towards mecca five times a day
A __________ derives their authority from the scripture and occupational position in a formally organized religious institution, while a __________ derives their authority from their direct connection to the divine and ability to convince others through charisma.
priest , prophet
Anthropologists refer to full-time religious practitioners as
priests
When anthropologists say "race is not real," what they mean more accurately is that
race is not an accurate way to describe any biological differences in the human species, but ideas about race are real in social and cultural ways
Anthropologist Scott Hutson (2000) describes similarities between the altered states of consciousness and "self-forgetting" of shamans and a similar experience of participants of
rave dance parties
The means by which human society and culture is extended to include the nonhuman is an anthropological definition of
religion
Informal disputes in band societies may involve
riduclue and meditation
According to Durkheim, __________ objects or ideas are set apart from the ordinary, while __________ objects or ideas are ordinary and may be treated with disregard or contempt.
sacred, profane
Among the Kpelle of Liberia, the poro and sande are
secret societies for men and women with mandatory membership
Anthropologists researching gender in the 1980s came to the conclusion that evaluating male dominance in any culture
should be examined through the lens of different components of status and socio-economic and identity variables
Residents of the Upper Mustang region today practice the Buddhist ritual of __________ to ensure the deceased do not return to their bodies.
sky burial
Brazilians rely on an unofficial system of "types" (tipos) to identify differences among people. The tipos are based on
slight but noticebale differences in their appearance
Among people who self-identify as "white," one aspect of their lives tends to influence their experience of society and the advantages conferred, more than other aspects. This important feature is
socio-economic status (social class)
Some advantages of the intensification of globalization include
solidarity movements, boycotts, and crowd-source fundraising by people in the Global North to aid people in the Global South
Scholars who create localized, regional racial classification schemes which attempt to be more "precise" are known as
splitters
The combination of different beliefs - even those that seem contradictory - into a new, harmonious whole is called
syncretism
According to Malinowski's functional approach to religion, which of the following acts would likely require supernatural rituals or ceremonies?
taking a diffucalt exam for gradulate school
In the U.S., the idea of a "legitimate" or "illegitimate" child refers to whether
the child was a result of a legally recognized relationship that entitled offspring to certain rights, including inheritance
Contemporary globalization is said to have begun, at least in terms of economics, as coinciding with
the end of WWII and Bretton Woods Conference, which led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank
The reason that the human species exhibits a very low level of genetic variation is due to
the fact that Homo sapiens is a relatively recent species
Several groups of people, including the Chukchi of Eastern Siberia and Inuit of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, have darker skin than other people living at similar latitudes. This is due to
the high Vitamin D content of the diets of these groups
The title of the ethnography, Chopsticks Work Only In Pairs (1999), reflects the Lahu society's emphasis on
the importance of the male-female dyad, or partnership, in domestic life, work, and leadership
In Buddhism, the form of a human's reincarnation depends on
the quality of the karma that a person has developed over their life
What do the chapter authors argue is the distinguishing feature of globalization?
the rapid speed of global interactions
In Hinduism, the atman is the supernatural or spiritual element that coexists within a person's natural body. This concept is most similar to the Christian concept of
the soul
While most of the human population is lactose intolerant, some people can naturally digest milk and dairy products. This lactose persistence in some people is a result of
their ancestors' history of dairy farming
In the 1930s, anthropologist Ruth Landes argued that Afro-Brazilian Candomblé religious communities were matriarchal because
their leadership was made up of and controlled by women
All of the following are true about matrilineages, EXCEPT
they are also matriarchal, that is, women have more power than men
How does the Afro-Brazilian religion, Candomblé, show religious syncretism?
traditional gods of Candomblé, the orixás, are combined with Catholic divine beings, such as saints
Doctors at the AAFH use a __________ examination to determine the bladder's internal pressure and capacity.
urodynamic
Which vitamin, important for healthy bone growth, does sunlight help produce?
vitamin d
In calling religion "the opium of the people," Karl Marx meant that religion
was an ideology that dulls people into accepting their low economic and social status by promising acceptance into Heaven through obedience
All of the following are examples of symbolic ethnicity EXCEPT
weekly visits to a Buddhist temple
Author Peggy McIntosh (1988) talks about the unearned benefits and advantages associated with being a "white" person in the United States. The term that she coined in her essay to refer to this set of advantages is
white privelage
All of the following were used as evidence for what the authors call the "creation story" of universal male dominance in our human ancestors, EXCEPT
women were able to join men on the hunt when necessary
Which of the following anthropological theorists believed that supernatural beliefs met the psychological needs of people, and were born out of the "tragedies of human life?"
Bronislaw Malinowski
__________ is the co-founder of the Addis Adaba Fistula Hospital.
Catherine Hamlin
Although fair trade practices are appealing to conscious consumers, why do some farmers get left behind by fair trade?
Certain well-situated farmers with more social or cultural capital will have more access to the benefits of fair trade than poorer farmers
University of Oklahoma molecular anthropologist __________ utilized meticulous sterilization techniques in order to isolate ancient DNA from the Mebrak mummies.
Christina Warinner
Police Chief __________ was the lead investigator on the Sleepy Lagoon murder case.
Clem Peoples
Which anthropologist argued that religious beliefs are "a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, persuasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations?"
Clifford Geertz
legitimizing ideologies
Complex belief systems often developed by those in power to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate systems of inequality are referred to as
__________ used a fine mesh window screen to recover very small Venetian glass trade beads and a lot of animal bones from building 191.
Danny Schmidt
Parents often sent their children on ___________ in the misguided belief that air borne loops would be a cure.
Deaf Flights
What do the authors say have been the results for women's positions with the development of "civilization" compared with traditional (or "primitive") societies?
Development has brought "mixed blessings" for women
The first theoretical ideas connecting religion to a set of practices and social institutions that bring a community together are connected to the writings of
Emile Durkheim
The world's worst refugee crisis - millions of Syrian refugees who have flooded into neighboring countries to escape the violence in Syria - are part of which of Appadurai's five "scapes?"
Ethnoscape
While fighting in (location) __________, the Japanese-American combat team won more decorations than any other unit of its size in the war.
Europe
Which is the most common form of family structure cross-culturally?
Extended family
Dr. __________ performed a double fistula surgery on Almaz to repair her vagina and bladder.
Haile Aytenfishu
__________ was the prime suspect in the Sleepy Lagoon Murder.
Hank Leyvas
Professor ____________________, the world's leading authority on ancient Indian languages, confirmed that the inscription Peppe's reliquary urn is authentic and a dialect unique to ancient Northern India.
Harry Falk
constituitive state
ISIS has characteristics of a
Why does an early human burial with stone tools, shells, animal bones, and other objects suggest a belief in the supernatural?
It seems to show they were preparing their dead for what might be needed in an afterlife
What was the result of the privatization of water in the Bolivian city of Cochabamba, as mandated by the World Bank and IMF loans?
It was disastrous, due to rapid population growth and a scarcity of water
__________ excavated the human remains in Structure 191
Jamie May
When __________ took over leadership of the colony, he was so despised by the upper class members of the settlement for being "vainglorious, unworthy, and ambitious" an attempt was made on his life and he fled to England.
John Smith
Twenty-two year old __________ was murdered in August of 1942.
Jose Diaz
On (full date) __________ military authorities and civic leaders declared the city off-limits to servicemen and rioting ended soon afterwards.
June 8, 1943
Archaeologist __________ excavated the earliest burial level of the Pripahwa stupa in the early 1970's.
K.S Srivastava
__________ runs the Grace Village home for children orphaned by HIV.
Karin Van Den Bosch
___________, a teacher at the Paris Institution for the Deaf, brought French sign language to the United States.
Laurent Clerc
What was the major criticism of the early 20th century "three-race" theory that divided the world's peoples into the categories of Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid?
Many peoples of the world were omitted from the racial groups with no clear way of including them in one group or another
__________, star of "Children of a Lesser God", was the first deaf performer to win an Oscar.
Marlee Matlin
__________ completed the fine excavation of the Jamestown body in the lab and concluded they were the remains of a young girl.
Michael Lavin
